全大學(xué)英語(第二版)綜合教程-第1冊(cè)-Unit-3-課堂筆記

BeforeReading?Warm-upExercises

LJourneyonthePaper

Nowlet'sgoonajourneythroughthemostspectacular100yearsinthehistoryofscience

andtechnologytohaveanoverviewofhowourunderstandingoftheworldhasgrownfrom1900

totoday.

MATTERSOFLIFEANDDEATH—MedicineandHealth

1900:

Patientsbattleillness,whiledoctorscandolittlemorethancounsel（勸告）andcomfortthem

andkeepthemclean.

Today:

Doctorstreatandoftencurepatientswithavastarray（一大批）ofmedicinesandmedical

technologies,butsomediseasesarestillincurable.

MYSTERIESOFTHEUNIVERSE—PhysicsandAstronomy

1900:

TheMilkyWaygalaxy（星系）（includingsomeunexplainednebularclouds（星云））istheknown

universe.Newton'slawsexplainthephysicalworld.Matteriscomposedofatoms.

Today:

TheMilkyWayisjustonegalaxyamongcountlessmillionswehaveobservedintheuniverse.

Thereisnosetoflawsthatexplainsallphenomenainthephysicalworld,althoughthereare

manytheories.Atomsarecomposedofmanysubatomicparticles,allofwhichderivefrom（來

自于）energy.

RESEARCHINTOOURSELVES-HumanBehavior

1900:

Thereisnocureforthementallyill,whoareconfinedtoinsaneasylums（精神病院）."Mind"

and"body"arethoughtofastwoseparatethings.

Today:

Mentalillnesscanbetreatedwitharangeoftherapies（治療）andmedications.Weknowa

greatdealaboutthechemistryandthepartsofthebrainthatcontrolourbehaviorand

thoughts.

FASTER,CLOSER,BETTER—Technology

1900:

TheonlywaytoviewtheOlympicGamesinParisisinperson.NewsabouttheGamestravels

toAmericavia（通過）telegraphandisprintedinnewspapers.

Today:

Millionsworldwidewatchthe2008BeijingOlympicsontelevision,transmittedinstantaneously

（瞬間地）bysatellite.Thenewsspreadsaswellbyradio,newspaper,andtheWorldWideWeb.

ORIGINS—EarthandLifeScience

1900:

Thereisnogoodexplanationforcatastrophiceventssuchasearthquakes.TheEarthisthought

tobeamere50millionyearsold,andtheevolutionofspeciesishotlydebated.

Today:

Theplates（板塊）thatmakeuptheEarth'scrust（地殼）moveovertime,causingearthquakes

andvolcanoes.TheEarthisknowntobe4,500millionyearsold.ThegeneticcodeofDNA,

whichdrivesevolution,isbetterunderstoodeveryday.

II.Brainstorming

Brainstormsomeofthescientificandtechnologicalinventions

（cellphone,e-mail,clone,nuclearweapons,nanotechnology（納米技術(shù)），laptop（筆1己本電月囪）,

geneticengineering）

Discussion

Doalltheseinventionsalwayschangeourlivesforthebetter?Giveexamplestoexplainyour

opinion.

III.Clone

i.News

News1InFeb.1997

InFebruary1997agroupofgeneticists（遺傳學(xué)家）ledbyIanWilmutattheRoslinInstitute

inEdinburgh,Scotland,announcedthattheyhadclonedasheepfromthemammaryglandtissue

（乳腺組織）ofasix-year-oldewe（母羊），thefirsttimescientistshavebeenabletocloneanadult

mammal（哺乳動(dòng)物）.

News2InApr.1998

Dolly,thefirst-evermammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcell,withherfirstlamb,

namedBonnie,isseenattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburgh,ScotlandinthisimageonApril23,

1998.Dolly,whowasnaturallymatedattheendoflastyearwithaWelshMountainram（公羊）,

gavebirthtoBonnieonApril13,provingthatdespiteherunusualorigins,sheisabletobreed

normallyandproducehealthyoffspring.

