備戰(zhàn)2023年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)（新高考專用）考點 27-閱讀理解細節(jié)理解題（重難題型）（解析版）

考點27 閱讀理解細節(jié)理解題（重難題型）在歷年高考閱讀理解中，對細節(jié)理解類題型的考查同往年一樣，依然占了較大的比例，全國及各省、市均有對此題型的考查，無一例外。細節(jié)理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實和細節(jié)進行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實、例證、原因、過程、論述等進行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。常見的命題方式通常有：1.特殊疑問句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題；2.以是非題的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT，近年這種題型較少；3.以Accordingto…開頭提問方式；4.以填空題的形式，如：（1）Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.（2）Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat________.（3）Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.（4）Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople’slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.（5）Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.（6）Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening”toRollswantedto________.5.就文中數(shù)字、排序、識圖等提問。做細節(jié)理解題時，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時，不必通篇細看原文，而常?？刹扇　皫е鴨栴}找答案”的方法．先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認和記憶事實或細節(jié)，就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句．仔細品味，對照比較．確定答案。除了運用掃讀法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法．將“無此細節(jié)”和“與此細節(jié)相反”的選項排除。了解細節(jié)題干擾選項的特點也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項有如下幾個特點：（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；（2）符合常識，但不是文章內(nèi)容；（3）與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯誤。有的細節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認不要求讀者對客觀的事實作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時還要求讀者記住重要細節(jié)，在必要的時候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時候）能夠準確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原文中的語句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達相同的意思。有的細節(jié)理解題就需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷．此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。值得一提的是，有時原文中的信息可能只是一個短語，甚至一個單詞，因此需要我們在閱讀中特別仔細才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。細節(jié)理解題大致有如下幾種?？碱}型：題型一描寫類細節(jié)題描寫類細節(jié)題，常?？疾榭忌鷮ξ闹杏嘘P(guān)人物動作、思想感情、心理活動、觀點，或事件的起因、發(fā)展、過程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對它們進行較深入的理解，對于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息。（2021·江西·二模）BlackValley,63kilometersfromdowntownChongqing,isoneofthebestpreservednaturalwondersaroundthemunicipality.Thenational5A-levelscenicspotisapopularsummerresortforsightseeing,forestadventures,outdoorcamping,huntingandangling.LocatedinHeishantown,WanshengEconomicDevelopmentZone,thescenicspotspansover103squarekilometers,97percentofwhicharecoveredbyprimitiveforests.Withover110,000negativeoxygenionsineachcubiccentimeterofair,itisdubbedasanaturaloxygenbarand“themostbeautifulhealthcare-themedvalley.”BlackValleyisalsoknownas“thenaturalgenebankofChongqingandGuizhouregions”forthediversityofitsrareplantsandwildlife,includingCathayaargyrophylla,Davidiainvolucrata,Trachypithecusfrancoisiandcloudedleopards.Scenicspotlevel:AAAAAAddress:Heishantown,WanshengEconomicDevelopmentZone,63kilometersfromdowntownChongqingOpeninghours:8:30am-3:30pm(peakseasonfromNovembertoFebruary),9:00am-3:00pm(offseasonfromMarchtoOctober)Idealsightseeingseason:fromMaytoSeptemberTicketprice:60yuan($8.72)duringoffseasonand100yuanduringpeakseason,sightseeingbusandcablenotincluded.Notes:1.Itisrecommendedthattouristsstartfromthehighersouthernareaforadownwardjourney.2.Theaveragetemperatureis18.1degrees.3.It’sagoodideatoexperiencethelocalfolkcultureoftheMiaoethnicgroup,especiallywhenyouchoosetovisitinMaywhenthetraditionalCaishanFestivalofMiaoethnicgroupiscelebrated.1．