國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)（浙江水利水電學(xué)院）智慧樹知到期末考試答案章節(jié)答案2024年浙江水利水電學(xué)院

國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)（浙江水利水電學(xué)院）智慧樹知到期末考試答案+章節(jié)答案2024年浙江水利水電學(xué)院Insurancepolicyisthecontractmadebetweentheinsurerandtheinsured.

答案:對Internationaltradeinvolvestheexchangeofbothtangibleandintangiblegoodsacrosscountriesandregions.

答案:對Therearealtogether13termsdefinedbytheIncoterms2010.

答案:錯F.P.A.isthelowestcoveragelevelofmarinecargoinsuranceamongthebasiccoveragesinC.I.C.

答案:對Commissionisanincentivepaymentmadetothemiddlepersonsorbrokersfortheirintermediaryservice.

答案:對Theinspectionmustbecommencedbeforethegoodsareshippedbecausethebuyerarenotentitledtolodgewiththeselleraclaimoncethegoodsarriveatthedestination.

答案:錯Openaccountpaymentshouldonlybeconsideredwhenanexporterissufficientlyconfidentthatpaymentwillbereceived.

答案:對Apromotionalcataloguecontainingpricescannotbeseenasanoffer.

答案:對Ifyouwanttoreducethecostofexport,youmaynotcoveranyinsurance.

答案:錯F.P.A.doesn’tcoverpartiallossandexpensescausedbyfortuitousacceidents.

答案:錯Thepartiestoapromissorynoteinclude().

答案:payee###payerThemainsimilaritiesofFOBandCFRinclude().

答案:thepartywhoisinchargeofcustomsclearance###thepartywhoisinchargeofinsurance###riskoftransferSalebysamplecanbeclassifiedintocategoriesincluding().

答案:salebyseller'ssample###salebycountersample###salebybuyer'ssample()isincludedinthefreightoftheliners.

答案:Theloadingcharges###TheunloadingchargesMarinetransportincludes().

答案:Liners###chartersWhenthebuyercontractsforinsurance,itisa(n)()contract.

答案:CFR###FOBCISGstipulatesthatifthepriceisfixedaccordingtotheweightofthegoods,incaseofdoubtitistobedeterminedby().

答案:thenetweightUndercollectiononcetheimporterrefusestopay,the()willberesponsibleforthecargorelease,customsclearance,warehousing,andresellingintheimportingcountry.

答案:exporterDiscountininternationaltradeisaspecialfavorgivenby().

答案:theexportertotheimporterIftheofferismadeorally,theofferee().

答案:canagreenotimmediatelyiftheofferorandtheoffereehaveagreedontheperiodfortheacceptance###shouldimmediatelymakeareplytoacceptornotOnlyafter()canthecontrolofthecargobetransferredtotheotherparty.

答案:endorsingtheB/LIfaletterofcreditisconfirmed,thebeneficiarycouldaskforpaymentfrom(

)eveniftheissuingdeclaresbankruptcyandclosesdown.

答案:theconfirmingbankAccordingtoCISG,conditionstoformanofferincludethefollowingsEXCEPT().

答案:stating"thisofferissubjecttoourfinalconfirmation."Theinternationaltradecanbeclassifiedintoexporttrade,importtradeand()accordingtothedirectionofcargoflow.

答案:transittradeAccordingto"OceanMarineCargoClauseofthePeople'sInsuranceCompanyofChina",thecoveragewhichcannotbeeffectedindependentlyis().

答案:WarRisksNaturalcalamitiesrefertothefollowingdisastersEXCEPT().

答案:strandingAccordingtoIncoterms2010,underFOBtherisksofgoodswillbetransferredfromthesellertothebuyer

(

).

答案:whenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevesselnominatedbythebuyer()isnotvisiblegoodsininternationaltradetransaction?

答案:Tourism()hasbindingforceupontheofferor.

答案:FirmofferConfirmationisusuallyrequestedbythe(

)inordertomitigaterisksinthetransactionofL/C.

答案:beneficiaryIfanexporttradehastheexportcostforforeignexchangeof5whiletheexchangerateis6.35atthattime,itmeansthetransaction().

答案:earnsaprofitInacollectiontransaction,the(

)receivesthedocumentsandisresponsibleforforwardingthemtoacorrespondentbankintheimportingcountryalongwithinstructions

forpayment.

