2024年6月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題（第三套）

大學(xué)英語六級考試2024年6月真題(第三套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Nowadayscultivatingindependentlearningabilityisbecomingincreasinglycrucialforpersonaldevelopment.”Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Youshouldcopythesentencegiveninquotesatthebeginningofyouressay.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentreQuestions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)Replytotheman'slastproposalwithinashorttime.B)Signtheagreementifonesmallchangeismadetoit.C)Makeasponsorshipdealforherclientatthemeeting.D)Givethemansomegoodnewsregardingthecontract2.A)Theyarebecomingimpatient.C)Theyareusedtomakingalterations.B)Theyareafraidtimeisrunningout.D)Theyareconcernedaboutthedetails.3.A)Topreventgeographicaldiscrimination.C)ToavoidanyconflictofinterestB)Totapthefoodandbeveragemarket.D)Toreduceunfaircompetition4.A)Itisapotentialmarketforfoodandbeverage.C)Itisanegligiblemarketforhiscompany.B)Itisveryattractiveforrealestatedevelopers.D)Itisverydifferentfromothermarkets.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)TheyarethrilledbyarareastronomicphenomenonB)Theyarecelebratingabigeventonmountaintops.C)Theyareenthusiasticaboutbigscience-relatedstories.D)TheyarejoinedbyastronomersallacrossNorthAmerica.6.A)ItwillbethemostformidableofitskindinoveracenturyB)ItwillcomeclosesttoEarthinmorethanonehundredyearsC)ItwilleclipsemanyothersucheventsinhumanhistoryD)ItwillbeseenmostclearlyfromDenver'smountaintops.7.A)Ablur.C)Theedgeofourgalaxy.B)Stars.D)Anordinaryflyingobject.8.A)Useprofessionalequipment.C)FixtheireyesduenorthB)ClimbtothenearbyheightsD)Makeuseofphoneapps1·SectionB·Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentreQuestions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)Whetherconsumersshouldbewarnedagainstultra-processedfoods.B)WhetherthereissufficientscientificconsensusondietaryguidelinesC)Whetherguidelinescanformthebasisfornutritionadvicetoconsumers.D)Whetherfoodscientistswillagreeontheconceptofultra-processedfoods10.A)BythelaborcostforthefinalproductsC)Bytheextentofchemicalalteration.B)Bythedegreeofindustrialprocessing.D)Bytheconventionofclassification.11.A)Increasedconsumers'expenses.C)People'smisunderstandingofnutrition.B)Greaterriskofchronicdiseases.D)Children'sdislikeforunprocessedfoodsQuestions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Theybegintothinkofthebenefitsofconstraints.C)Theytryhardtomaximizetheirmentalenergy.B)Theytrytoseeksolutionsfromcreativepeople.D)Theybegintoseetheworldinadifferentway13.A)Itischaracteristicofallcreativepeople.C)Itisacreativeperson'sresponsetolimitation.B)Itisessentialtopushingsocietyforward.D)Itisanimpetustosocio-economicdevelopment.14.A)Scarcityorabundanceofresourceshaslittleimpactonpeople'screativity.B)InnovativepeoplearenotconstrainedinconnectingunrelatedconceptsC)Peoplehavenoincentivetouseavailableresourcesinnewways.D)Creativepeopletendtoconsumemoreavailableresources15.A)Itiskeytoacompany'ssurvival.C)ItisessentialtomeetingchallengesB)Itshapesandfocusesproblems.D)Itthrivesbestwhenconstrained.