某廠區(qū)供暖系統(tǒng)及鍋爐房設計畢業(yè)設計說明書

附錄A：綜合樓供暖熱負荷計算表（二、三層負荷相同）續(xù)表續(xù)表續(xù)表續(xù)表

續(xù)表續(xù)表續(xù)表附錄B：綜合樓散熱器片數(shù)計算表續(xù)表續(xù)表續(xù)表

附錄C：綜合樓供暖最不利環(huán)路水力計算表附錄D：熱網(wǎng)水力計算表附錄E:專業(yè)外文文獻外文文獻一翻譯：對中國北方采暖區(qū)冬季室內熱環(huán)境進行研究提出現(xiàn)有住宅建筑的改造要求摘要本文分析了在中國北方采暖區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑的幾個方面對建筑節(jié)能的影響，如室內熱環(huán)境，居民滿意度，改造意愿和動機，改造內容和改造效果。結果顯示，室內熱質差和居民不滿，改造意愿和改造效果對建筑節(jié)能影響較大。通過進一步闡明改造的要求和要點，提出了推進北方供熱區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑改造的建議。一、介紹建筑節(jié)能是中國節(jié)能減排政策的重要組成部分。2007年，建筑能耗占全國能源消費的23％。北方采暖區(qū)面積占全國總采暖區(qū)面積的70％。該地區(qū)建筑面積約65億平方米，其中高能耗建筑占70％以上。如果按照建筑節(jié)能設計標準在供熱區(qū)域進行改造，將會節(jié)省大量能源，每年可以節(jié)約6,800萬噸標準煤，每年可以減少1.43億噸二氧化碳排放量。為了了解室內熱環(huán)境和改造要求的現(xiàn)狀，我們對中國北方供熱區(qū)室內熱環(huán)境問題，居民滿意度，改造意愿和動機進行了調研。在統(tǒng)計分析的基礎上提出了改造要求和重大改造方案，這對于政府制定北方供暖區(qū)的現(xiàn)有建筑熱計量和能效改造政策有一定參考價值。二、問卷設計與分配調查問卷包括居民基本情況和建設情況，居民室內熱環(huán)境和滿意程度，居民對建筑節(jié)能政策的態(tài)度。問卷是通過描述性統(tǒng)計分析進行統(tǒng)計學處理。主要在山西省進行了調查，其余北部省份由表1所示，主要覆蓋北部采暖區(qū)。發(fā)放了400份問卷調查問卷，回收了265份有效問卷。調查表的對象和地區(qū)是具有代表性的。因此，我們認為基于有效問卷的這一結論具有很大的參考價值。調查表格分為三個指標：家庭收入，建筑年齡和類型，如表2所示。建筑類型可分為山寨，A級住宅（9層或以下），B級住宅（10樓或以上），住宅和商業(yè)住宅，別墅等。對建筑類型分類其目的是獲得諸如居住在不同條件下的居民對室內熱環(huán)境滿意度，對現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造的態(tài)度及其對建筑節(jié)能政策的了解程度等信息，為改造提供出具有參考價值的住宅樓政策。三、分析調查結果根據(jù)研究目標，從以下五個方面分析了問卷調查結果：冬季室內熱環(huán)境，居民滿意度，改造意愿和動機，改造效果和居民對建筑節(jié)能政策的理解。表1問卷的地理分布情況省份問卷數(shù)量比例山西省16662.64其他北方省份9937.36室內熱環(huán)境質量指標體系包括溫度，濕度，風速，表面溫度等。考慮到普通住宅很少配備空調系統(tǒng)，選擇溫度作為冬季室內熱環(huán)境的指標。參數(shù)如濕度，風速幾乎不可能控制室內熱水平。另一方面，這些指標之間的溫度對人體舒適度和加熱能耗也是最有影響力的。因此，選擇室內溫度作為衡量冬季室內熱舒適度的指標，可以客觀反映北部地區(qū)冬季室內熱環(huán)境的情況。表2調查問卷主要指標示例構成內容家庭收入分配（年收入）小于24000元24000-50000元50000-80000元80000-120000元年完成1982年之前1982-19961997-20042005-2008建筑類型平房居住類A居住類B與生活和商業(yè)混合根據(jù)2010年頒布的新能效設計標準，冬季室內溫度應達到18℃。數(shù)據(jù)分析結果表明，滿足此類條件的樣本數(shù)僅占總樣本的41.70％。即使控制標準設定在16℃（這是北方城市冬季室內最低溫度），33.98％的用戶仍然不符合本標準。說明中國北方采暖區(qū)冬季室內熱環(huán)境質量較差。大多數(shù)居民冬季室內溫度無法達到最低室內溫度，這嚴重影響了冬季居民的室內熱舒適度。為了提高室內熱舒適性，房屋保溫需要考慮在內。表3室內溫度與建筑年的關系完成年室內溫度樣本達到16℃的比例占同期調查樣本總量的百分比（％）室內溫度樣本達到18℃的比例占同期調查樣本總量的百分比（％）1982年之前59.5235.711982-199641.6727.081997-200471.5644.952005-200883.0858.46總和67.0543.56冬季室內溫度與建筑年齡的關系如下討論。從表3可以看出，1996年前建成的建筑物的室內熱舒適性比1996年以后建成的建筑物的室內熱舒適性差。此外，1996年后室內溫度可達16℃或18℃的樣品數(shù)量所占比例較高。這是因為在1996年以前，中國北方采暖區(qū)的能源效率標準相對較低，至此，中國開始實施“節(jié)能設計標準（取暖住宅部分）JGJ26-95”，這與1982年相比，單位面積能源效率提高了50%，隨著效率標準的提高，室溫有了明顯的提高。冬季室內溫度為16℃或18℃時，1982年至1996年建筑物的室內舒適度最差。在此期間建設的建設應側重于能源效率。本文也討論了冬季室內溫度與建筑類型的關系。冬季室內溫度為16℃或18℃時，溫度與施工類型之間的關系表明，B類住宅的溫度高于A類住宅的溫度，這是因為受訪樣本的大部分B類建筑物是在1996年之后建成的，即實施“節(jié)能設計標準（供暖住宅部分）JGJ26-95”后。因此，B類住宅的室內舒適性一般優(yōu)于A級住宅。但這不能簡單地得出結論，因為A類建筑是北方供暖區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑供熱改造中最重要的?？紤]到建筑節(jié)能改造和投資回收的成本，建筑節(jié)能和室內環(huán)境要求的主要形式是更換新建筑。所以，商業(yè)和住宅別墅不在考慮之中，因為樣本數(shù)量不足以提供代表意見。本文對冬季室內熱環(huán)境的居民滿意度進行了分析。冬季只有55.7％的受訪居民對室內熱環(huán)境感到滿意。從滿意度和室內溫度的關系可以看出，室內溫度的滿意度隨著溫度的升高而增加。在冬季，室內溫度為16?18℃時，有51.79％的居民不滿意室內熱舒適度。在18?22℃范圍內，只有11.49％的居民對室內熱舒適度不滿意。因此，在冬季現(xiàn)有住宅建筑的室內溫度應在18℃以上。從滿意度與建筑年齡的關系可以看出，隨著建筑歷史的增加，不滿率逐漸下降。60.98％的居民對1996年以前建筑物的室內熱舒適度不滿意，而1997年以后建筑物的不滿率大幅下降至37.14％。原因仍然是建筑節(jié)能設計標準的實施有效提高了室內的熱舒適度。同時從居民滿意的角度出發(fā)，也驗證了1996年以前的建筑物將成為現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造的重點。