答案:remittingbankIfyouhaveinsuredyourgoodsagainstAllRisks,youwillgetcompensatedwhateverrisksoccurstoyourgoods.

答案:錯ItisnotnecessarytomentiontheversionofIncotermsappliedtoagiventransaction.

答案:錯Openaccountandpaymentinadvanceindicatetheminimumandmaximumriskfortheimporter.

答案:對ThedrawerofthebillofexchangeunderL/Cisalwaystheissuingbank.

答案:錯WhenyoutransportyourgoodsbyaTimeCharter,youhavetopayforloadingandunloadingfees.

答案:錯Thesellerwillnotsuffertheriskofnon-paymentincollectiontransactionbecausethebanksareinvolvedinit.

答案:錯Wordssuchas“about”,“roughly”,“approximately”shouldnotbeusedinafirmoffer.

答案:對Eitherbuyerorsellercanmakeinquiry.

答案:對Aconditionalacceptanceisacounter-offer.

答案:對Thecollectingbankreceivesthedocumentsfromtheremittingbankandpresentthemtothebuyerforcashpaymentorapromisetopayinthefuture.

答案:對Inthequalityclauseconcerningagriculturalbyproducts,itisbettertostipulatethequalitylatitude.

答案:對Theadvantagesofarbitrationoverlitigationincludethat().

答案:itsavesthepartiestimeandmoney###theproceedingsareconductedinprivateandconfidentialmanner###thepartiesarefreetoselecttheplaceofthearbitrationThefactorswhichcouldinfluencethechoiceofincotermsusedinclude().

答案:thecompanypolicy###thecountryofimport###thetypeofcargo###thefreightpurchasingpowerThetotalcostoftheexportunderFOBpricecouldinclude().

答案:purchasingcost###otherdomesticexpensesThegeneralaveragelossesreferto().

答案:generalaveragesacrifies###generalaverageexpenditureSalebydescriptionincludes().

答案:salebygrade###Salebyspecification###salebystandard(

)shouldbefirstconsideredwhenfilingorsettlingaclaim.

答案:Whethertheclaimisjustifiedbythecontract###Whethertheclaimismadeintime###WhethertheclaimiswellsupportedbygooddocumentationAccordingtoChinaInsuranceClauses,thecoveragewhichcannotbeeffectedindependentlyis().

答案:WarRisksAhouseB/Lcouldissuedbya(n)()totheircustomers.

答案:freightforwarderA(

)canbedefinedasanoteissuedbythedrawer,promisingtomakeunconditionallyadefinitesumofmoneytothepayeeatsight

ofthenote.

答案:promissorynoteUnderL/C,abankmakespaymentagainstdocuments,dependingonthat().

答案:thedocumentspresentedmustcomplywithcreditaswellaseachotherThepartiestoabillofexchangeincludethefollowingsEXCEPT().

答案:payer()doesnothavethenormallyacceptedmeaning,butmeanslossintheinsurancebusiness.

答案:Average()requiresthesellertopayfortheinsurance.

答案:CIPTheproceduresforbothimportandexporttrademayNOTinvolve().

答案:disputessettlementstageIftheoriginalpriceisUSD2000.00perM/TCIFLondon,theCIFC3priceshouldbe().

答案:USD2061.86UnderCFRcontract,the()isresponsibleforcoveringtheinsruance.

答案:buyer()inaB/Listhenameandaddressofwhomisreceivingthecargo.

答案:ConsigneeTheonewholodgesaclaimisknownasa(n)().

答案:claimantLinertransportationwouldusuallyhavefixeditemsEXCEPT(

).

答案:independentoperatorsIfthereisnospecificprovision,thedraftunderaletterofcreditshoulddrawonthe().

答案:issuingbankAcharterpartyisthecontractbetween().

答案:theship-ownerandthecharterAcreditstipulatesthatthequantityofthebulkcargois1,000M/TandtotalamountisUSD0.9million.Itshowsno"moreorless"andpartialshipmentisnotallowed.AccordingtotheUCP600,()

答案:thequantityofthegoodsdeliveredcanbe5%moreorless,whilethetotalamountcannotexceedUSD0.9m.“10metrictonsofcorn”isanexampleofusing(

)tospecifyquantity.