News3InFeb.2003

Dolly,thesheep,thefirstmammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcell,hasbeenput

downaftershewasfoundtohavealungdisease,theRoslinInstituteinScotland'scapital

EdinburghsaidonFeb17,2003.

“Shewassufferingfromanincurabledisease/saidDr.HarryGriffin,afterRoslinreleaseda

statementsayingthedecisionhadbeentakentoputDollydownaftershecontracted（感染）

progressivelungdisease.

ii.Discussion

Whatisyourattitudetowardsclone?

Cloneisamemberofagroupoforganismsorplantsproducednon-sexuallyfromoneancestor.

Thesuggestedethicalandpracticalargumentsbothforandagainstcloning:

For:

1.Animalsfromendangeredspeciescouldbeclonedtopreventextinction.

2.Cloningwouldbeagoodsourcefororganandbonemarrow（骨髓）transplants.

3.Sterile（不育的）coupleswillbeabletohaveoffspringwhowillhaveeitherthemother'sor

father'sgeneticpattern.

Against:

1.Technologyisnotwelldeveloped.Ithasalowfertilityrate（出生率）.IncloningDolly,277

eggswereused,30startedtodivide,nineinducedpregnancy,andonlyonesurvivedtoterm（臨

產(chǎn)）.

2.Clonesmaybetreatedassecond-classcitizensandtheunknownpsychosocialharmwith

impactsonthefamilyandsociety.

3.Lossofgeneticvariation.

iii.AdsDesigning

Decideforyourselfwhichsideoftheissuetosupportandthenplanapublicservice

advertisementcampaignfororagainstcloning.

1.Useattention-grabbingimagesandsnappy（簡(jiǎn)潔）yetinformativelanguageinyourads.

2.Youmightfindmodelsofsuchimagesandlanguageinotherpublicserviceadvertisements,

suchastheonesthatdiscouragepeoplefromsmoking.（圖略）（Afewgoodexamplescanbe

foundatand.）

BeforeReading?BackgroundInformation

I.StephenHawking

i.BriefIntroductiontoStephenHawking

StephenHawking（1942~）:Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematician

ii.ChronologyofStephenHawking

-1942

BorninOxford,England.

-1958

EnteredOxfordUniversityandbecameespeciallyinterestedinthermodynamics（熱力學(xué)）,

relativitytheory,andquantummechanics（量子力學(xué)）.

-1962

Receivedabachelor'sdegreeinphysicsandthenenrolledasaresearchstudentingeneral

relativityattheUniversityofCambridge.

-1966

EarnedhisPh.D.degreeattheUniversityofCambridge.StayedattheUniversityofCambridgeto

dopost-doctoralresearch.DiagnosedashavingAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis（ALS）（肌萎縮性脊

髓側(cè)索硬化）.

（Quote:a\amquiteoftenasked:HowdoyoufeelabouthavingALS?Theansweris,notalot.Itry

toleadasnormalalifeaspossible,andnotthinkaboutmycondition,orregretthethingsit

preventsmefromdoing,whicharenotthatmany/)

-1977

Becameaprofessorofphysics.

-1979

AppointedLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.

-1988

Publishedhisfamousbook/BriefHistoryofTime:FromtheBigBangtoBlackHoles.

-1993

WroteBlackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssays.

-1996

Co-authoredabookwithSirRogerPenrosetitledTheNatureofSpaceandTime.

iii.MainAchievementsofStephenHawking

singularity:

(Apointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature(曲率)becomesinfinite.)

blackhole:

(Aregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescape

becausegravityissostrong.)

Withthehelpofthefollowingwordsandexpressions,listentoarecordingofmoreinformation

onblackhole.