WhatcanweknowaboutBlackValley?A．ItliesindowntownChongqing.B．Plantsandwildlifearerarelyseenthere.C．Avisittherecostsatmost100yuan.D．Theairisveryhighinnegativeoxygenionsthere.2．AbesttimeforavisitorandloverofthefolkculturetoBlackValleyisinA．January. B．March. C．May. D．July.【答案】D【解析】】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句“Withover110,000negativeoxygenionsineachcubiccentimeterofair,itisdubbedasanaturaloxygenbarand“themostbeautifulhealthcare-themedvalley.”（空氣中的負氧離子超過11萬個每立方厘米，它被稱為天然氧吧和“最美麗的醫(yī)療主題山谷”）可知，黑山谷的負氧離子含量很高。故選D項。【答案】C【解析】】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一句“It’sagoodideatoexperiencethelocalfolkcultureoftheMiaoethnicgroup,especiallywhenyouchoosetovisitinMaywhenthetraditionalCaishanFestivalofMiaoethnicgroupiscelebrated.”（體驗當(dāng)?shù)孛缱迕袼孜幕且粋€不錯的主意，特別是當(dāng)你選擇在5月的傳統(tǒng)苗族踩山會的時候去參觀。）可知，前往黑山谷的最佳旅游時間是五月。故選C項。題型二信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見，體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報、車船航班時間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一方面提問，考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾仔細閱讀，因為材料中有很多冗余無效信息。做此類題時，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問題要求，有針對性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。廣告是閱讀理解題常考的一種題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴格來說廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點。廣告文體簡潔明快，省略了大量的詞語，達到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時具有語言精練，形象性、鼓動性強的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細節(jié)理解題，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解廣告內(nèi)容。考生必須具備較強的語言運用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段（如：補全、聯(lián)想、推測等）正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運用“補全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測法”兩種方法來解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。（1）補全成分法省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn)，可以說廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補全，從而更加準確地理解。如：Driverwanted.根據(jù)文義，可將該句補充為：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司機)。（2）聯(lián)想推測法在些廣告時間、日期、地點、電話、票價等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語篇意義。為節(jié)省篇幅，特別是在商業(yè)廣告中，常使用縮寫詞，盡管有些縮寫不太規(guī)范，但卻常用，常見的縮寫詞有：Tel.=telephonenumberPh.=phoneAdd(r).=addressco.=companyLtd=LimitedMax=maximumMin=minimumhr=hourt=timefig=figureft=footml=miledoz=dozenMt=MountainP=pageprof.=professorDr.=doctors=southn=northw=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo=informationVIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=parttimeexp=experiencedPC=personalcomputerMA=MasterofArtsBSdegree=bachelor'sdegree(學(xué)士學(xué)位)（2022·廣東·廣州六中三模）GreatPandaCenterJoinGoEcoona7-dayvolunteerprograminChinatohelpwildlifeatagiantpandacenter!YourscheduleDay1:ArriveatChenduShuangliuInternationalAirport.ThelocalteamwillbewaitingtopickyouupandtransferyoutothehotelinChengdu.Day2:WalkaroundChengdu,visitPandaBreedingCenterandenjoydelicioushotpotdinner.Day3-6:TransfertoPandaBaseinthemountainsandtakepartinrewardingvolunteerwork!Eachday,volunteerswillworkfor4-6hoursandintheevenings,volunteerswilltakepartinculturalactivitiesrangingfromdumplingmakingtoChineselanguagelessons.Day7:TakeabustoeithertheairportorChengduCityCenterifextendingstay.Someofyourtasksinclude?Preparingfoodforthepandas?Cuttingdownandcarryingbamboos?Cleaningpandaenclosures?OccasionallyparticipatinginobservationandresearchRequirements?Ages18-50(Thisprojectmayacceptvolunteerswhoareunder18withaletterofconsent（同意）fromaparent)?BasicEnglishand/orChinese?MotivationtoworkwithanimalsTotalprojectcost:$1200?What’sincludedRoom:SharedhotelroomFood:ThreemealsadayAirporttransfers:Airporttransfersuponarrivalanddeparture?What’snotincludedFlights,travelhealthinsurance,personalexpensesImportantnote:Pleaseapplyforthisprogram1-2monthsinadvance.Familiesupgradingtoprivateaccommodationsmustpayanadditionalcharge.1．