答案:weight()isthepersononwhomthebillofexchangeisdrawn,andwhoistopaythemoney.

答案:ThedraweeAccordingtoUCP600,inabsenceofanymoreorlessclausespecifyingthequantity,atolerancedoesnotexceed().

答案:5%Whenaforcemajeureeventtakesplace,thepartyconcernedhasnochoicebuttoterminatethecontract.

答案:錯Thedisagreementresultedfromonepartyofatransactiontotallyorpartiallyunabletoperformtheobligationandliabilitystipulatedinthecontractis().

答案:disputeThediscountofaCIFpriceincludingdiscountshouldbecalculatedbasedontheCIFnetprice.

答案:錯Avesselcaughtfire.Inordertoprotecttheshipandgoods,thecaptainorderedtopourwaterintothespace.ItcausedsomeothergoodssoakedwhichcanbeconsideredasGeneralAverage.

答案:對Inapricecommunication,itisalwaysthebuyerwhomakesaninquiryandthesellermakesanoffer.

答案:錯UnderFOB,thesellermustgivethebuyerpromptshippingadviceasthegoodsareshippedonboardthevessel.

答案:對AB/Lisatransportcontractinwhichtheshippingcompanypromisestotransportthegoodsarrivingatthedestinationwithsecurity.

答案:錯UnderCIF,iflossesordamagesoccurafterriskhasbeentransferred,theimporterwillsufferandthereforebeentitledtolodgetheclaim.

答案:對AlltheIncotermsstartingwitha"C"requirethesellertobearthemaincostsofcarriageandriskduringthetransport.

答案:錯CommercialpromissorynotesarewidelyusedinChina.

答案:錯Thequalityofsampleshouldashighaspossiblesoastoincentivethepotentialbuyer.

答案:錯ThedrawerofthebillofexchangeunderL/Cisalwaystheissuingbank.(

)

答案:錯Additionalcoverageofinsurancecannotbecoveredindependently.

答案:對Abbreviationoftheshipperorsellermustbestatedintheshippingmark.

答案:錯AccordingtoUCP600,“about”allowsthequantitytobe5%moreorless.

答案:錯Thepriceexpression"$3.5peryardCIFCHongKong"isright.

答案:錯Entrepottradeisalsoknownastransittrade.

答案:錯Thepurchasingcostistheactualcostininternationalexportingtrade.

答案:錯Exportcostforforeignexchangeshowsthepercentageofthenetprofitinthesalesrevenue.

答案:錯Shouldaforcemajeuretakeplace,theforcemajeureclauseallowsthepartyconcernedtosuspendorterminatetheperformanceofitsobligations.

答案:對Generalaverageisbaseduponarelationshipbetweentheship-ownerandalltheshipperswhohavecargoaboardthesamevesselonaparticularvoyage.

答案:對W.P.Aonlycoverspartiallossesoftheinsuredgoodscausedbynaturalcalamities.

答案:錯ShipperinaB/Lshowsthetitletotheshipment.

答案:錯Theclaimantisthepartywhosufferslossofordamagetothesubjectmatterinsuredbyhimself.

答案:錯()couldservesasthestartingpointofbusinessnegotiationininternationaltrade.

答案:Anoffer###AninquiryTherisksofpaymentunderL/Cusuallylieon()

答案:documentaryrisk###issuingbankcountryrisk###issuingbankriskGeneralextraneousrisksinclude().

答案:rain###theftorpilferage###shortageTherearethreepartiesinvolvedinindirecttrade,including().

答案:theintermediateperson###theexporter###theimporterInternationaltradecanbeclassifiedinto(

)accordingto

thenumberofparticipantsinvolved.

答案:directtrade###indirecttrade###entrepottradeFOBpriceusuallyinclude().

答案:domesticcharges###actualcosts###anticipatedprofit()isthepartytotheinsurancecontractwhopromisestoindemnifylossesorprovidesservice.

答案:Theinsurancecompany###Theunderwriter###TheinsurerAcharterpartyusuallyinvolvestheinformationsuchas().

答案:nameofbothpartiesandthevessel###thetimeofthecharter###loadingandunloadingchargesBreachofcontractcommittedbythesellercover().

答案:thedocumentsrelatingtogoodsareinsufficient###thegoodsdonotmeetthestandardsstipulatedinthecontract###failstodeliverthegoodsThecorrectuseofcommission()roleontheexportbusinessinChina.

答案:canarousetheenthusiasmofmiddlemeninproducts###canexpandsalesThepartywhoreceivestheofferarecalled().

答案:offereeA(n)()representstitletothecargo.

答案:billofladingTheawardofarbitrationisfinalandbindingonbothparties.Thisshowsthe()natureofarbitration.

答案:enforceableAccordingtoCISG,acontractcanbeestablishedwhen().

答案:anacceptancebecomeseffective()isthebroadestcoverageamongthefollowings.

答案:AllRisks(),asystemofmoralprinciplesorvalues,playsaveryimportantroleinnegotiations.

答案:EthicAclaimcouldbesettledinthefollowingways(

).

答案:makingrefundandcompensatingfordirectlossesorexpenses###sellingthegoodsatlowerprices###replacingthefaultygoodswithperfectonesTheimportantindicatorsofexporttradeprofitandlosscouldinclude().

答案:exportprofitmargin###exportcostofforeignexchangeIfyousendareplytotheinquiryintheformofaquotation,itiscalled().

答案:offerThereplyofanofferstates"allaccepted,if5%commissionincluded".Thisis().

答案:acounter-offerA()willbemade,afterthedisputes,bytheinjuredparty.

答案:claim(

)iscoveredbyabasicF.P.A.policy.

答案:25%losscausedbyashipcollisonTheassentindicatedbythethirdpartydesignatedbytheofforeecanbetakenasa(n)(

).

答案:newofferABCmadeanoffertoXYZ.Underwhichconditioncanthetwopartiesestablishadeal?()

答案:Withinthevalidityperiod,XYZacceptedtheoffercompletelyLinerfreightwouldusuallyincludesthefollowingEXCEPT().

答案:insuranceWhenanofferhasreachedtheofferee,theofferorcannolonger()it.

答案:withdrawIfthesumcarriedonthecheckexceedstheamountthedrawerdepositsintheaccountofthebank,thecheckwillbe().

答案:dishonoredTheunitpricedoesnotinclude().

答案:exchangerateIncotermsareasetoftradingtermsandrulesthatidentifytheobligations,costsandrisks

imposedupon().

答案:thesellerandthebuyerA()isanunconditionalpaymentorderinstructedbythedrawertothedraweetopayanamounttotheorderofapayeeincludinghimselfonaparticularduedate.

答案:billofexchangeIfthesellerusesthebrandnameortrademarkdesignatedbybuyersontheirmanufacturedgoodswhiletheinformationofmanufacturerisindicatedonthepackage,itiscalled(

).

答案:OEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer)Ifthecontractstipulates"USD2000permetrictonCIFHongKongincluding2%discount",itmeansthenetpriceis().

答案:USD1960()isthenamegiventothesumofmoneywhichapersonagreestopaytoaninsurancecompany.

答案:PremiumIfabankotherthantheissuingbankguaranteesthepaymentunderanL/C,thisL/Cis(

).

答案:aconfirmingcreditFromtheseller'sview,()isoneofthesafestandmostdesirablepaymentpracticesspecificallyintheinternationaltrade.

答案:paymentinadvanceInordertoincreasethecompetitivenessoftheirproduct,theexporterscanusuallyreducethecostthroughthesystemof()onexportedgoods.

答案:refundingtaxesThe()ofabillofexchangeisthepayer,soacceptanceoftimedraftisamust.

答案:draweeWhenaletterofcreditisconfirmed,alloftherisksoftheissuingbankarethenborneby().

答案:theconfirmingbankforfeeInternationaltradediffersfromdomestictradeinthatitismoresubjectto().

答案:alloftheabove()determineswhohastherighttolodgetheclaimiflossesordamagesoccurtothegoods.

答案:TheinsurableinterestofthegoodsAforcemajeureeventshouldhavethefollowingfeaturesEXCEPTthat()

答案:eitherthebuyerorthesellercancontrolthesituationThesellermaybreachthesalesduetothefollowingsEXCEPT().

答案:failingtomakepaymentThearbitrationawardisfinalandbindingonbothparties.

答案:對Forcemajeureclauseisaclausethatmainlyprotectstherightofthebuyer.