KeyWords:

object:n.物體

emit:v.放射，吐露

theeventhorizon:事件視界，即黑洞的邊界

entropy:n.嫡，熱力學(xué)概念。

fatal:a.重大的，致命的

motivate:v.激發(fā)

irritation:憤怒

misuse:v.誤用，錯(cuò)用

turnout:結(jié)果是

manner:n.方式，風(fēng)格

Script:

Bytheirverydefinition,blackholesareobjectswhicharenotsupposedtoemitanything.It

thereforeseemedthattheareaoftheeventhorizonofablackholecouldnotberegardedasits

entropy.Infactin1972,IwroteapaperonthissubjectwithBrandonCarterandanAmerican

colleagueJimBardeen.Wepointedoutthat,althoughthereweremanysimilaritiesbetween

entropyandtheareaoftheeventhorizon,therewasthisapparentlyfataldifficulty.Imustadmit

thatinwritingthispaperIwasmotivatedpartlybyirritationwithBeckenstein,becauseIfelthe

hadmisusedmydiscoveryoftheincreaseoftheareaoftheeventhorizon.However,itturnedout

intheendthathewasbasicallycorrect,thoughinamannerhehadcertainlynotexpected.

ABriefHistoryofTime:

(Oneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.)

MedalofFreedom:

Script:

Persistentinhispursuitofknowledge,StephenHawkinghasunlockednewpathwaysof

discoveryandinspiredpeoplearoundtheworld.Hehasdedicatedhislifetoexploringthe

fundamentallawsthatgoverntheuniverse,andhehascontributedtosomeofthegreatest

scientificdiscoveriesofourtime.Hisworkhasstirredtheimaginationofexpertsandlaypersons

alike.Livingwithadisabilityandpossessinganuncommoneaseofspirit,StephenHawking's

attitudeandachievementsinspirehope,intellectualcuriosity,andrespectforthetremendous

powerofscience.

II.AlbertEinstein

i.MonologueofEinstein

AlbertEinstein(1879~1955)

Script:

IwasborninUlm,Germanyin1879.

Asyoumayknow,1905wasabigyearforme.That'swhenIturnedtheworldupsidedown,

atleastforscientists,withseveralnewideas.Iproposedthatspaceandtimehadtobelookedat

inawholenewway—thatNewton'sviewofspaceandtimewasinaccurate.Theseideasbecame

knownasthespecialtheoryofrelativityandintroducedtheequationE=mc2.

TenyearslaterIpresentedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.Thegeneraltheoryshowedthat

gravityisnotaforce,asNewtonhadthought.Itisinsteadacurvature(曲率)ofthespace-time

continuum.

ii.AlbertEinstein'sSpecialTheoryofRelativity

Listentotherecordingandchoosethebestanswer.

1)WhichofthefollowingdoesnotchangeaccordingtoEinstein?(C)

A.TimeB.MassC.SpeedoflightD.Length

2)Thetwospaceshipsmentionedareexactlyalikeexceptfor.(B)

A.speedB.colorC.massD.motion

3)Whatdoesthescientistinthespaceshipmeasure?(B)

A.Thespeedofthespaceship.

B.Thetimeneededforabeamoflight'stravelinthespaceship.

C.Thespeedoftheotherspaceship.

D.Thetimeneededforabeamoflight'stravelintheotherspaceship.

4)Whatdidthescientistintheredshipseeorconclude?(D)

A.Hisbeamoflightdoesnotappeartogostraightup.

B.Thebeamoflightintheblueshipappearstocomestraightdown.

C.Timepassedmoreslowlyintheredship.

D.Theblueshipisshorterthantheredone.

Script:

ThemostimportantofAlbertEinstein'stheoriespublishedthatyearbecameknownashis

“SpecialTheoryofRelativity/'Hesaidthespeedoflightisalwaysthesame—almost

three-hundred-thousandkilometersasecond.Wherethelightiscomingfromorwhois

measuringitdoesnotchangethespeed.However,hesaid,timecanchange.Andmasscan

change.Andlengthcanchange.Theydependonwhereapersonisinrelationtoanobjectoran

event.

Imaginetwospacevehicleswithascientisttravellingineachone.Onespaceshipisred.One

isblue.Exceptforcolor;bothspaceshipsareexactlyalike.Theypassoneanotherfaroutinspace.

Neitherscientistfeelsthathisshipismoving.Toeach,itseemsthattheothershipismoving,

nothis.Astheypassathighspeed,thescientistineachshipmeasureshowlongittakesabeam

oflighttotravelfromthefloortothetopofhisspaceship,hitamirrorandreturntothefloor.

Eachspaceshiphasawindowthatletseachscientistseetheexperimentoftheother.

