2015年考研英語真題

2015年考研英語真題

Section1UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareasrelatedasfourthcousins,sharing

about1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaand

YaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4

pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedin

both5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,

professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,Mostpeopledonoteven7

theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8our

kin.

Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbut

notgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexplain,for

now.10Perhaps,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbut

thereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12us

inchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13thannalkinshipofbeingfriendswith

14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemto

beevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolution

pickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeoples18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19

backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsand

strangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatato

checkancestryofsubjects.

SectionIIReadingComprehension

1、What

2、Concluded

3、On

4、Compared

5^Samples

6、Insignificant

7、Know

8、Resemble

9、Also

10、Perhaps

11,To

12、Drive

13、Ratherthan

14、Benefits

15、Faster

16、understand

17、Contributory

18、Tendency

19、Ethnic

20、see

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

原標(biāo)題：2015年考研英語一真題答案(完整版)

TEXT1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdontabdicate,theydieintheir

sleep.Butembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicansleftinthe

recentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,does

theSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthe

writingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsand

majesticlifestyles?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.When

publicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrance

regime,monarchscanriseabovemerepolitiesandembodyaspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpolitiesthatexplainsmonarchyscontinuing

popularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemost

monarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCity

andAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyal

familieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfora

non-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnational

unityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehave

today-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.Atatime

whenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandthe

increasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamilies

shouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocratic

ways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(or

helicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,

andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsome

timetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohas

bothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.He

hasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovide

aservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesoughtto

knowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethe

monarchysworstenemies.

21.Accordingtothefirsttwographs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.

[B]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.

[C]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment.

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly

[A]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.

[C]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtograph4?

[A]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.

[B]Aristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

[D]Thenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges.

24.TheBritishroyalshavemosttofearbecauseCharles

[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

[D]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

21.Dendedhisreigninembarrassment.

22.Cowingtotheundoubtedandrespectablestatus

23.Atheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracy

24.Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

2015考研英語真題(2)

Text2

Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.In

Britainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate"thecountryside"

alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)as

whatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.

AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylish

housesbuttosave"thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever."Itwas

specificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycould

experience"arefreshingair."Hill'spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparks

andgreenbelts.Theydon'tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcrete

consumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.

Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.

TheConservatives'planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityover

conservation,evenauthorizing"off-plan"buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.

Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labour

likewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.

TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwith

thosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaignto

ProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConsecutiveparties.

Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeople

are,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirling

AckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonare

alone,withnointrusionongreenbet.WhatistrueofLondoniseventruerofthe

provinces.

Theideathat"housingcrisis"equals"concretedmeadows"ispurelobbytalk.

Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Under

lobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovation

andrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnot

afreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalways

grow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheir

character.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?

Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,Britainis

Europe'smostcrowdedcountry.Haifacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghas

enabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-density

urbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlandscapesof

southernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshould

unitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.

26.Britain'spublicsentimentaboutthecountryside

[A]didn'tstarttilltheShakespeareanage.

[B]hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.

[C]isfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.

[D]isnotwellreflectedinpolitics.

27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenow

be

[A]graduallydestroyed.

[B]effectivelyreinforced.

[C]largelyovershadowed.

[D]properlyprotected.

28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?

[A]Labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.

[B]TheConservativesmayabandon"off-plan"building.

[C]TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.

[D]Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.

29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne'spreference

[A]highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.

[B]showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.

[C]stressesthenecessityfeasingthehousingcrisis.

[D]revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.

30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationof\

[A]thesizeofpopulationinBritain.

[B]thepoliticallifeintoday'sBritain.

[C]theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.

[D]thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.

Text3

"Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesses,"WroteMilton

Friedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,"Thatis,touseitsresourcesand

engageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofit".Butevenifyouaccept

Firedman'spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesas

wasteofshareholders'money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.Newresearch

suggesttheCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyare

prosecutedforcorruption.

ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billiona

yearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldadd

valuetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingas

a"signar'thatacompany'sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybe

willingtobuyacompany'sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcauses

ithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse"haloeffect,"wherebyitsgooddeedsearn

itgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.

PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecause

consumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.Arecentstudyattemptstoseparatethemby

lookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica'sForeignCorruptPracticesAct

(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproductsas

partoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.

Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemost

comprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Their

analysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms'politicalinfluence,ratherthantheir

CSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoreto

politicalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.

Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluatea

casebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany'srecordin

CSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,such

aschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthat

generallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbridingforeignofficials,"

saysoneresearcher.

Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuch

businessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesare

bankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecide

theirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompanies

getintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostly

punishment.

31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman'sstatementaboutCSRwith

[A]tolerance

[B]skepticism

[C]uncertainty

[D]approval

32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby

[A]winningtrustfromconsumers.

[B]guardingitagainstmalpractices.

[C]protectingitfrombeingdefamed.

[D]raisingthequalityofitsproducts.

33.Theexpression"morelenient"(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]moreeffective

[B]lesscontroversial

[C]lesssevere

[D]morelasting

34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany'sCSRrecord

[A]hasanimpactontheirdecision.

[B]comesacrossasreliableevidence.