Whatmightvolunteersdoonthesixthday?A．VisitPandaBreedingCenter.B．Cleanpandaenclosures.C．TravelaroundChengdu.D．DepartfromPandaBase.2．Whatdoestheprojectcostinclude?A．Accommodations. B．Personalexpenses.C．Travelinsurance. D．Theairticket.3．Whatisrequiredofapplicants?A．BeingfluentinbothEnglishandChinese.B．Havingexperienceofworkingwithanimals.C．Applyingfortheprograminadvance.D．Beingatleast18yearsold.【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。主要介紹了“大熊貓中心”的幫助保護大熊貓的志愿者服務(wù)項目。【答案】B【解析】】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“Yourschedule”部分的“Day3-6:TransfertoPandaBaseinthemountainsandtakepartinrewardingvolunteerwork!Eachday,volunteerswillworkfor4-6hoursandintheevenings,volunteerswilltakepartinculturalactivitiesrangingfromdumplingmakingtoChineselanguagelessons.”（第3-6天：趕往山里的熊貓基地，參加一些有意義的志愿者工作！志愿者們每天工作4-6個小時。晚上，志愿者們將參加從餃子制作到漢語課程等文化活動。）以及“Someofyourtasksinclude”部分的“Cleaningpandaenclosures”（打掃熊貓圈）可知，第六天志愿者仍然在山里的熊貓基地里，第六天可能會打掃熊貓圈。故選B項?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“Totalprojectcost:$1200”部分的“Room:Sharedhotelroom”（房間:酒店共享房間）以及“What’snotincluded”部分的“Flights,travelhealthinsurance,personalexpenses”（機票，旅行健康保險，個人費用）可知，費用包括住宿。故選A項。3.【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Importantnote:Pleaseapplyforthisprogram1-2monthsinadvance.”（注意:請?zhí)崆?-2個月申請。）可知，參加志愿項目的人員要提前申請。故選C項。題型三數(shù)據(jù)計算題此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計算關(guān)系，通過計算，得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計算一般來說比較簡單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計算方法，問題便迎刃而解了。對于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項目復(fù)雜用時間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？刹捎谩傲斜矸ā保窗匆欢ǖ囊?guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計算打下基礎(chǔ)。對于相對不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準，進行簡單的運算就可得出。（2021·全國·二模）AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyTheXercesSocietyforInvertebrateConservation,themonarchbutterflyisfacingasharppopulationdeclinethatcouldsoonleadtoitsextinction.Themonarchbutterflyisconsideredthe"kingofallbutterfliesduetoitsextremebeauty,hencethename"monarch".ThemostpopularamongtheNorthAmericanbutterflies,thegrandblack-and-orangeinvertebrate（無脊椎動物）isknownforitsyearlymassmigrationofupto3,000milesfromtheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulatoCalifornia'sCentralCoasteverywinter,beautifullycoveringallthetreesalongtheirpath.In1980,itspopulationwasrecordedtobeabout4.5millionandbythemid-2000's,therewerebarely100,000remaining.In2018,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesfelldowntoonly28,260,whichmakesa99.4percentdeclinein39years."It'smind-boggling.We'renowdownbelow1percentofthehistoricpopulation,"SaysEmmaPelton,aXercesSocietyConservationbiologist.Avarietyoffactorscouldbeinvolvedtocausethemonarchbutterflies'nearextinction.Onecouldhaveaco-relationtothelesseningofotherinsectssuchasbeesandotherbirdspecies.Anotherfactorcouldbeduetoanumberofhumaneconomicactivitiessuchasurbanizationandillegalloggingwhichlessensthebutterflies'habitat,andpesticideswidelyusedoncornandsoybeancrops.Becauseofthesechainsofevents,an"extinction

vortex（旋風(fēng)）”hasoccurredwheretheprocessof

