文庫發(fā)布：wto概覽

1.作為協(xié)議的WTOTheUruguayRoundagreementsbacktotopThe“FinalAct”signedinMarrakeshin1994islikeacovernote.Everythingelseisattachedtothis.ForemostistheAgreementEstablishingtheWTO(ortheWTOAgreement),whichservesasanumbrellaagreement.Annexedaretheagreementsongoods,servicesandintellectualproperty,disputesettlement,tradepolicyreviewmechanismandtheplurilateralagreements.TheschedulesofcommitmentsalsoformpartoftheUruguayRoundagreements.

FinalActembodyingtheresultsoftheUruguayRoundofMultilateralTradeNegotiationsMarrakeshAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganizationAnnex1Annex1AMultilateralAgreementsonTradeinGoodsAnnex1BGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)Annex1CTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)Annex2DisputeSettlementUnderstandingAnnex3TradePolicyReviewMechanismAnnex4PlurilateralTradeAgreements2.作為國際組織的WTO部長會議：世貿(mào)組織的最高權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)。由所有成員主管外經(jīng)貿(mào)的部長、副部長級官員或其全權(quán)代表組成，部長會議至少每兩年舉行一次，部長會議具有廣泛的權(quán)力，主要有：立法權(quán)；準(zhǔn)司法權(quán)；豁免某個成員在特定情況下的義務(wù)；批準(zhǔn)非世貿(mào)組織成員國所提出的取得世貿(mào)組織觀察員資格申請的請示?？偫硎聲涸诓块L會議休會期間，由全體成員代表組成的總理事會代行部長會議職能?？偫硎聲梢暻闆r需要隨時開會，自行擬訂議事規(guī)則及議程。隨時召開會議以履行其解決貿(mào)易爭端和審議各成員貿(mào)易政策的職責(zé)?？偫硎聲略O(shè)貨物貿(mào)易理事會；服務(wù)貿(mào)易理事會；知識產(chǎn)權(quán)理事會。這些理事會可視情況自行擬訂議事規(guī)則，經(jīng)總理事會批準(zhǔn)后執(zhí)行。所有成員均可參加各理事會。貿(mào)易政策評審機(jī)構(gòu)（TPRB）：貿(mào)易政策審議的重點(diǎn)是成員國內(nèi)的貿(mào)易政策和實(shí)踐。這一工作有助于督促成員政府遵守WTO紀(jì)律和履行自己的承諾。貿(mào)易政策審議所產(chǎn)生的實(shí)際效果是：（1）增強(qiáng)外界對有關(guān)成員貿(mào)易政策與環(huán)境的了解；（2）獲得對自己在世界貿(mào)易體制下行為實(shí)績的信息反饋。爭端解決機(jī)構(gòu)（DSB）：專家組、上訴機(jī)構(gòu)各專門委員會：部長會議下設(shè)立專門委員會，以處理特定的貿(mào)易及其他有關(guān)事宜。已設(shè)立貿(mào)易與發(fā)展委員會；國際收支限制委員會；預(yù)算、財務(wù)與行政委員會；貿(mào)易與環(huán)境委員會等10多個專門委員會。秘書處與總干事：世貿(mào)組織成立由一位總干事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的世界貿(mào)易組織秘書處(下稱秘書處)。世貿(mào)組織秘書處設(shè)在瑞士日內(nèi)瓦，大約有500人。秘書處工作人員由總干事指派，并按部長會議通過的規(guī)則決定他們的職責(zé)和服務(wù)條件。3.WTO的職能(thefunctionofWTO)1).管理職能：世界貿(mào)易組織負(fù)責(zé)對各成員國的貿(mào)易政策和法規(guī)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督和管理，定期評審，以保證其合法性。(Itoverseestheimplementation,administrationandoperationofthecoveredagreements)2).談判職能：Itprovidesaforumfornegotiationsandforsettlingdisputes.3).裁判職能：Itprovidesaforumforsettlingdisputes.4.WTO的基本原則為實(shí)現(xiàn)自由貿(mào)易，WTO確定了一下一些原則：1).非歧視原則（Non-Discrimination）：包括最惠國待遇和國民待遇。Ithastwomajorcomponents:themostfavorednation(MFN)rule,andthenationaltreatmentpolicy.2).互惠性原則（Reciprocity）：互惠制原則亦稱對等原則，是指兩個成員方在國際貿(mào)易中相互給予對方在貿(mào)易上的優(yōu)惠待遇。3).透明度原則(Transparency):也稱公開性原則，是指成員方所實(shí)施與國際貿(mào)易有關(guān)的法令、條例、司法判決、行政決定等都必須予以公布4).義務(wù)的約束性和可執(zhí)行性（Bindingandenforceablecommitments）5).例外原則(Safetyvalves).Inspecificcircumstances,governmentsareabletorestricttrade.Therearethreetypesofprovisionsinthisdirection:articlesallowingfortheuseoftrademeasurestoattainnoneconomicobjectives;articlesaimedatensuring"faircompetition";andprovisionspermittinginterventionintradeforeconomicreasons.ExceptionstotheMFNprinciplealsoallowforpreferentialtreatmentofdevelopedcountries,regionalfreetradeareasandcustomsunions5.WTO的貢獻(xiàn)1).維護(hù)世界和平.Thesystemhelpstokeepthepeace.Peaceispartlyanoutcomeoftwoofthemostfundamentalprinciplesofthetradingsystem:helpingtradetoflowsmoothly,andprovidingcountrieswithaconstructiveandfairoutletfordealingwithdisputesovertradeissues.Itisalsoanoutcomeoftheinternationalconfidenceandcooperationthatthesystemcreatesandreinforces.2).爭端的和平解決.Thesystemallowsdisputestobehandledconstructively.Astradeexpandsinvolume,inthenumberofproductstraded,andinthenumbersofcountriesandcompaniestrading,thereisagreaterchancethatdisputeswillarise.TheWTOsystemhelpsresolvethesedisputespeacefullyandconstructively.3).規(guī)則取向代替權(quán)力取向.Asystembasedonrulesratherthanpowermakeslifeeasierforall.TheWTOcannotclaimtomakeallcountriesequal.Butitdoesreducesomeinequalities,givingsmallercountriesmorevoice,andatthesametimefreeingthemajorpowersfromthecomplexityofhavingtonegotiatetradeagreementswitheachoftheirnumeroustradingpartners.