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Becausetheyarelearned.C)BecausetheyhavetobeproperlypersonalizedB)Becausetheycomenaturally.D)Becausetherecanbemoreeffectivestrategies17.A)Theextentofdifferenceandofsimilaritybetweenthetwosides.B)Theknowledgeofthespecificexpectationtheothersideholds.C)Theimportanceofone'sgoalsandoftherelationship.D)Theapproachesoneadoptstoconflictmanagement.18.A)Thefox.C)ThesharkB)Theowl.D)Theturtle.2Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Helpsavespeciesfromextinctionandboosthumanhealth.B)Understandhowplantsandanimalsperishedoverthepast.C)HelpgatherinformationpubliclyavailabletoresearchersD)FindoutthecauseofextinctionofBritain's66,000species20.A)ItwasoncedominatedbydinosaursC)ItsprospectsdependonfuturehumanbehaviourB)Ithasenteredthesixthmassextinction.D)Itsclimatechangeisaggravatedbyhumans21.A)Itdwarfsallothereffortstoconserve,protectandrestorebiodiversityonearthB)ItiscostlytogetstartedandrequiresthejointeffortsofthousandsofscientistsC)ItcanhelptobringbackthelargenumbersofplantsandanimalsthathavegoneextinctD)Itisthemostexciting,mostrelevant,mosttimelyandmostinternationallyinspirationalQuestions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A)Culturalidentity.C)TheCopernicanrevolution.B)Socialevolution.D)Humanindividuality23.A)Itisadelusiontobedisposedof.C)ItisamythspreadbyJohnDonne'spoem.B)Itisprevalentevenamongacademics.D)Itisrootedinthemindsetofthe17thcentury24.A)HebelievesinCopernicanphilosophicaldoctrinesabouttheuniverse.B)HehasgainedamplescientificevidenceattheUniversityofReading.C)Hehasfoundthatourinnerselfandmaterialselfareinterconnected.D)Hecontendsmostofourbodycellscanonlyliveafewdaysorweeks.25.A)Bycomingtoseehowdisruptivesuchproblemshavegottobe.B)Byrealisingthatweallcandoourownbitinsuchendeavours.C)Bybecomingawarethatwearepartofabiggerworld.D)Bymakingjointeffortsresolutelyandpersistently.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonceArainbowisamulti-colored,arc-shapedphenomenonthatcanappearinthesky.Thecolorsofarainbowareproducedbythereflectionand26oflightthroughwaterdroplets(小滴)presentintheatmosphere.Anobservermay27arainbowtobelocatedeithernearorfaraway,butthisphenomenonisnotactuallylocatedatanyspecificspot.Instead,theappearanceofarainbowdependsentirelyuponthepositionoftheobserverin28tothedirectionoflight.Inessence,arainbowisan29illusion.Rainbowspresenta30madeupofsevencolorsinaspecificorder.Infact,schoolchildreninmanyEnglish-speakingcountriesaretaughttorememberthename“RoyG.Biv”asanaidforrememberingthecolorsofarainbowandtheirorder.“RoyG.Biv”31for:red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,andviolet.Theouteredgeoftherainbowarcisred,whiletheinneredgeisviolet.Arainbowisformedwhenlight(generallysunlight)passesthroughwaterdroplets32intheatmosphere.Thelightwaveschangedirectionastheypassthroughthewaterdroplets,resultingintwoprocesses:reflctionandrefraction(折射).Whenlightreflectsoffawaterdroplet,itsimply33backintheoppositedirectionfromwhereit34.Whenlightrefracts,ittakesadifferentdirection.Someindividualsrefertorefractedlightas“bentlightwaves.”Arainbowisformedbecausewhitelightentersthewaterdroplet,whereitbendsinseveraldifferentdirections.Whenthesebentlightwavesreachtheothersideofthewaterdroplet,theyreflectbackoutofthedropletinsteadof35passingthroughthewater.Sincethewhitelightisseparatedinsideofthewater,therefractedlightappearsasseparatecolorstothehumaneye.bouncesI)permeatescompletelyJ)ponderdispersionK)precedingeccentricL)recklesslyhangingM)relationopticalN)spectrumoriginatesO)standsperceiveSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.BlameyourworthlessworkdaysonmeetingrecoverysyndromePhyllisHartmanknowswhatit'sliketomakeone'swaythroughthedepthsofofficemeetinghell.Managersatoneofherformerhumanresourcesjobsarrangedsomanymeetingsthatattendeeswouldfallasleepatthetableorintentionallyarrivelate.Withhoursofherdayblockedupwithunnecessarymeetings,shewasoftenforcedtomakeupherworkduringovertime.“IwasactuallyworkingmorehoursthanIprobablywouldhaveneededtogettheworkdone,”saysHartman,whoisfounderandpresidentofPGHRConsultinginPittsburgh,PennsylvaniaSheisn'taloneinherfrustration.Between11millionand55millionmeetingsareheldeachdayintheUnitedStates,costingmostorganisationsbetween7%and15%oftheirpersonnelbudgets.Everyweek,employeesspendaboutsixhoursinmeetings,whiletheaveragemanagermeetsforastaggering23hours.Andthoughexpertsagreethattraditionalmeetingsareessentialformakingcertaindecisionsanddevelopingstrategy,someemployeesviewthemasoneofthemostunnecessarypartsoftheworkday.Theresultisnotonlyhundredsofbillionsofwasteddollars,butanannoyanceofwhatorganisationalpsychologistscall“meetingrecoverysyndrome(MRS)”:timespentcoolingoffandregainingfocusafterauselessmeeting.Ifyouruntotheofficekitchentogetsomereliefwithcolleaguesafterafrustratingmeeting,you'relikelyexperiencingmeetingrecoverysyndrome.D)Meetingrecoverysyndromeisaconceptthatshouldbefamiliartoalmostanyonewhohasheldaformaljob.Itisn'tground-breakingtosayworkersfeelfatiguedafterameeting,butonlyinrecentdecadeshavescientistsdeemedtheconditionworthyoffurtherinvestigation.Withitslinkstoorganisationalefficiencyandemployeewellbeing,MRShasatractedtheattentionofpsychologistsawareoftheneedtounderstanditsprecisecausesandcuresToday,insofarasresearcherscanhypothesise,MRSismosteasilyunderstoodasaslowrenewaloffinitementalandphysicalresources.Whenanemployeesitsthroughanineffectivemeetingtheirbrainpowerisessentiallybeingdrainedaway.Meetingsdrainvitalityiftheylasttoolong,failtoengageemployeesorturnintoone-sidedlectures.Theconservationofresourcestheory,originallyproposedin1989byDrStevanHobfoll,statesthatpsychologicalstressoccurswhenaperson'sresourcesarethreatenedorlost.Whenresourcesarelow,apersonwillshiftintodefencetoconservetheirremainingsupply.Inthecaseofofficemeetings,wheresomeofemployees'mostvaluableresourcesaretheirfocus,alertnessandmotivation,thiscanmeananabrupthaltinproductivityastheytaketimetorecover.Ashumans,whenwetransitionfromonetasktoanotheronthejob—sayfromsittinginameetingtodoingnormalwork—ittakesaneffortfulcognitiveswitch.Wemustdetachourselvesfromtheprevioustaskandexpendsignificantmentalenergytomoveon.Ifwearealreadydrainedtodangerouslevels,thenmakingthementalswitchtothenextthingisextratough.It'scommontoseepeoplecyber-loafingafterafrustratingmeeting,goingandgettingcoffee,interruptingacolleagueandtellingthemaboutthemeeting,andsoon.Eachperson'sabilitytorecoverfromhorriblemeetingsisdifferent.Somecanbouncebackquickly,whileotherscarrytheirfatigueuntiltheendoftheworkday.YetwhilenoformalMRSstudiesarecurrentlyunderway,onecanlooselyspeculateonthelengthofanaverageemployee'slagtime.Switchingtasksinanon-MRSconditiontakesabout10to15minutes.WithMRS,itmaytakeaslongas45minutesonaverageIt'sevenworsewhenaworkerhasseveralmeetingsthatareseparatedby30minutes.