extinctionwouldbenearunstoppablesincethespecieswon'tbeabletoreproduceandraisetheirnumbersthenaturalway.Themassdisappearanceofthemonarchbutterflyandotherendangeredspeciesisawakeupcallofourlittletimeremainingtopositivelyshiftthedirectionoftheecologicalenvironmentforamassiveimprovementinthenearfuture,inordertohelpmothernatureandalltheotherlivingspeciesinthisearth.12．Howmanymonarchbutterfliesdisappearyearly?A．About20,000. B．About150,000.C．About114,660. D．About44,550.12．【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“In1980,itspopulationwasrecordedtobeabout4.5millionandbythemid-2000's,therewerebarely100,000remaining.In2018,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesfelldowntoonly28,260,whichmakesa99.4percentdeclinein39years.”(1980年，其數(shù)量約為四百五十萬只，到2000年中期，只剩下10萬。2018年，帝王蝶的數(shù)量降至28260只，它意味著在39年里下降了99.4%。)可知，可知平均每年有（4.5million-28,260）÷39=114660）只帝王蝶消失。故選C項。題型四排序題這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件的正確順序。做此類題目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時間為線索；如果是說明文，排序題通常以說明的先后順序為線索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序為線索。從近幾年高考試題來看，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說明文中。（2020·天津·二模）Scientistssaytheyhavedevelopedasystemthatusesmachinelearningtopredictwhenandwherelightningwillstrike.TheresearchwasledbyengineersfromtheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne,Switzerland.Lightningisastrongburstofelectricityintheatmosphere.Itcanstrikebetweencloudsorbetweenacloudandtheground.Sincelightningcarriesanextremelypowerfulelectricalcharge,itcanbedestructiveanddeadly.Itisdifficulttoknowexactlyhowmanypeopledieoflightning-relatedcauses.Europeanresearchershaveestimatedthatbetween6,000and24,000peoplearekilledbylightningworldwideeachyear.Thestrikescanalsocausepowerfailure,destroyproperty,damageelectricalequipmentandstartforestfires.Forthisreason,climatescientistshavelongsoughttodevelopmethodstopredictandcontrollightning.Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesacombinationofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodelthatwastrainedtorecognizeweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.Themodelwascreatedwithdatacollectedovera12-yearperiodfrom12Swissweatherstationsincitiesandmountainareas.Thedatarelatedtofourmainsurfaceconditions:airpressure,airtemperature,relativehumidity(濕度)andwindspeed.Theatmosphericdatawasplacedintoamachinelearningalgorithm(計算程序),whichcomparedittorecordsoflightningstrikes.Researcherssaythealgorithmwasthenabletolearntheconditionsunderwhichlightninghappens.“Oncetrained,thesystemmadepredictionsthatprovedcorrectalmost80percentofthetime,”theSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologysaidinastatement.“Itcannowbeusedanywhere.”AmirhosseinMostajabi,aPhDstudentattheinstitute,saidcurrentsystemsforgatheringsuchdataareslowandcomplexandrequirecostlycollectionequipmentlikeradarorsatellites.“Ourmethodusesdatathatcanbeobtainedfromanyweatherstation,”hesaid.“Thiswillimprovedatacollectioninveryremoteareasnotcoveredbyradarandsatelliteorinplaceswherecommunicationsystemshavebeencut,”headded.TheresearchersplantokeepdevelopingthetechnologyinpartnershipwithaEuropeaneffortthataimstocreatealightningprotectionsystem.ScientistsworkingontheParis-basedprojectareexperimentingwithalasertechnologythatcouldsomedaycontrollightningactivity.Theideaisthatpowerful,ground-basedlaserscanbepositionedintheskytodirectenergyfromlightning.16．Whichisthecorrectorderofhowthesystemworks?①developapredictionmodel.②learntorecognizeweatherconditions.③collectrelateddata.④inputthedataontothecomputer.⑤makepredictions.A．①→②→③→④→⑤ B．③→④→①→②→⑤C．①→②→④→③→⑤ D．③→①→②→⑤→④16．