Theybegintheirexperimentsatexactlythesamemoment.Thescientistintheblueship

seeshisbeamoflightgostraightupandcomestraightdown.Butheseesthatthelightbeamin

theredshipdoesnotdothis.Theredshipismovingsofastthatthebeamdoesnotappeartogo

straightup.Itformsapathupanddownthatlookslikeanupsidedown"V〃.

Thescientistintheredshipwouldseeexactlythesamethingashewatchedtheexperiment

bytheotherscientist.Hecouldsaythattimepassedmoreslowlyintheothership.Eachscientist

wouldbecorrect,becausethepassingoftimeislinkedtothepositionoftheobserver.

Eachscientistalsowouldseethattheotherspaceshipwasshorterthanhisown.Thehigher

thespeedsthespaceshipsweretravelling,theshortertheothershipwouldappear.Andalthough

theothershipwouldseemshorter,itsmasswouldincrease.Itwouldseemtogetheavier.The

ideasweredifficulttoaccept.YetotherscientistsdidexperimentstoprovethatEinstein'stheory

wascorrect.

iii.AlbertEinstein'sGeneralTheoryofRelativity

Listentothepassage,andfillintheblankswiththemissingword(s)youhear.

Tenyearsafterhispaperonthespecialtheoryofrelativity,AlbertEinsteinfinishedworkon

anothertheory.Itdescribedwhathecalledhis“GeneralTheoryofRelativity/'Itexpandedhis

specialtheorytoincludethemotionofobjectsthataregainingspeed.Thistheoryofferednew

ideasaboutgravityandthecloserelationshipbetweenmatterandenergy.Itbuiltontheideas

aboutmasshehadexpressedin1905.

Einsteinsaidthatanobjectlosesmasswhenitgivesofflight,whichisakindofenergy.He

believedthatmatterandenergyweredifferentformsofthesamething.Thatwasthebasisofhis

famousmathematicalstatementE=MC2(Energyequalsmasstimesthespeedoflightsquared).

Thisstatementorformulaexplainedthatagreatamountofenergycouldcomefromasmall

pieceofmatter.Itexplainedhowthesuncouldgiveoffheatandlightformillionsofyears.This

formulaalsoledtothediscoveryofatomicenergy.

Inhisgeneraltheoryofrelativity,Einsteinsaidthatgravity,liketime,isnotalwaysthesame.

Gravitychangesasobserversspeeduporslowdown.Healsosaidthatgravityfromverylarge

objects,suchasstars,couldturnthepathoflightwavesthatpassednearby.Thisseemed

unbelievable.Butin1919,Britishscientistsconfirmedhistheorywhenthesunwascompletely

blockedduringasolareclipse.AlbertEinsteinimmediatelybecamefamousaroundtheworld.

III.Frankenstein

i.AGeneralIntroduction

Frankenstein,orTheModernPrometheus,generallyknownasFrankenstein,isanovel

writtenbyMaryShelley.Thetitleofthenovelreferstoascientist,VictorFrankenstein,who

learnshowtocreatelifeandcreatesabeinginthelikenessofman,butlargerthanaverageand

morepowerful.Inpopularculture,peoplehavetendedincorrectlytorefertothemonsteras

“Frankenstein".

ii.AClipintheNovel-Frankenstein

1.Whatwastheauthorinterestedin?

(Themanwasinterestedinhumanbodies.)

2.Whatdidtheauthorbegintodo?

(Theauthorbegantoworkwithdeadbodies.Hestudiedtheprogressoftheirdecay,and

examinedthechangefromlifetodeath,anddeathtolife.)

3.Whatdidtheauthorfinallydiscover?

(Hefinallydiscoveredhowlifewascreated.)

4.Whatwastheauthor'sattitudetowardsknowledge?

(Knowledgeisdangerous.)

5.Whatistheauthor'sfirsttask?

(Thefirsttaskistocreateabody.)

GlobalReading

GlobalReading?PartDivisionoftheText

PartsPara(s)MainIdeas

Tomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasic

1

understandingofscience.

24~6Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience.

37Withaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.