表4室內溫度與建筑類型的關系房屋類型室內溫度為16℃樣本所占比例（％）室內溫度為18℃樣本所占比例（％）平房18.563.70居住類A68.1042.94居住類B86.6757.78改造效果明顯。四分之一調查問卷居民進行能效改造，其中58.68％認為改造的主要影響是提高冬季室內溫度，15.70％認為主要影響是改善區(qū)域環(huán)境，10.74％認為主要作用是改善冬季房屋的水分凝結，如表5所示。表5現(xiàn)有住宅建筑改造的主要影響變化的主要影響比例（％）提高室內溫度58.68續(xù)表：變化的主要影響比例（％）冬季改善房屋的水分和結露10.71提高房屋的冷風穿透力4.96改善住宅的生活環(huán)境15.70降低室內噪音4.13休息5.79從改造的原因，政府組織的能效改造可以改善居民環(huán)境，降低能源消耗成本，這是改造的主要動力，占83.45％。在這個階段，冬季室內溫度較低其舒適性也會降低，政府主導的改造是主要的模式，大多數(shù)調查問卷的研究樣本也參與了政府主導的改造，因此政府主導的現(xiàn)有建筑節(jié)能改造是主要動力。除了政府組織的因素外，也包括非政府組織中追求良好室內等因素，比如冬季氣溫低，熱舒適度差，社區(qū)生活條件改善，能源消耗降低占總樣本的72％，熱環(huán)境占總樣本的39.77％，能源消耗減少15.90％，居民生活環(huán)境改善17.05％。這三個驅動力是居民積極參與現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造的主要原因。其中最重要的是提高室內熱舒適度，如表6所示表6居民參與改建住宅的主要原因改造原因比例（％）政府統(tǒng)一組織39.31冬季溫度低，熱舒適性差24.14現(xiàn)有霉變，凝結等現(xiàn)象4.14嘈雜房屋8.28改善住宅生活環(huán)境10.34可降低能源消耗成本9.66休息4.14從居民的改造意愿來看，92.19％的居民認為現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能的實施是非常必要的。當政府投資占總投資的30％時，76.78％的居民表示愿意參與現(xiàn)有住宅建筑的節(jié)能改造，這表明政府投資對提高能源效率起著至關重要的作用。另一方面，涉及專業(yè)技術單位時，88.89％的居民表示愿意參與現(xiàn)有住宅宇的能效改造。這一結論表明，通過合同能源管理參與現(xiàn)有建筑節(jié)能的能源服務公司是會有一些基本條件。居民最想要的內容是熱計量裝置，溫度調節(jié)裝置和熱轉化。如表7、表8所示，1996年以前居民的要求側重于建筑圍護結構，1996年實施能效設計標準后，室內熱舒適度得到顯著提高，居民的焦點從提高室內熱舒適度過度到節(jié)省熱費用，保證室內熱舒適度發(fā)生了變化。因此，熱計量和溫度控制的比例明顯上升。同時也顯示了三個方面的內容，基本反映了北方供熱區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造的迫切需求。表7關鍵轉型內容轉換內容比例（％）圍護結構轉換44.05安裝熱測量裝置25.40改變溫度調節(jié)20.24熱轉換10.33表8轉型與建筑年齡的關系完成年圍護結構轉換安裝熱測量裝置改變溫度調節(jié)熱轉化1982年之前59.386.2518.7515.631982-199652.1721.7417.398.61997-200436.7929.2522.6411.322005-200844.4431.7515.877.94表9了解居民了解建筑節(jié)能信息的渠道渠道比例（％）政府活動如節(jié)能宣傳周57.37續(xù)表：渠道比例（％）圖書，雜志19.12電視，網(wǎng)站12.75朋友談論7.97無2.79由上表所示，只有27.52％的樣本表示他們了解建筑節(jié)能政策，這表明居民對建筑節(jié)能政策知之甚少。表9反映了居民了解建筑能源相關信息的來源，政府部門組織的節(jié)能周等活動仍然是分發(fā)信息的主要渠道。還需要加強電視，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，書籍，雜志等主流媒體宣傳建筑節(jié)能政策。居民對這些政策不太了解，而單一的宣傳渠道不能將建筑節(jié)能政策推廣到更深、更廣泛的領域。四、政策和建議從能源效率的角度來看，由于北方采暖區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑的熱計量和能源效率可以節(jié)約75萬噸標準煤，每年減排二氧化碳排放量減少20萬噸，能源效率顯著。從室內熱舒適度的提高，實施這樣的政策可以顯著提高室內溫度，改善住宅環(huán)境，消除室內模具和冷凝。從民生來看，大部分居民對室內熱舒適度不滿意，冬季室內溫度不合格現(xiàn)象較多。政府有責任有效地提高冬季居民的室內溫度，營造舒適的室內環(huán)境。所以，這不僅是一個節(jié)能工程，也是民生工程。目前，現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造主要包括建筑圍護結構改造，熱計量改造和網(wǎng)絡熱平衡改造三個方面。雖然建筑外殼改造的實施只能提高建筑保溫和室內熱舒適度，但是，這既沒有熱計量裝置也沒有調節(jié)裝置。因此，這種系統(tǒng)不能根據(jù)熱調節(jié)和所使用的熱量進行補償，而現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造的能效優(yōu)勢尚未完全實現(xiàn)。另一方面，居民對節(jié)能改造有一些擔憂。落實這一政策，將進一步動員人民群眾對現(xiàn)有住宅樓進行節(jié)能改造，為進一步發(fā)展創(chuàng)造有利條件。根據(jù)問卷調查結果，補貼超過裝修成本的30％以上時，將有力地調動人民群眾參與的積極性。同時，要探索各種改造模式，動員積極性，滿足居民的改造要求。建立改革機制，將國家、企業(yè)和個人共同投資融資納入現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造。積極引導技術支持單位，通過能源管理合同參與現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造，促進能源服務市場的形成和發(fā)展。完善相關技術標準，為現(xiàn)有住宅建筑節(jié)能改造提供科學依據(jù)。對現(xiàn)有住宅樓進行信息調查，按照建筑類型，建筑物年齡和建筑節(jié)能標準等事實制定轉型目標。根據(jù)當?shù)厍闆r進行改造，然后逐步進行。探索成熟的技術和保溫材料，加強施工過程中的監(jiān)督，確保改造質量。充分利用不同的媒體宣傳建筑節(jié)能政策，提高居民建筑節(jié)能意識。所以，居民可以了解相關的優(yōu)惠政策和改造效果。這樣，北部供熱區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑的熱計量和能效改造可以順利實施。五、結論中國采暖區(qū)的室內熱環(huán)境不是很好，冬天大部分建筑物的室內溫度難以達到最低溫度控制。