【答案】B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesacombinationofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodelthatwastrainedtorecognizeweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.可知，實驗中測試的系統(tǒng)結(jié)合了氣象站的數(shù)據(jù)和機器學(xué)習(xí)方法。研究人員開發(fā)了一個預(yù)測模型，經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練可以識別可能導(dǎo)致閃電的天氣狀況。由此可知，系統(tǒng)工作的正確順序是③→④→①→②→⑤。故選B。題型五圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字?？刹捎谩拔淖宙i定法”，即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文”鎖“圖”，迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形，或用“圖形標示法”，在圖形中標出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，以便做題。TheHomeofMyPeopleWhenLewisandClarksteppedontotheWeippePrairieinpresent-dayIdahoinSeptember1808,theymettheNezPerceIndians.Inthefollowingyears,thewhiteexplorers（探險者）begantofightwiththeIndiansfortheirland.SomeNezPercechiefssignedagreementswiththeU.S.government,sellingpartoftheirlands.Butthegovernmentalwaysbrokethoseagreementsanddemandedmoreland.Otherchiefsrefusedtogoalongwiththegovernment’splans.ThemostfamouswasChiefJoseph,whosepeoplelivedintheWallowaValley（present-dayOregon）.“Inordertohaveallpeopleunderstandhowmuchlandweowned,”heonceexplained,“myfatherplantedpolesarounditandsaid:‘Insideisthehomeofmypeople…Itcircledaroundthegraves（墳?zāi)梗﹐fourfathers,andwewillnevergiveupthesegravestoanyman.’”Butin1874,theU.S.governmentdeclaredthevalleyopenforwhitesettlementandorderedtheNezPerceontoareservation（保留地）.Seeingthatresistancewasuseless,ChiefJosephagreedtomove.Later,fightingbrokeoutbetweentheNezPerceandU.S.soldiers.ChiefJosephtriedtoleadhispeopletoCanada,winningseveralbattlesagainstthesoldiersduringtheirflight.Butfinally,hewasforcedtogivein.1.Whichhistoricsite（onthemap）liesinthesouthoftoday’sNezPerceReservation?A.BuffaloEddy.B.DugBar.C.JosephCanyonViewpoint.D.ChiefLookingGlassCamp.2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheNezPercelandsfromthemap?A.TheywereinthestateofOregon.B.Theyhavebecomeahistoricsite.C.Theyhavebecomemuchsmaller.D.TheywerelimitedtotheWallowaValley.1.【答案】D【解析】】此題考查學(xué)生的圖示理解能力。首先要找到并標出現(xiàn)在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的歷史景點?？梢钥吹紺hiefLookingGlasscamp位于NezPerceReservation的南部。2.【答案】C【解析】】從地圖中我們可以看到，NezPerce原先所擁有的土地比現(xiàn)在NezPerce保留區(qū)的位置大多了。6．代詞指代題解題技能代詞指代題要求考生一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義。此類題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用的一種題型，所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。（2021·湖北黃岡·一模）Frenchchildren15andunderwillnolongerbeallowedtobringsmartdevicestoschool.LawmakersinFrancevotedrecentlytobanallphones,tablets,andotherInternet-connecteddevicesfromschoolgrounds.ThebanwillstartinSeptember,“Thesedays,thechildrendon'tplayatbreaktimeanymore,”Jean-MichelBlanquer,France'seducationminister,said.“Theyarejustallinfrontoftheirsmartphones,andfromaneducationalpointofview,that'saproblem.Somestrictmeasuresmustbetakenimmediately.”A2010lawbadalreadybannedsmartphonesduring"allteachingactivity"inFrance.Butthenewrulessaysmartphonesandtabletsarenotallowedevenduringbreaks.Studentswhobringthesedigitaldevicestoschoolhavetokeepthemintheirbackpacksandturnedoff,Iftheywanttocalltheirparents,schoolswillhelp.However,thenewlawdoesn’tforbidstudentstoturntothemduringextra-curricularactivities.Italsomakesanexceptionfordisabledstudents.AlexisCorbiereisaFrenchpolitician.Hesaidtheefforttomakesuchalawshouldhavebeenputtosomethingelsebecauseteachershavealreadycarriedoutthisrulesofar.