“Notenoughtimetotransitioninanon-MRSsituationtogetanythingdone,andinanMRSsituation,notquiteenoughtimeto20recoverforthenextmeeting,”saysresearcherJosephAllen.“Then,addthecompoundingofback-to-backbadmeetingsandwemayhaveanepidemiconourhands.”InanefforttocombatthesideeffectsofMRS,Allen,alongwithresearcherJosephMrozandcolleaguesattheUniversityofNebraska-Omaha,publishedastudydetailingthebestwaystoavoidcommontraps,includingaconcisechecklistofdo'sanddon'tsapplicabletoanyworkplace.Drawingfromaround200paperstocompiletheircomprehensivelist,MrozandhisteammaynowholdaremedytothelargelyundefinedproblemofMRS.Mrozsaysagoodplacetostartisaskingourselvesifourmeetingsareevennecessaryinthefirstplace.Ifallthat'sontheagendaisaquickcatch-up,orsomenon-urgentinformationsharing,itmaybettersuitthegrouptosendaroundanemailinstead.“ThesecondthingIwouldalwaysrecommendiskeepthemeetingassmallaspossible,”saysMroz.“Iftheydon'tactuallyhavesomekindofimmediateinput,thentheycanfollowuplater.Theydon'tneedtobesittinginthishour-longmeeting.”Lesstimeinmeetingswouldultimatelyleadtomoreemployeeengagementinthemeetingstheydoattend,whichexpertsagreeisaprovenremedyforMRS.Employeesalsofeeltaxedwhentheyareinvitedtogethertomeetingsthatdon'tinspireparticipation,saysCliffScott,professoroforganisationalscience.Ittakesprecioustimeforthemtoventtheiremotions,complainandtrytoregainfocusafterapointlessmeeting—oneofthemaintrapsofMRS.Overtimeasemployeesfindthemselvestiedupinmoreandmoreunnecessarymeetings—andthusdealingwithincreasinglagtimesfromMRS—thewasteofworkdayhourscanfeelinsulting.Despitetherelativescarcityofresearchbehindthesubject,HartmanhastaughtherselfmanyofthesametrickssuggestedinMroz'sstudy,andhascomealongwaysinceherdaysofbeingstuckwithunnecessarymeetings.Thepeoplesheinvitestomeetingstodayincludenotjusttheessentialemployees,butalsorepresentativesfromeverydepartmentthatmighthaveastakeintheissueathand.Managerslikeher,whoseekinputevenfromnon-expertstoshapetheirdecisions,canfindgreatersupportandcooperationfromtheirworkforce,shesays.Ifanorganisationweretoapplyall22suggestionsfromMrozandAllen'sfindings,themostnoticeabledifferencewouldbeastarkdecreaseinthetotalnumberofmeetingsontheschedule,Mrozsays.Lesstimeinmeetingswouldultimatelyleadtoincreasedproductivity,whichistheultimateobjectiveofconveningameeting.Whilenoneofthecounter-MRSideashavebeentestedempiricallyyet,Allensaysonetrickwithpromiseisforemployeestoidentifythingsthatquicklychangetheirmoodfromnegativetopositive.Assimpleasitsounds,findingapersonalhappyplace,goingthereandthencomingstraightbacktoworkmightbekeytofacilitatingrecovery.Leadersshouldseealsothemselvesas“stewardsofeveryoneelse'svaluabletime”,addsStevenRogelberg,authorofTheSurprisingScienceofMeetings.Havingtheskillstoforeseepotentialtrapsandtreatemployees'endurancewithcareallowsleaderstoprovideeffectiveshort-termdeterrentstoMRS.Mostimportant,however,isfororganisationstoawakentotheconceptofmeetingsbeingflexible,saysAllen.Byreshapingthewaytheyprioritiseemployees'time,companiescaneliminatetheverysourcesofMRSintheirtracks36.Althoughemployeesaresaidtobefatiguedbymeetings,theconditionhasnotbeenconsideredworthyoffurtherresearchuntilrecently.37.MrozandhisteamcompiledalistofwhattodoandwhatnottodotoremedytheproblemofMRS38.CompaniescangetridoftherootcauseofMRSiftheygiveprioritytoworkers'time.39.Ifworkersareexhaustedtoadangerousdegree,itisextremelyhardforthemtotransitiontothenexttask.40.EmployeesinAmericaspendalotoftimeattendingmeetingswhilethenumberofhoursmanagersmeetisseveraltimesmore.41.PhyllisHartmanhaslearnedbyherselfmanyofthewaysMrozsuggestedinhisstudyandmaderemarkablesuccessinfreeingherselffromunnecessarymeetings.42.Whenmeetingscontinuetoolongordon'tengageemployees,theydepletevitality.43.Whenthetimeofmeetingsisreduced,employeeswillbemoreengagedinthemeetingstheydoparticipatein.44.Someemployeesconsidermeetingsoneofthemostdispensablepartsoftheworkday.45.AccordingtoMroz,ifallhissuggestionswereapplied,averyobviouschangewouldbeasteepdecreaseinthenumberofmeetingsscheduled.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassageSarcasmandjazzhavesomethingsurprisinglyincommon:Youknowthemwhenyouhearthem.Sarcasmismostlyunderstoodthroughtoneofvoice,whichisusedtoportraytheoppositeoftheliteralwords.Forexample,whensomeonesays,“Well,that'sexactlywhatIneedrightnow,”theirtonecantellyouit'snotwhattheyneedatall.Mostfrequently,sarcasmhighlightsanirritationoris,quitesimply,meanIfyouwanttobehappierandimproveyourrelationships,cutoutsarcasm.Why?Becausesarcasmisactuallyhostilitydisguisedashumor.Despitesmilingoutwardly,manypeoplewhoreceivesarcasticcommentsfeelputdownandoftenthinkthesarcasticpersonisrude,orcontemptible.Indeed,it'snotsurprisingthattheoriginofthewordsarcasmderivesfromtheGreekword“sarkazein”whichliterallymeans“totearorstripthefleshoff.”Hence,it'snowonderthatsarcasmisoftenprecededbytheword“cutting”andthatithurts.What'smore,sinceactionsstronglydeterminethoughtsandfeelings,whenapersonconsistentlyactssarcasticallyitmayonlyservetoheightentheirunderlyinghostilityandinsecurity.Afterall,whenyoucomerightdowntoit,sarcasmcanbeusedasasubtleformofbullying—andmostbulliesareangry,insecure,orcowardly.Alternatively,whenapersonstopsvoicingnegativecomments,especiallysarcasticones,theymaysoonstarttofeelhappierandmoreself-confident.Also,otherpeopleintheirlifebenefitevenmorebecausetheynolongerhavetoheartheemotionallyhurtfullanguageofsarcasm.Now,I'mnotsayingallsarcasmisbad.Itmayjustbebetterusedsparingly—likeapotentspiceincooking.Toomuchofthespice,andthedishwillbeoverwhelmedbyit.Similarly,anoccasionaldashofsarcasticwitcanspiceupachatandaddanelementofhumortoit.Butabigorsteadyservingofsarcasmwilloverwhelmtheemotionalflavorofanyconversationandcantasteverybittertoitsrecipient.So,tonedownthesarcasmandworkoncleverwitinstead,whichisusuallywithoutanyhostilityandthusmoreappreciatedbythoseyou'recommunicatingwith.Inessence,sarcasmiseasywhiletrue,harmlesswittakestalent.Thus,themaindifferencebetweenwitandsarcasmisthat,asalreadystated,sarcasmisoftenhostilitydisguisedashumor.Itcanbeintendedtohurtandisoftenbitterandbiting.Wittystatementsareusuallyinresponsetosomeone'sunhelpfulremarksorbehaviors,andtheintentistountangleandclarifytheissuebyemphasizingitsabsurdities.Sarcasticstatementsareexpressedinacuttingmanner;wittyremarksaredeliveredwithundisguisedandharmlesshumor.46.Whydoestheauthorsaysarcasmandjazzhavesomethingsurprisinglyincommon?Botharerecognizedwhenheard.B)Bothhaveexactlythesametone.Bothmeantheoppositeofwhattheyappearto.D)BothhavehiddeninthemanevidentirritationHowdomanypeoplefeelwhentheyhearsarcasticcomments?Theyfeelhostiletowardsthesarcasticperson.Theyfeelbelittledanddisrespected.Theyfeelastrongurgetoretaliate.Theyfeelincapableofdisguisingtheirirritation.Whathappenswhenapersonconsistentlyactssarcastically?Theyfeeltheirdignitygreatlyheightened.Theyfeelincreasinglyinsecureandhostile.TheyendurehostilityunderthedisguiseofhumorTheytastebitternesseveninpleasantinteractionsWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeoplequittingsarcasticcomments?Itmakesothershappierandmoreself-confidentItrestrainsthemfrombeingirritatingandbullying.Itbenefitsnotonlythemselvesbutalsothosearoundthem.Itshieldsthemfromnegativecommentsandoutrighthostility.Whatisthechiefdifferencebetweenaspeaker'switandsarcasm?Theirclarity.TheirappreciationTheiremphasis.D)Theirintention.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Variabilityiscruciallyimportantforlearningnewskills.Considerlearninghowtoserveintennis.Shouldyoualwayspractiseservingfromtheexactlysamelocationonthecourt,aimingatthesamespot?Althoughpractisinginmorevariableconditionswillbesloweratfirst,itwilllikelymakeyouabettertennisplayerintheend.Thisisbecausevariabilityleadstobettergeneralisationofwhatislearned.Thisprincipleisfoundinmanydomains,includingspeechperceptionandlearningcategories.Forinstance,infantswillstruggletolearnthecategory“dog”iftheyareonlyexposedtoChihuahuas,insteadofmanydifferentkindsofdogs“Thereareovertendifferentnamesforthisbasicprinciple,”saysLimorRaviv,theseniorinvestigatorofarecentstudy.“Learningfromlessvariableinputisoftenfast,butmayfailtogeneralisetonewstimuli.”Toidentifykeypatternsandunderstandtheunderlyingprinciplesofvariabilityeffects,Ravivandhercolleaguesreviewedover150studiesonvariabilityandgeneralisationacrossfields,includingcomputerscience,linguistics,categorisation,visualperceptionandformaleducation.Theresearchersdiscoveredthat,acrossstudies,thetermvariabilitycanrefertoatleastfourdifferentkindsofvariability,suchassetsizeandscheduling.“Thesefourkindsofvariabilityhaveneverbeendirectlycompared—whichmeansthatwecurrentlydon'tknowwhichismosteffectiveforlearning,”saysRaviv.Theimpactofvariabilitydependsonwhetheritisrelevanttothetaskornot.Butaccordingtothe‘Mr.Miyagiprinciple',practisingseeminglyunrelatedskillsmayactuallybenefitlearningofotherskills.Butwhydoesvariabilityimpactlearningandgeneralisation?Onetheoryisthatmorevariableinputcanhighlightwhichaspectsofataskarerelevantandwhicharenot.Anothertheoryisthatgreatervariabilityleadstobroadergeneralisations.Thisisbecausevariabilitywillrepresenttherealworldbetter,includingatypical(非典型的)examplesAthirdreasonhastodowiththewaymemoryworks:whentrainingisvariable,learnersareforcedtoactivelyreconstructtheirmemories“Understandingtheimpactofvariabilityisimportantforliterallyeveryaspectofourdailylife.Beyondaffectingthewaywelearnlanguage,motor