GlobalReading?FurtherUnderstanding

I.ForPart1QuestionsandAnswers

1.Whatistheattitudeofsomepeopletowardsthechangesbroughtaboutbyscienceand

technology?

(Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerand

simplerage.)

2.Whatwaslifelikebeforescienceandtechnologybegantochangeourwayoflife?

(Forthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.)

3.Whatwouldhappenifallgovernmentmoneyforresearchwerecutoff?

(Theforceofcompetitionwouldstillbringaboutadvancesintechnologyifallgovernmentmoney

forresearchwerecutoff.)

4.Isitpossibletopreventscienceandtechnologyfromfurtherdevelopment?Whyorwhynot?

(No.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressed

anythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldnotsucceed.)

5.Whataregeneralpublic'sattitudestowardsscienceandtechnology?

(Theyexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceand

technologyhavebroughttocontinue,buttheyalsodistrustsciencebecausetheydon't

understandit.Besides,thepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience.)

ILForPart2Skimming

1.SkimPart2tofindoutamini-exposition.

Topicsentence:Howtoeducatethepublicinscience?

Supportingpoint1:scienceeducationinschools

Supportingpoint2:replacingequationswithwordsanddiagrams

Supportingpoint3:makinguseofpopularmediasuchasnewspapers,magazinesandaboveall

TV

2.Thispartisfullofcomparisonandcontrast,readthispartandfillinthefollowingtablewith

informationobtainedfromthispart.

GlobalReading

SidesAuthor'spreferenceReasons

EquationsTheauthorpreferred1.Expertsneedequationsforprecisevaluesofquantities.

vs.wordsconveyingscienceby2.ThepubliconlyneedsaqualitativeRraspofscientific

1

andwordsanddiagrams.concepts.

diagrams

ScienceTheauthorpreferred1.Sciencelessonsdon'tincludelatestdevelopmentand

lessonsvs.noneofthem.scientificprogress.

magazine2.Eventhoughthesepublicationscouldhelpputacross

2

articlesandnewdevelopments,theyareonlyreadbyasmall

popularprocortiocofpopulation.

books

MagazineTheauthorpreferred1.Itcanreachatrulymassaudience.

andbookstelevision.2.Itcontainsmanvverygoodscienceprograms.

3

vs.

television

III.ForPart3TrueorFake

1.Ourcivilizationismoreadvancedthanotheraliencivilizationsaccordingtothejoke.(T)

2.Wehavenotbeencontactedbyanaliencivilizationbecauseoftheinsufficientdevelopmentof

thescienceandtechnology.(F)

(Wehavenotbeencontactedbyanaliencivilizationbecauseanyaliencivilizationtendsto

destroythemselveswhentheyreachourstage.)

3)Theauthorhashadsufficientevidencetoprovethatthejokeiswrong.(F)

(Theauthorhasnothadsufficientevidence,buthebelievesthatthegoodsenseofthepublic

mightprovethejokeiswrong.)

DetailedReading

DetailedReading

I.DifficultSentences

1.Norcanonepreventfurtheradvancesinthefuture.(Para.2)

Whyisthissentencereversed?

(Theword〃nor“hereappearsatthebeginningofthesentencetogiveforcetothenegation.

-NorwillIdenythat.)

2.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressed

anythingnew,andhumaninitiativevndinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn'tsucceed.

(Para.2)

1)Whatisthegrammaticalfunctionofthefirst"that"?

(Here"that"bringsaboutanattributiveclause.)

2)Whatdoesthestructure“suchthat"heremean?

(Thestructureisusedtogiveanexplanationforsomething.

-Hismannerwassuchthathewouldoffendeveryonehemet.)

3)Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?

(Nowaycansuppressanythingnew,ashumaninitiativeandinventivenessdoexist.)

3.Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.(Para.2)

Whyisthereno"to〃between"is"and"slow"?

(When"do"appearsinthesubjectofasentence,thesign"to"ofaninfinitivewhichisusedas

thepredicativecanbeomitted.

-Thefirstthinghedidwas(to)lookforaguide.

-Allwecoulddonowis(to)remaincool-headed.)

4.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.(Para.3)

1)Whatdoes“intwomindsabout"mean?