“Idon'tknowasingleteacherinthiscountrythatallowstheuseofphonesinclassandinschool,”hetoldFrenchnewschannelBFMTV.HowaboutsmartphonesinAmericanschools?AccordingtoastudybytheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,about66%ofpublicschoolsbanneddevicesin2019,whichwasdownfrom91%in2009.Whythechange?LizKolb,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganSchoolofEducation,saidthatparentsareconcernedaboutsecurityinschools."Intherarecasethatsomethingmayoccur,"shesaid,"thebeliefbysomeparentsisthatacellphonecouldbeausefultoolforsafety."24．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"them"inparagraph1referto?A．Disabledstudents.B．Digitaldevices.C．Backpacks.D．Students'parents.24．【答案】B【解析】代詞指代題。第一段中劃線詞句上一句“Studentswhobringthesedigitaldevicestoschoolhavetokeepthemintheirbackpacksandturnedoff,iftheywanttocalltheirparents,schoolswillhelp.(把這些數(shù)碼設(shè)備帶到學(xué)校的學(xué)生必須把它們放在書包里，并關(guān)掉，如果他們想給父母打電話，學(xué)校會提供幫助)”說明學(xué)生可以把這些數(shù)碼設(shè)備帶到學(xué)校關(guān)掉不能使用，再根據(jù)劃線詞句“However,thenewlawdoesn’tforbidstudentstoturntothemduringextra-curricularactivities.(然而，新法律并不禁止學(xué)生在課外活動中求助于them)”轉(zhuǎn)折的語義可以推斷，劃線單詞“them”指代上文的“數(shù)碼設(shè)備”。故選B項。Passage1（2022·河南·模擬預(yù)測）TheUSspaceagencyNASAhasrevealedanastonishingpicturerevealingnewsecretsoftheEarth’shomegalaxy(星系),theMilkyWay.Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,a“noisy”areabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.Lightfromthisregiontakesabout26,000yearstoreachEarth.Forcomparison,lighttakesjusteightminutestoreachusfromthesun.Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.Mostofthedatacomesfrom370differentpicturestakenoverthepast20yearsbyNASA’sChandraXObservatory.ThissatellitetelescopedetectsX-raysoutinspace.X-raysareafromofradiationthatissentoutwhenviolenteventsheatmattertotemperaturesofmillionsofdegrees.OtherdatacomesfromtheMeerKATtelescopeinSouthAfrica,whichcandetectradiowavesfromspace.ThesewaveshavemuchlessenergythanX-rays.Theyareusuallyproducedbycoolermaterial,suchashugecloudsofgasbetweenthestars.Thebrightestsourcesincludeneutronstarswhicharethecoresofhugestarsthatranoutoffuelandcollapsedtocity-sizedballsofsuperhotmatter.Manyneutronstarsandblackholesjetoutgasesthatappearinthepictureaspurplestreaks(斑紋).Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribed“aviolentorenergeticecosystem”.1．WhatcanbelearnedabouttheMilkyWay?A．Thecenterofitremainsunknown.B．Thesunisn’tlocatedinthecenterofit.C．Itscenterisverypeaceful.D．Itscenterfeaturesfewerstars.2．What’sparagraph2mainlyabout?A．Thecollectionofspacedata.B．ThefunctionoftheMeerKATtelescope.C．Thedifferencesofspacewaves.D．Theformationofthenewimage.3．Whatcanweknowaboutthegasesjettedoutbytheblackhole?A．Theywillabsorbsurroundingmaterials.B．Theywillformsuperbigmatter.C．Theygetbentifawayfromtheirsource.D．Theyarelikelytoexplodewhensuperheated.4．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．Ourgalaxy’sviolentheart B．AnattempttotravelinouterspaceC．Radiowavesfromouterspace D．Stars’purplestreaks【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章介紹了關(guān)于銀河系中心不為人知的一些情況。1．【答案】B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,anoisyareabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.(太陽只是構(gòu)成銀河系巨大形狀的數(shù)千億顆恒星中的一顆。我們的太陽系位于一個偏遠的區(qū)域，但新圖像聚焦在銀河系的中心，一個嘈雜的區(qū)域，因為所有的恒星都很擁擠)”可知，整個太陽系都不在銀河系中心，即太陽也不在銀河系中心。故選B項。2．【答案】D【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.(研究人員使用了兩臺望遠鏡收集的數(shù)據(jù)，它們觀察天空的方式與我們?nèi)庋劭吹降目梢姽夥浅２煌瑥亩纬闪诵碌膱D像)”及過程描述可知，第二段主要講述了銀河系的新照片的形成。故選D項。3．【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.(該區(qū)域的強大磁場會導(dǎo)致射流在遠離源頭時發(fā)生彎曲)”可知，黑洞噴出的氣體如果遠離其源頭就會發(fā)生彎曲。故選C項。4．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。由文章最后一段“AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribedaviolentorenergeticecosystem.(天文學(xué)家丹尼爾·王博士過去一年一直在研究這幅圖像，他說，這幅新圖像描述了一個激烈或充滿活力的生態(tài)系統(tǒng))”可知，整篇文章圍繞這幅新圖像展開，描述了銀河系的中心是激烈或充滿活力的。