因此，室內熱環(huán)境差異不大?，F(xiàn)有建筑物的改造的重點應放在1996年前完成的建筑物，冬季室內溫度應設定在18℃。目前，政府主導的改造模式有力地推動了居民提高建筑節(jié)能。改善室內熱環(huán)境是居民自發(fā)參與現(xiàn)有建筑節(jié)能改造的最大推動力。改造后，室內溫度可以提高，住宅小區(qū)的整體環(huán)境得到提升。實施措施后可以消除發(fā)霉現(xiàn)象和露水在壁上的冷凝現(xiàn)象。這樣做可以得到顯著的效果，建議政府有關部門繼續(xù)推進中國北方采暖區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑的熱計量和能效改造。并建議在現(xiàn)有住宅建筑中堅持這一模式，建筑節(jié)能改善與供熱系統(tǒng)改造相結合?；谝郧暗姆治?，提出了三個建議：首先，要提高中國北方采暖區(qū)現(xiàn)有住宅建筑熱計量和能效改造的資金投入。二是，現(xiàn)有住宅樓改造應科學穩(wěn)定落實。第三，加強建筑節(jié)能宣傳，提升改造水平。外文文獻一：ResearchonIndoorThermalEnvironmentinWinterandRetrofitRequirementinExistingResidentialBuildingsinChina’sNorthernHeatingRegionChuanzhiLianga*,MengmengLub,YongWucAbstractThisarticleanalyzedseveralaspectsofthepresentresidentialbuildingsinChina’snorthernheatingregionsuchastheindoorthermalenvironment,satisfactiondegreeofresidents,willingnessandmotivesforretrofit,retrofitcontentandretrofiteffectbasedonaquestionnairesurvey.Theresultsrevealedpoorindoorthermalqualityanddissatisfactionofresidents,andintensivewillingnessandobviousretrofiteffects.Byfurtherclarifyingtherequirementandthekeypointsoftheretrofit,suggestionsforpromotingtheretrofitofthepresentresidentialbuildingsinChina’snorthernheatingregionwereputforward.Keywords:Indoorthermalenvironment;China’snorthernheatingregion;existingresidentialbuildings;energyefficiencyretrofit;requirementanalysis1.IntroductionBuildingenergyconservationisthemajorpartofenergyefficiencyandemission-reductionpolicyinChina.Buildingenergyconsumptionaccountedfor23%oftheterminalenergyconsumptioninChinain2007[1].Theareaofthenorthernheatingregionis70%ofChina’slandarea.Theconstructionareaofthisregionisabout6.5billionm2,amongwhichover70percentarehigh-energybuildings.68milliontonsofstandardcoalcanbesavedand143milliontonsofCO2emissionvolumecanbereducedeveryyearafterestimation,ifsuchhigh-energybuildingsareretrofittedaccordingtothebuildingenergyefficiencydesignstandardsintheheatingregion[2].Wedesignedanddistributedquestionnairesoftheindoorthermalenvironment,satisfactiondegreeofresidents,willingnessandmotivesforretrofit,retrofitcontentandeffectinChina’snorthernheatingregion,inordertofindoutthestatusquooftheindoorthermalenvironmentandretrofitrequirementsandtonaildownmajorretrofitprograms.Onthebasisofstatisticalanalysis,retrofitrequirementsandmajorretrofitprogramswerenaileddowninthestudy,whichsuppliesreferencesforthegovernmenttomakepoliciesofheatmeteringandenergyefficiencyretrofitofthepresentbuildingsinthenorthernheatingregion.2.QuestionnaireDesignandDistributionThequestionnaireincludedbasicinformationofresidentsandconstruction,theindoorthermalenvironmentandsatisfactiondegreeofresidents,theresidents’attitudes,suchasthecomprehensionofbuildingenergyefficiencypolicies,towardsretrofit.Thequestionnairewasstatisticallytreatedbydescriptivestatisticalanalysis.ItwasmainlysurveyedinShanxiProvince,supplementedbyothernorthernprovinceshowedinTable1,whichbasicallycoveredthenorthernheatingregions.400questionnairesweredistributedwith265validquestionnairesretrieved.Theobjectsandregionsofthequestionnaireswererepresentative.Therefore,webelievethisconclusionbasedonthevalidquestionnairesisofgreatreferencevalue.Thequestionnaireformwasdividedbythreeindicators:householdincome,constructionageandtypewhichwasshowedinTable2.Theconstructiontypescanbedividedintothecottage,ResidenceClassA(Floor9orbelow),ResidenceClassB(Floor10orabove),residentialandcommercialresidence,villasandtheothers.Thepurposeofsegmentationistoobtaininformationsuchastheindoorthermalenvironmentsatisfactiondegreeofresidentslivingindifferentconditions,theirattitudestowardtheexistingresidentialbuildingenergyefficiencyretrofit,andtheirlevelofunderstandingofbuildingenergyefficiencypolicy,providingreferencefortheretrofitpolicyofexistingresidentialbuildings.3.AnalysisofSurveyResultsAccordingtoresearchobjectives,theresultsofthequestionnairewereanalyzedfromthefollowingfiveaspects:theindoorthermalenvironmentinwinter,satisfactiondegreeofresidents,theirwillingnessandmotivesforretrofit,retrofiteffectandtheresidents’understandingofbuildingenergyefficiencypolicies.Table1GeographicaldistributionofthequestionnairesProvinceCopiesProportion(%)Shanxiprovince16662.64Othernorthernprovince9937.36Theindexsystemoftheindoorthermalenvironmentqualityincludedtemperature,humidity,windspeed,surfacetemperatureandsoon.Thetemperaturewaschosenastheindextomeasureindoorthermalenvironmentinwinterwiththeconsiderationthatthegeneralresidenceisrarelyequippedwithairconditioningsystem.Theparameterssuchashumidity,windspeedarevirtuallyimpossibletocontroltheindoorthermallevel.Ontheotherhand,temperatureisalsothemostinfluentialtohumancomfortandheatingenergyconsumptionamongtheseindicators.Therefore,choosingindoortemperatureastheindextomeasureindoorthermalcomfortinwintercanobjectivelyreflectthesituationofindoorthermalenvironmentinwinterinnorthernheatingregions.Table2MainlyIndicatorsoftheQuestionnairesSampleconstitutionContentProportion(%)Below24000Yuan41.86Familyincomedistribution24000-50000Yuan33.33（annual-income）50000-80000Yuan19.3880000-120000Yuan3.88Theyearbefore198213.08Theyearcompleted1982-1996year19.231997-2004year42.312005-2008year25.38bungalow10.73ResidenceclassA63.22BuildingtypeResidenceclassB17.62Mixedwithlivingandbusiness1.92villas0.38others6.13Accordingtothenewenergyefficiencydesignstandardpromulgatedin2010[3],theindoortemperatureinwintershouldmeet18℃.Thedataanalysisresultsshowthatthenumberofsampleswhichmeetsuchconditionsaccountsforonly41.70%ofthetotalsamples.Eventhecontrollingstandardissetat16℃,whichisthelowestindoortemperatureinwinterinsomenortherncities,33.98%oftheusersstillfailstomeetthisstandard.ItshowsthatindoorthermalenvironmentinwinterisoflowqualityinnorthernChinaheatingregions.Theindoortemperatureinwinterofmostresidentscannotreachtheminimumroomcontroltemperature,whichgreatlyaffectstheindoorthermalcomfortofresidentsinwinter.Housinginsulationurgentlyneedtoberefinedinordertoimproveindoorthermalcomfort.Table3RelationshipbetweentheindoortemperatureandthebuildingyearTheproportionofthesamplesizeofindoorTheproportionofthesamplesizeofindoorCompletionyeartemperaturetomeet16degreesaccountsforthetotaltemperaturetomeet18degreesaccountsforthetotalsurveysampleduringthesameperiod(%)surveysampleduringthesameperiod(%)Theyearbefore59.5235.7119821982～1996year41.6727.081997～2004year71.5644.952005～2008year83.0858.46Sumtotal67.0543.56Therelationshipbetweenindoortemperatureinwinterandtheageofthebuildinghadbeendiscussionasbelow.ItcanbeseenfromTable3,theindoorthermalcomfortofthebuildingsthatwerebuiltbefore1996ismuchpoorerthanthosewerebuiltafter1996.Besides,after1996thenumberofsampleswhoseindoortemperaturecouldmeet16℃or18℃thataccountsforahigherproportionoftotalsurveyedsamplescontinually.Thisisbecausebefore1996,theenergyefficiencystandardsimplementedinnorthChina'sheatingdistrictswererelativelylow,andsincethen,Chinahasbegantoimplement“EnergyConservationDesignStandard(heatingresidencepart)JGJ26-95”[4],makingtheheatingandenergyefficiencyperunitareaincreaseby50%comparedto1982,andwiththerisingrateofefficiencystandards,theroomtemperaturehasbeensignificantlyimproved.Intermsoftheindoortemperaturemeetingat16℃or18℃inwinter,theindoorcomfortofbuildingsbuiltfrom1982to1996wastheworst.Theconstructionbuiltduringthisperiodshouldbefocusedonenergyefficiency.Therelationshipofindoortemperatureinwinterandthetypesofbuildingshadbeendiscussedtoo.Whethertheindoortemperatureissetat16℃or18℃inwinter,therelationshipbetweentemperatureandthetypesofconstructionrevealsthatthetemperatureofresidenceClassBishigherthanthatofresidenceClassAandmuchhigherthanthebungalowswhichwereshowninTable4.ThisisbecausemostoftheclassBbuildingsofthesurveyedsamplewerebuiltafter1996,i.e.aftertheimplementationof“EnergyConservationDesignStandard(heatingresidentialpart)JGJ26-95”.Therefore,theindoorcomfortofresidenceClassBisbetterthanthatofresidenceClassAingeneral.ItcannotbesimplyconcludedthatClassAbuildingsarethemostimportantintheexistingresidentialbuildingheatingtransformationinnorthernheatingregions.Consideringthecostsofthecottagebuildingenergyefficiencyretrofitandthepaybackperiod,themainformtomeettherequirementsofbuildingenergyefficiencyandindoorenvironmentisthereplacementofnewbuildings.Commercialandresidentialvillasarenotunderconsideration,sincethenumberofsamplesisnotenoughtoprovidearepresentativeopinion.TheResidents’satisfactiondegreeoftheindoorthermalenvironmentinwinterhadbeenanalyzed.Only55.7%ofthesurveyedresidentsaresatisfiedwiththeindoorthermalenvironmentinwinter.Fromtherelationshipofsatisfactiondegreeandindoortemperature,itcanbeseenthatsatisfactiondegreeoftheindoortemperatureincreaseswiththeincreasingtemperature.Whentheindoortemperaturerangesfrom16to18℃inwinter,51.79%oftheresidentsdissatisfywithindoorthermalcomfort.Whenitrangesfrom18to22℃,only11.49%oftheresidentswerenotsatisfiedwiththeindoorthermalcomfort.Therefore,theindoortemperatureoftheretrofitofexistingresidentialbuildingsshouldbeatorabove18℃inwinter.Fromtherelationshipofsatisfactiondegreeandthebuildings’age,itcanbeseenthatwiththebuildings’historyincreasing,dissatisfactionrategraduallydeclines.60.98%oftheresidentsarenotsatisfiedwithindoorthermalcomfortofbuildingsbuiltbefore1996,whilethedissatisfactionrateofbuildingsbuiltafter1997decreasedsignificantlyto37.14%.Thereasonisstilltheimplementationofconstructionenergyefficiencydesignstandardeffectivelyimprovedindoorthermalcomfort.Atthesametime,fromtheperspectiveofresidents’satisfaction,italsoverifiesthebuildingsbefore1996willbethefocusoftheenergyefficiencyretrofitofexistingresidentialbuilding.Table4RelationshipbetweentheindoortemperatureandthebuildingtypeItemTheproportionoftheindoortemperaturemeet16℃Theproportionoftheindoortemperaturemeet18℃samplesintotalsamples(%)samplesintotalsamples(%)Bungalow18.563.70ResidenceclassA68.1042.94ResidenceclassB86.6757.78Theeffectofretrofitisobviously.Aquarterofthesurveyedresidentsinthequestionnaireimplementedenergyefficiencyretrofit,amongwhich58.68%thinkthatthemajoreffectofretrofitistoraisetheindoortemperatureinwinter,while15.70%believethatthemajoreffectistoimprovethedistrictenvironmentand10.74%thinkthatthemajoreffectistoimprovethemoisturecondensationofthehouseinwinterwhichwereshowninTable5.Table5MajoreffectsofexistingresidentialbuildingretrofitMajoreffectoftransformationProportion(%)Increasetheindoortemperature58.68Improvethehouse’smoistureandcondensationinwinter10.74Improvethehouse’scoldwindpenetration4.96Improvethelivingenvironmentofresidential15.70Reducetheinteriornoise4.13Rest5.79Fromthereasonsofretrofit,theenergyefficiencyretrofitorganizedbythegovernmentcanimproveresidentenvironmentandreducethecostofenergyuse,whichisthemaindrivingforceofretrofit,accountingfor83.45%,sinceinwintertheindoortemperatureislowandthermalcomfortispoor.Atthisstagegovernment-ledretrofitisthemainmodeandresearchsamplesinmostofthequestionnaireisalsoinvolvedinthegovernment-ledretrofit,sogovernment-ledenergyefficiencyretrofitofexistingbuildingsisthemaindrivingforce.Apartfromthefactorofgovernmentalorganization,factorssuchaslowtemperatureinwinter,poorthermalcomfort,improvingcommunitylivingconditionsandreducingenergycostsaccountfor72%ofthetotalsampleinnon-governmentalorganizations,inwhichthepursuitofagoodindoorthermalenvironmentaccountsfor39.77%,lowerenergyexpenditureaccountsfor15.90%,andtoimprovetheresidentiallivingenvironmentaccountsfor17.05%.Thesethreedrivesisthemainreasonwhyresidentsactivelyparticipateinenergyefficiencyretrofitofexistingresidentialbuildings.Amongthem,themostimportantthingistoimproveindoorthermalcomfort,whichwereshowninTable6.Table6MainreasonsforresidentstoparticipateinreformingthebothresidentialbuildingsRevampingreasonsProportion(%)Governmentunitizedorganization39.31Inwinter,thetemperatureislowandthethermalcomfortispoor24.14Existingmildew,condensationandotherphenomena4.14Noisyhouse8.28Toimprovethelivingenvironmentofresidential10.34Canreducethecostofenergyuse9.66rest4.14Fromtheresidents’willingnessofretrofit,92.19%oftheresidentsbelievethattheimplementationoftheexistingresidentialbuildingenergyefficiencyisextremelynecessaryornecessary.Whengovernmentinvestmentaccountedfor30%ofthetotalinvestment,76.78%residentsexpressedtheirwillingnesstoparticipateinenergyefficiencyretrofitofexistingresidentialbuildings,whichshowsgovernmentinvestmentplaysacrucialroleinpromotingtheenergyefficiency.Ontheotherhand,whentheprofessionalandtechnicalunitisinvolved,88.89%oftheresidentsexpressedtheirwillingnesstoparticipateinenergyefficiencyretrofitofexistingresidentialbuildings.Thisconclusionshowsthattheenergyservicecompaniesinvolvedinenergyefficiencyofexistingbuildingsthroughcontractenergymanagementhavesomebasicconditions.Thecontentthattheresidentswantmostarebuildingenvelope,heatmeteringdevices,temperatureregulatingdeviceandheattransformation.Envelopetransformationiswhattheresidentshopemosttoimplement,whichshownasTable7.,AsshowninTable8,theresidents’requirementsbefore1996focusedonbuildingenvelope,whileaftertheimplementationofenergyefficiencydesignstandardsin1996,theindoorthermalcomforthavebeensignificantlyimprovedandthefocusoftheresidentshaschangedfromimprovingindoorthermalcomforttosavethermalexpenseswithguarantyingindoorthermalcomfort.Therefore,theproportionofheatmeteringandtemperaturecontrolhassignificantlyrisen.Italsoshowsthreeareasofthecontentbasicallyreflecturgentneedofretrofitofenergyefficiencyofexistingresidentialbuildingsinnorthernheatingregions.4.PoliciesandRecommendationsFromtheenergyefficiencyperspective,energyefficiencyissignificant,sinceheatmeteringandenergyefficiencyofexistingresidentialbuildingsinnorthernheatingregionscansavethecapacityof750,000tonsofstandardcoalsandreduce2,000,000tonsofcarbondioxideemissionperyear[5].Fromimprovementofindoorthermalcomfort,theimplementationofsuchapolicycansignificantlyraisetheindoortemperature,improvetheresidentialenvironmentandeliminateindoormoldandcondensation.Frompeople'slivelihood,alargenumberoftheresidentsarenotsatisfiedwiththeindoorthermalcomfortandthephenomenonofthesubstandardindoortemperatureinwinterabound.Itistheresponsibilitiesandobligationsofthegovernmenttoeffectivelyimprovetheindoortemperatureofresidentsinwinterandtocreateacomfortableindoorenvironment.Soitisnotonlyanenergyefficiencyprojectbutalsoapeople'slivelihoodproject.Currently,theexistingresidentialbuildingenergyefficiencyretrofitmainlyincludesthreeaspects,namely,retrofitonbuildingenvelope,retrofitonheatmeteringandretrofitonheatbalanceofthenetwork.Althoughtheimplementationofbuildingenveloperetrofitsolelycanimprovetheconstructioninsulationandtheindoorthermalcomfort,ithasneitherheatmeteringdevicesnorconditioningdevices.Therefore,suchsystemcannotbechargedaccordingtothermalregulationandtheamountofheatusedwhileenergyefficiencybenefitsofexistingresidentialbuildingenergyefficiencyretrofitarenotfullyrealized.Ontheotherhand,residentshavesomeworriesonenergyefficiencyretrofit.Theimplementationofchargingaccordingtoheatusageisboundtofurtherreleaseenergyefficiencypotentialofresidentialbuildingsandchangethesituationof“energyefficiencyisnotequaltosavemoney”.Meanwhile,theimplementationofthispolicywillfurthermobilizepeopletocarryonenergyefficiencyretrofitoftheexistingresidentialbuildingsandcreatefavorableconditionsforitsfurtheradvance.Accordingtothequestionnaireresults,itwilleffectivelymobilizepeople’senthusiasmofparticipationwhenthesubsidiesexceed30%ofthecostofrenovation.Atthesametime,variousretrofitmodelsshouldbeexploredtomobilizetheenthusiasmandmeettheretrofitrequirementsoftheresidents.Retrofitmechanismshouldalsobeestablishedtoattractinvestmentandfinancingjointlyfromthestate,enterprisesandindividualsintotheenergyefficiencyretrofitoftheexistingresidentialbuildings.Activelyguidethetechnically-supportedunittoparticipateintheenergyefficiencyretrofitoftheexistingresidentialbuildingsbyenergymanagementcontracttopromotetheformationanddevelopmentofenergyservicesmarket.Improvetherelevanttechnicalstandardssoastoprovideascientificbasisforenergyefficiencyretrofitoftheexistingresidentialbuildings.Maketheinformationsurveyofexistingresidentialbuildingsandsetuptransformationgoalsaccordingtofactssuchasthebuildingtypes,buildingsagesandbuildingenergyefficiencystandards.Makeretrofitprogramsaccordingtothelocalconditionsandthencarrythemonstepbystep.Explorematuretechnologiesandinsulationmaterialsandstrengthensupervisionintheconstructionprocessinordertoensurethequalityofretrofit.Differentmediashouldbemadefulluseoftopublicizebuildingenergyefficiencypoliciesinordertoimproveresidentsawarenessofbuildingenergyefficiency.Sotheresidentscanunderstandrelevantpreferentialpoliciesandtheretrofiteffect.Meanwhile,theirsuspectsonretrofitcanalsobeeliminatedandtheheatmeteringandenergyefficiencyretrofitofexistingresidentialbuildinginnorthernheatingregionscanbeimplementedsmoothly5.ConclusionTheindoorthermalenvironmentoftheheatingregionintheChinaisnotsogoodandtheindoortemperaturesofthemostbuildingsinwinteraredifficulttomeettheminimumtemperaturecontrol.Therefore,theunsatisfactoryrateonindoorthermalenvironmentishigh.Retrofitofexistingbuildingsshouldbefocusedonthebuildingsthatcompletedbefore1996andtheindoortemperatureinwintershouldbesetat18℃.Currently,thegovernment-ledretrofitmodeleffectivelydrivingtheresidentstoimprovebuildingenergyefficiency.Improvingtheindoorthermalenvironmentisthelargestdrivingforceforresidentstospontaneouslyparticipateintheenergyefficiencyretrofitoftheexistingbuilding.Aftertheimplementationoftheretrofit,theindoortemperaturecanbeincreasedandtheoverallenvironmentsofresidentialquarterscanbepromoted.Asaresult,thephenomenonofmoldyandthecondensationofdewonthewallscanbeeliminated.Referredtotheobviouseffect,relevantgovernmentdepartmentsarerecommendedtocontinuepromotingtheheatmeteringandenergyefficiencyretrofitoftheexistingresidentialbuildingintheheatingregionsinnorthernChina.Andtheretrofitisalsorecommendedtoadheretothismodel--thecombinationofthebuildingenergyefficiencyimprovementandrenovationofheat-supplysystem--intheexistingresidentialbuildings.Threesuggestionsarealsoputforwardbasedonpreviousanalysis.Firstly,capitalinvestmentintheheatmeteringandenergyefficiencyretrofitoftheexistingresidentialbuildingintheheatingdistrictsinthenorthChinashouldbeincreased.Secondly,theretrofitoftheexistingresidentialbuildingshouldbeimplementedinascientificandsteadyway.Thirdly,thepropagandaofthebuildingenergyconservationshouldbestrengthenedandtheretrofitcanbepromotedtoadeeperlevel.外文文獻二：EvaluationoftheSensibleHeatStorageAirSourceHeatPumpforResidentialHeatinginCentral-southChinaZengJing,LiNianping*,ChengJianlin,ZhangYang,WangChenAbstractTheoperatingperformanceandindoorthermalcomfortofthesensibleheatstorageairsourceheatpump(ASHP)systemwereanalyzedbydetailedexperimentsandnumericalcalculationinthispaper.ThedatafieldtriallastedfortwomonthsinChangsha,China.Specifically,theindoortemperaturedistributionsinboththedefrostingandno-frostoutdoorconditionswereinvestigatedrespectivelythroughexperiments.AndthecomparativeanalysiswiththeVRVsystemwasconducted.Predictedmeanvote(PMV)andpredictedpercentdissatisfied(PPD)wereusedtoevaluateindoorthermalcomfort.Experimentalresultsandthecalculatedevaluationindexesdepictthatthesensibleheatstoragesystemcanachieveimprovedindoorthermalcomfortandlowere