(Unabletodecidewhetherornotyouwantsth.orwanttodosth.

-1thinkshe'sintwomindsaboutwhethertoaccepthispresentornot.)

2)Whatcanwelearnfromthesentence?

(Thepublicfindsitselfholdingtwocontradictoryviewpointsaboutscience.Ontheonehand,it

expectstheimprovementinthestandardoflivingthathasbeenbroughtbyscience;onthe

otherhand,italsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesnotunderstandit.)

5.ItisalsosnimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.(Para.3)

1)Whatdoes"it"referto?

(Thepublic'sdistrustofscience)

2)Whatpartofspeechis“support"here?

(Itisanoun.)

6.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestinimanner.(Para.4)

Paraphrasethesentence.

DetailedReading

(Butinschoolsscienceisoftentaughtinadullandboringway.)

7.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwicecsmanycopieswithoutit.(Para.4)

TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.

(如果不用這個(gè)公式的話，也許我能多賣出一倍的書。)

8.ButIhavesufficientfaithinthegoodsenseofthepublictobelievethatwemi「htprovethis

wrong.(Para.7)

1)Whatdoes“sense“heremean?

(Powerofjudging.)

2)Whatdoesthissentenceimply?

(Theauthorbelievesthatthepublicwillhaveagoodunderstandingaboutscienceandcan

makeinformedjudgmentsbyitself.)

II.Words&Expressions

likely:

1.adj.probable

-AnincidentlikelytoleadtowarisreportedonTV.（電視報(bào)導(dǎo)出一可能導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的事件。）

2.adv.probably

-1shallverylikelybehereagainnextmonth.

Pattern:

Itislikelythat...很可能…

-Itishighlylikelythathewillsucceed.

CF:likely,possible&probable

這些詞都有“可能的”意思。

likely系常用詞，指從表面跡象來看很有可能。例如：

-Thelikelyoutcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment.（比賽結(jié)果每分鐘可能都在

變化。）

possible指由于有適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件和方法，某事可能發(fā)生或做到，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上有可能，但常含有

實(shí)際希望很小的意思。例如：

-Isitpossibletogettothecitybytrain,ormustItakeabus?（坐火車可以到這個(gè)城市去嗎？還

是我必須得坐公共汽車？）

probable語氣比possible強(qiáng)，指有根據(jù)、合情理、值得相信的，帶有大概、很可能的意思。

例如：

-Itisprobablethathehasforgottenourappointment.（彳艮可能他是忘了我們的約會(huì)了。）

dowithout:managetosurvive,continue,orsucceed,althoughyoudonothavesth.youneed

-1haven'tenoughmoneytobuyacar,so111justhavetodowithout.

-Hecan'tdowithouttheservicesofasecretary.

Collocation:

doawaywith擺脫；廢除，取消

doup系上，扣上；修理；打扮

havesomethingtodowith和…有關(guān)系

havenothingtodowith和…沒有關(guān)系

DetailedReading

highly:adv.

1)very

-Mr.Smithwasahighlysuccessfulsalesman.

2)toahighdegree

-Hespeaksveryhighlyofyou.

-出席這次會(huì)議的大部分人是受過高等教育的女性。(Mostofthepeoplepresentatthe

meetingarehighlyeducatedwomen.)

CF:highly&high

這兩個(gè)詞都表示“高高地”。

highly指的是抽象意義上的“高例如：

ahighlypaidofficial薪俸優(yōu)厚的官員

thinkhighlyofsb.器重某人

high用作副詞時(shí)，一般指的是具體意義上的“高例如：

aimhigh向高處瞄準(zhǔn)

searchhighandlow至1處尋找

其他類似的例子還有：

closely&close

closely細(xì)心地，嚴(yán)密地。例如：

-WatchwhatIdoclosely.(仔細(xì)觀察我所做的。)

-Theprisonerswerecloselyguarded.(囚犯被嚴(yán)密看守著。)

close鄰近。例如：

-Helivesclosetotheschool.(他住得離學(xué)校很近。)

put/turntheclockback:returntoasituationthatusedtoexist,usuallybecausethepresent

situationisunpleasant

-Theemploymentbillinwhichwomenarenotallowedtotakejobswillputtheclockbackfifty

years.