[C]increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.

[D]constitutespartoftheinvestigation.

35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?

[A]Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.

[B]Thenecessaryamountofcompanies'spendingonitisunknown.

[C]Companies'financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.

2015考研英語真題(3)

Text4

TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublish

storiesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate."Sometime

inthefuture,"thepaper'spublishersaidbackin2010.

Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there'splentyof

incentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper-

printingpresses,deliverytrucks—isn'tjustexpensive;it'sexcessiveatatimewhen

online-onlycompetitorsdon'thavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersare

migratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironline

andmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.

Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprint

editionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.

PerettisaystheTimesshould'twastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,but

onlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway."Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethat

transitionwouldmakesenseforthem,"hesaid,"butifyoudiscontinueit,you're

goingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou."

Sometimesthat'sworthmakingachangeanyway.Perettigivestheexampleof

NetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming."Itwasseenasa

blunder,"hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwerein

chargeattheTimes?111wouldn'tpickayeartoendprint,"hesaid."Iwouldraise

pricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct."

Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,

andthey'dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein.

"Soifyou'reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,"Perettisaid.

"Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditional

revenue."Inotherwords,ifyou'regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthe

peoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoing

already.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear-more

thantwiceasmushasadigital-onlysubscription.

"It'sareallyhardthingtodoandit'satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn't

havealegacybusiness,"Perettiremarked."Butwe'regoingtohavequestionslike

thatwherewehavethingswe'redoingthatdon'tmakesensewhenthemarket

changesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,it'sbettertobemoreaggressive

thanlessaggressive."

36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlydue

[A]thehighcostofoperation.

[B]thepressurefromitsinvestors.

[C]thecomplaintsfromitsreaders.

[D]theincreasingonlineadsales.

37.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theTimesshould

[A]seeknewsourcesofreadership.

[B]endtheprinteditionforgood.

[C]aimforefficientmanagement.

[D]makestrategicadjustments.

38.ltcanbeinferredfromParagraphs5and6thata"legacyproduct"

[A]helpsrestorethegloryofformertimes.

[B]ismeantforthemostloyalcustomers.

[C]willhavethecostofprintingreduced.

[D]expandsthepopularityofthepaper.

39.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld.

[A]legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated.

[B]cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving.

[C]aggressivenessbettermeetschallenges.

[D]traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected.

4O.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnce

[B]CherishtheNewspaperStillinYourHand

[C]MakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGood

2015考研英語真題(4)

PartB

Directions:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthe

mostsuitablesubheadingfromtheA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraph(41-45).

Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

[A]Createanewimageofyourself

[B]Haveconfidenceinyourself

[C]Decideifthetimeisright

[D]Understoodthecontext

[E]Workwithprofessionals

[F]Makeitefficient

[G]Knowyourgoals

Nomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresent

yourselfhasanimpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.Accordingto

researchfromPrincetonUniversity,peopleassessyourcompetence,trustworthiness,

andlikeabilityinjustatenthofasecond,solelybasedonthewayyoulook.

Thedifferencebetweentoday'sworkplaceandthe"dressforsuccess"erais

thattherangeofoptionsissomuchbroader,Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.

Insomesettings,redsneakersordressT-shirtscanconveystatus;inothersnotso

much.Plus,whateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslike

decadeortwoago.Millennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingtheleastformal

generationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbe

confusing.

Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgrade?

Andwhat'sthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhancesourgoals?Herearesometips:

41

Asanexecutivecoach,I'veseenimageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduring

transitions--whenlookingforanewjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,or

changingworkenvironments.Ifyou'reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckand

inarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou'renotsure,askforhonestfeedbackfrom

trustedfriends,colleagues,andprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothers

perceiveyou.Maybethere'snoneedforanupgradeandthat'sOK.

42

Getclearonwhatimpactyou'rehopingtohave.Areyoulookingtorefreshyour

imageorpivotit?Foroneperson,thegoalmaybetobetakenmoreseriouslyand

enhancetheirprofessionalimage.Foranother,itmaybetobeperceivedasmore

approachable,ormoremodernandstylish.Forsomeonemovingfromfinanceto

advertising,maybetheywanttolookmore"SoHo."(It'sOKtousecharacterizations

likethat.)

43

Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.Whatarethenormsof

yourenvironment?Whatconveystatus?Whoareyourmostimportantaudiences?

Howdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopresentthemselves?Thebetteryou

understandtheculturalcontext,themorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.

44

Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.

Hireapersonalstylist,orusethefreestylingserviceofastorelikeJ.Crew.Tryahair

stylistinsteadofabarber.Workwithaprofessionalphotographerinsteadofyour

spouseorfriend.It'snotasexpensiveasyoumightthink.

45

Thepointofastyleupgradeisn'ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretime

fussingoverwhattowear.Instead,useitasanopportunitytoreducedecision

fatigue.Pickastandardworkuniformorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesat

oncewithastylistinsteadofshoppingalone,onearticleofclothingatatime.

PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)Wedon'thavetolearnhowtobementally

healthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutor

mendabrokenbone.Mentalhealthca