答案:錯When(

)happens,thepartythatfailstoperformthecontractisallowedtorelieveliabilitiesofthenon-performance.

答案:hurricane###civilwar###floodsIninternationaltrade,theclaimonlyoccursbetweenthesellerandthebuyer.

答案:錯Theplaceofthearbitrationcanbeset().

答案:atthebuyer'splace###attheseller'splace###attheplaceofthethirdcountryIfthesalescontractbetweenaChinesecompanyandaJapanesecompanystipulatedthatthearbitrationshallbeconductedindefendant'scountry.WhichplacemaycarryonarbitrationiftheJapanesecompanyisthecompliant?

答案:Beijing()commonlyreferstoasthedraftorthebill.

答案:BillofexchangeFromthe()'sview,paymentinadvanceisoneofthesafestandmostdesirablepaymentpracticesspecificallyintheinternationaltrade.

答案:sellerForaconfirmedcredit,theconfirmingbankholdsthesameliabilityastheissuingbank.

答案:對Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpaymentorderinstructedbythedrawertothedraweetopayanamounttotheorderofapayeeincludinghimselfonaparticularduedate.

答案:錯Thecharacteristicsoftheletterofcreditincludethat().

答案:aletterofcreditisanindependentinstrument###aletterofcreditisakindoftransactionofdocuments###aletterofcreditbusinessisabanker'screditAtanytimebeforethecheckispaid,itcanbecanclled.

答案:對Thereare()partiestoabillofexchange.

答案:3ThedrawerofthebillofexchangeunderL/Cisalwaysthe().

答案:beneficiaryofL/CD/P30daysaftersightismoreriskythanD/A30daysaftersightfortheexporter.

答案:錯()involvescommercialcreditamongthefollowingpaymentterms.

答案:Documentarycollection###Openaccount###PaymentinadvanceThepricelistandcataloguesenttosomecompaniesshouldbeconsideredas().

答案:aninquiryInbusinessnegotiation,youshouldalwaysconsiderhowtomaximizeyourinterest.

答案:錯Offerandacceptancearetwoindispensablestepsforreachinganagreement.

答案:對AccordingtoCISG,anofferisconsideredfirmaslongasithas()atleast.

答案:thenameofthegoods###thepriceofthegoods###thequantityofthegoodsAforeignbuyercabledthat"offerdated10Aug.accepted,ifpaymenttermcanbechangedtoA/P30daysaftersight".Thisis(

).

答案:acounter-offerIninternationaltrade,thebusinessnegotiationmuststartwithaninquiry.

答案:錯Amessagestatingthecontentas"Wewillbeappreciatedifyouletushaveyourofferswithsomerepresentativesamples…"iscalled().

答案:aninquiryAnofferwillbeterminatedwhen(

).

答案:itisrejected###itiscounter-offeredAccordingtoCISG,acontractcanbeestablishedwhenanofferreachestheofferee.

答案:錯Whentheoffereemakesmodificationto(),hisreplymaynotbeseenasacounteroffer.

答案:thepackingDiscoutisadeductionontheoriginalpricegiventothebuyerasincentive.

答案:對ThetotalcostofagoodsforexportisRMB55000,foreignexchangenetincomeafterexportis$10000,iftheBankofChina'sforeignexchangerateis$100against650yuan,theexportcostforforeignexchangeis().

答案:5.5BasedonadealonCFRterms,thefactorsdeterminingthetotalcostoftheexportmainlyinclude(

).

答案:purchasingcost###abroadfreight###otherdomesticexpensesIfadealisdonewithCFRC3%terms,exportexchangenetincomeshouldbecalculatedbydeducting()fromtheprice.

答案:commission###purchasingcost###freight###otherdomesticexpensesIngeneralcase,CIFshalltakemore()intoconsiderationthantheFOBprice.

答案:abroadfreight,insurancepremiumTheimportantfinancialratiotoindicatetheprofitabilityofthetradeis().

答案:exportprofitmarginAnytransactionhavingaprofitmarginover10%isagooddeal.

答案:錯Thepricescorrectlyexpressedare().

答案:USD3.50perpieceCIFC2London###USD49.00perpieceFOBHamburg###JPY1000.00peryardCIFQingdaoincluding2%discountThecommissionpaymentofanFOBpriceshouldbecalculatedbasedontheFOBnetprice.