-Forgetallaboutitandlooktothefuture;youcan'tturntheclockback.

bringabout:causetohappen

-這是怎么發(fā)生的？(Whatbroughtitabout?)

-Someeducatorsarehopingtobringaboutmajorchangesintheeducationalsystem.

Collocation:

bringforth產(chǎn)生；提出

bringforward提前；提出

bringup教育；養(yǎng)育；提出

Fillintheblankswiththeabovephrasesandchangetheformwherenecessary.

1.Theyproposedthatthedateofthecongressbebroughtforwardafewmonths.

2.Thetreesintheorchardbroughtforthmanyapples.

3.Hewaswellbroughtup.

4.Atthemeetingthenextmorning,theybroughtup/forward/forthmanyproblemsand

discussedthemonebyone.

DetailedReading

inquire:

1.vt.asktobetold

-Heinquired(ofher)thereasonforbeinglateagain.

-Heaskedforhiskeyandinquiredwhethertherehadbeenanymessageforhim.

2.vi.seekinformationbyquestioning

-我打電話詢問有關(guān)火車時(shí)刻的事情。(Iranguptoinquireabouttraintimes.)

Collocation:

inquireafter問候

inquirefor求見

inquireinto查究，調(diào)查

CF:inquire,ask&question

這些詞都有“問，詢問”的意思。

inquire是較正式的書面用詞，渴望知道某人或某事的確實(shí)情況。例如：

-Heinquiredyourtelephonenumber.(他詢問你的電話號(hào)碼。)

ask是最常用詞，指為了了解某人或某事而提出問題，請(qǐng)別人解答或向別人打聽消息。例如：

-Excuseme.MayIaskyouaquestion?(對(duì)不起，我能問你一個(gè)問題嗎？)

question指對(duì)某事不斷提出問題，以便了解詳細(xì)情況。例如：

-Thesuspectwasquestionedbythepolice.(警察審訊嫌疑人。)

initiative:n.

1)abilitytomakedecisionsandtakeactionwithoutthehelpofothers

-Ifyoushowthatyouhaveinitiative,youwillsoonerorlaterbepromoted.

-Theworkersareabletosolvetheproblemontheirowninitiative.

2)usedinthephrase“taketheinitiative":bethefirstpersontotakeactiontoimproveasituation

orrelationship,esp.whenotherpeoplearewaitingforsb.elsetodosth.

-Hetooktheinitiativeinorganizingapartyafterhisbrother'swedding.

rate:n.

1)value,cost,speed,etc.measuredbyitsrelationtosomeotheramount

-Theworld'sforestsaredisappearingatanevenfasterratethanexpertshavethought.

-出生率是出生數(shù)與人口數(shù)之比。(Thebirthrateisthenumberofbirthscomparedtothe

numberofthepeople.)

2)ofthe(numbered)quality

afirst-rateperformer;asecond-ratecomic

ensure:vt.makesure;guarantee

-Thenewtreatywillensurepeace.

-我不能確保他能及時(shí)到這兒。(Ican'tensurethathewillbehereintime.)

informed:adj.knowingthings;havingalltheinformation

-隨時(shí)告訴我新的發(fā)展。(Keepmeinformedoffreshdevelopment.)

-He'sawell-informedman.

CF:inform,tell&instruct

這些詞都有“把某消息或某件事傳達(dá)給別人”的意思。

DetailedReading

inform向某人傳遞信息，特別適用于告知所發(fā)生的情況或有關(guān)資料（可以用于上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)，

也可以用于下級(jí)對(duì)上級(jí)的通知）。例如：

-Ihavejustreceivedaletterfrommyoldschoolinformingmethatmyformerheadmaster,Mr.

ReginaldPage,willberetiringnextweek.（我剛接到母校的一封信，通知我說我的老校長(zhǎng)雷金

納德?佩奇先生將于下星期退休。）

tell最通用，最不正式。指把某事告訴某人。例如：

-Glancingatherscornfully,hetoldherthatthedresswassold.（他輕蔑地看了她一眼,告訴她說

那