4).生活成本的下降。Freertradecutsthecostofliving.Weareallconsumers.Thepriceswepayforourfoodandclothing,ournecessitiesandluxuries,andeverythingelseinbetween,areaffectedbytradepolicies.5).增加了消費(fèi)選擇。Itgivesconsumersmorechoice,andabroaderrangeofqualitiestochoosefrom.Thinkofallthethingswecannowhavebecausewecanimportthem:fruitsandvegetablesoutofseason,foods,clothingandotherproductsthatusedtobeconsideredexotic,cutflowersfromanypartoftheworld,allsortsofhouseholdgoods,books,music,movies,andsoon.6).提高收入。Traderaisesincomes.Loweringtradebarriersallowstradetoincrease,whichaddstoincomes—nationalincomesandpersonalincomes.TheWTO’sownestimatesfortheimpactofthe1994UruguayRoundtradedealwerebetween$109billionand$510billionaddedtoworldincome(dependingontheassumptionsofthecalculationsandallowingformarginsoferror).7).促進(jìn)就業(yè)。Tradestimulateseconomicgrowth,andthatcanbegoodnewsforemployment.Tradeclearlyhasthepotentialtocreatejobs.Inpracticethereisoftenfactualevidencethatlowertradebarriershavebeengoodforemployment.Butthepictureiscomplicatedbyanumberoffactors.Nevertheless,thealternative—protectionism—isnotthewaytotackleemploymentproblems.8).改善政府的治理，消除腐敗。ThesystemencouragesgoodgovernmentUnderWTOrules,o