答案:錯Exportprofitmargindirectlyreflectsthelocalcurrencycostofeachunitofforeigncurrency.

答案:錯Iftheentirevesselislostintransit,itwouldbeconsideredasGeneralAverage.

答案:錯SpecialAdditionalInsuranceCoveragessuchasWarRisksmustbetakenouttogetherwithoneofthebasiccoveragessuchasFPA,WPAorAllRisks.

答案:對Inmarinecargoinsurance,generalaverageistobebornebythecarrier,whomay,uponpresentationofevidenceoftheloss,recoverthelossfromtheinsuranceunderwriter.

答案:錯(

)isthebroadestkindofbasiccoveragebutdoesnotincludeallrisks.

答案:AllRisksAsidefromtheriskscoveredunderF.P.A.conditions,W.P.A.insurancealsocovers()oftheinsuredgoodscausedbynaturesuchastornado,hurricane,earthquake.

答案:particularaverageUnderFOBcontract,()istoarrangeinsruance.

答案:thebuyer()isnotcoveredbyanFPApolicy.

答案:Lossduetotheft###LosscausedbyWarTheonewholodgesaclaimisknownasaninsurer.

答案:錯BasicmarineinsurancecoverageofCICinclude().

答案:F.P.A.###AllRisks###W.P.A.Thepersonwhoentersintoaninsurancecontractwiththeinsureriscalled().

答案:theinsuredThecontractbetweentheship-ownerandthechartererforthehireoftheshipiscalled().

答案:charterpartyAbillofladingcouldbeissuedby().

答案:ashipcompany###acarrierGenerally,linerfreightcouldbecalculatedbasedon().

答案:thesurchageoradditionalfees###thebaiscrateTheloadingandunloadingchargesareincludedinthefreightoftheliners.

答案:對ItistheexporterwhowillissueahouseB/Ltotheforwardingagents.

答案:錯Acontaineryardisforthedeliveryoftheloosecargo.

答案:錯AmasterB/Lcouldfunctionbetween().

答案:theagentofthefreightforwarderandthefreightforwarderinthedestinationThenameandaddressofthepartywhoisreceivingthecargoshouldbewritteninthecolumnof()intheB/L.

答案:consigneeThefixedfactorswhichcouldbeusedtodepictthelinertransportationare().

答案:fixedsailingschedules###fixedsailingroutes###comparativelyfixedfreightrates###fixedbaseportsUnder(),theB/LwillstateFREIGHTCOLLECT.

答案:FOBQualitytoleranceisusuallyusedinthetradingofindustrialproducts.

答案:對AccordingtoUCP600,“about”allowsthequantitytobe()moreorless.

答案:10%Therearevariouswaysinexpressingqualityintrading.Inordertoclearouttheresponsibility,weshouldadoptsalebysampleandsalebyspecificationatthesametime.

答案:錯“Qualitytobeconsideredbeingabouttothesample”isatypicalexpressionof()undersalebysample.

答案:qualitylatitudeStandardshippingmarksdevelopedbyISOaremadeupof().

答案:abbreviationofconsigneeorbuyer###packagenumber###thenameoftheunloadingport###referencenumberThemethodsuitableformeasuringtheweightoftheimportingwoolisthe().

答案:conditionedweightIfthepriceiscalculatedbytheweightofthegoods,thegrossweightshouldbeusedunlessstipulatedotherwiseinthecontract.

答案:錯Salespackingismainlyadoptedasaformofprotectiontoreducetheriskofgoodsbeingdamagedintransitandpreventpilferage.

答案:錯Neutralpackinginclude().

答案:neutralpackingwithoutdesignatedbrandname###neutralpackingwithdesignatedbrandname“1000pairsofshoes”isanexampleofusing()tospecifyquantity.

答案:numberCPTshouldbefollowedbynamedplacesofdestination.

答案:對FortradetermsinGroupC,afterdeparture,therisksof,lossesofordamagestothegoodsareborneby().

答案:thebuyerWhichtermshouldbefollowedbynamedportofdestination?()

答案:CIF###CFRSinceIncotermsarecontinuallyupdatedandrevised,itisimportanttomentiontheversionofIncotermsappliedtoagiventransaction.

答案:對UnderCIFthesellerh