由此可知，Ourgalaxy’sviolentheart(我們星系狂暴的心臟)適合作本文最佳標題。故選A項。Passage2（2022·吉林長春·模擬預(yù)測）Haveahardtimewakingupwhenit’scoldout?Scientistssayyourbrainistoblame.AstudyconductedbyscientistsfromNorthwesternUniversitymadeitpossibletooffersomeexplanationsforthisphenomenon.Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.Ithelpsexplainswhy,forbothfliesandhumans,itissohardtowakeupinthemorninginwinter.“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep,”saidMarcoGallio,associateprofessorofneurobiologyintheWeinbergCollegeofArtsandSciences.Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C．Havingrecognizedthoseneurons,theresearchersfollowedthemallthewaytotheirtargetswithinthebrain.Theyfoundtheirtargetsareasmallgroupofbrainneuronsthatarepartofalargernetworkthatcontrolsrhythmsofactivityandsleep.Whentheneuronstheydiscoveredareactive,thetargetcells,whichnormallyaremadeactivebymorninglight,areshutdown.“Temperaturesensingisoneofthemostfundamentalabilities,”saidGallio,whosegroupisoneofonlyafewintheworldthataresystematicallystudyingtemperaturesensinginfruitflies.“Theprincipleswearefindingintheflybrain,thelogicandorganization,maybethesameallthewaytohumans.Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.”5．Whyisithardforfliestowakeupincoldmornings?A．Coldconditionsdisabletheantennasofflies.B．Flicshavefewerneuronsinthebrainthanhumans.C．Coldnessstopsflies’neuronsfromfunctioningwell.D．Flies’neuronscontrollingwakefulnessaredamaged.6．Whatdoweknowaboutthestudy?A．Itfocusesmainlyonhowflybrainswork.B．Ithelpsexplainhowtemperatureaffectssleep.C．Itaimsatsolvinghumans’sleepingproblems.D．Itshowsthesimilaritiesbetweenflybrainsandhumanbrains.7．Whichpartofafruitflywillbemadeactivewhenitiscold?A．Itsantenna. B．Itstargetcells.C．Its“absolutecold”receptors. D．Itsnetworkcontrollingsleep.8．What’sGallio’sattitudetowardsthepracticalvalueofthefindings?A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Ambiguous. D．Disappointed.【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項有關(guān)溫度影響睡眠的研究。5．【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.(他們對果蠅的研究表明，季節(jié)性寒冷和黑暗的環(huán)境會阻止果蠅大腦中促進活動和清醒的神經(jīng)元發(fā)出信號，尤其是在早上)”可知，果蠅在寒冷的早晨很難醒來因為寒冷阻止果蠅神經(jīng)元正常工作。故選C。6．【答案】B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep(通過研究果蠅的行為，我們可以更好地理解溫度如何以及為什么對調(diào)節(jié)睡眠如此重要)”可知，這項研究有助于解釋溫度如何影響睡眠。故選B。7．【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C.(該研究首次描述了果蠅觸角上的“絕對低溫”接收器，這種受體只對低于果蠅“舒適區(qū)”（約25°C）的溫度做出反應(yīng))”可知，果蠅的“絕對低溫”接收器在寒冷時會活躍起來。故選C。8．【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.(未來對人腦的研究一定會在本研究中找到一些參考信息)”可推知，Gallio對這項研究的實用價值持積極態(tài)度。故選A。Passage3（2022·吉林長春·模擬預(yù)測）NewYork-basedEcovativehasbeencreatingenvironmentallyfriendlypackagingmadefrommushroomsandagriculturalwastesince2009.Now,thecompanywantstobringtheiramazingmaterialintohomesandofficeswithanewlineofcompostable(可堆肥的)furnishingsthataregrownusingjustthreematerials:mycelium(thevegetativepartofmushrooms),hemp(麻類植物),andsalt.Whilecreatinghardmaterialfrommushroomsmightsoundmagical,thecompany’sCEOEbenBayersaysitisarelativelylow-techprocessandcomparesitto“makingbread”.Thecompanybeginsbyaddingafewmyceliumcellstodamphemporotheragriculturalwaste.Themyceliumthatgrowslikelittlehairsisallowedtotwistwiththewasteuntileverythingis”glued“together.Thecombinationisthenmixedagainandplacedintothedesiredmold(模具)whereitcontinuestogrowandharden.Theresultingmaterialisthenbakedintheoven.Inadditiontomakingitasstrongaswood,theheatalsokillsthemycelium,thusgivingthecompostablematerialasimilarshelflifetowood.Also,thoughthetabletopsofthestylishTaflandKing’stablesrelea