2019年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案詳解

2019年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案詳解完整版

2019年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案詳解

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigation

appsareavailableonoursmartphones.1___ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoods

withoutaphone.Butphones2____onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwe

realize.3____yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4____canztfind

north,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5____tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollow

theland...

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6____atrail,butnotinacompletely?_____area,you

havetoanswertwoquestions:Which8____isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?And

whereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andon

suppliesoffreshwater.9____,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,you

should10____seesignsofpeople.

Ifyouzveexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights一you

maybe11____howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyour

bearings.

Anotherl2_____:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenin

denseforest,youshouldbeableto14___gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,train

tracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15__thewoods.Headtowardthese16to

findawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17____lightsources,suchasfiresand

streetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18____,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe

19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan

20____youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]AII

【答案】C

【解析】首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個(gè)GPS系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序

都在我們的智能手機(jī)上唾手可得的世界。空格所在句指出：我們中.在沒(méi)有電話，個(gè)人GPS

或其他導(dǎo)航工具的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹(shù)林。本句有without與few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定，根據(jù)語(yǔ)

義應(yīng)該填入few（幾乎沒(méi)有人），符合文意。

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

【答案】C

【解析】runonbattery表示手機(jī)用電池發(fā)動(dòng)，運(yùn)行。其他選項(xiàng)：Puton（穿上；使

運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)）；takeon（承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)）；c0meon（快點(diǎn)；開(kāi)始），語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案

為[C]run。

3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until

【答案】B

【解析】空格所在句譯文：―你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路_____找不到北方,

我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航____文明。此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入if（如果）符合上下文

的表達(dá)。其余選項(xiàng)：Since（因?yàn)?；自從?though（雖然），until（直到）帶入后,

語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為

4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

【答案】D

【解析】空格所在句譯文：―你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路______找不到北方,

我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航____文明。此處literally表示確實(shí)地，真正地，帶入原文語(yǔ)義

通順：你的確找不到北方。其余選項(xiàng)：Formally（正式地）,relatively（相對(duì)地）,

gradually（逐漸地）帶入后,語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為[D]literally.

5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

【答案】A

【解析】空格所在句譯文：―你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路找不到北方，

我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航____文明。前文講lost（迷路），此處填入back（回到）文

明之地相互呼應(yīng)，故正確答案為[A]back.

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone

【答案】B

【解析】空格所在句的句意為：當(dāng)你____路徑，但不是完全的區(qū)域，你需要回答兩

個(gè)問(wèn)題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒條路是下坡？哪兒里有最近的水源？通過(guò)后半句的問(wèn)題，能夠

了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時(shí)候。B選項(xiàng)。ff（遠(yuǎn)離，離開(kāi)）符合語(yǔ)義要求；A

選項(xiàng)onto（在…之上），C選項(xiàng)across（穿過(guò)，橫穿），D選項(xiàng)alone（獨(dú)自地，單獨(dú)地）帶

入空格后，語(yǔ)義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為B選項(xiàng)off。

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

【答案】D

【解析】空格所在句的前一句說(shuō)迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道。空格所在的后半句but開(kāi)頭，所填

入的形容詞詞需要和前面構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，雖然偏離軌道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。

只有D選項(xiàng)unfamiliar（不熟悉的，不常見(jiàn)的）符合要求；A選項(xiàng)unattractive（不吸引人

的），B選uncrowded（不擁擠的，寬敞的），C選項(xiàng)unchanged（未改變的，無(wú)變化

的）帶入后,語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為[D]unfamiliar。

8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

【答案】C

【解析】空格所在句的句意：你需要回答兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒個(gè)_______是下

坡？哪兒里有最近的水源？空格處所需的名詞需要符合上下文語(yǔ)境。C選項(xiàng)way（道路）符合

語(yǔ)義要求；A選項(xiàng)site（地點(diǎn)，位置,場(chǎng)所）,B選項(xiàng)point（要點(diǎn)），D選項(xiàng)place（地

方，地點(diǎn)）帶入空格后，語(yǔ)義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為C選項(xiàng)way。

9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

【答案】A

【解析】空格所在句的前一句指出：生活在山谷中的人，基本都靠淡水為生。后面也就是

空格所在句：________如果你下山,沿著水走，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象……很明顯空格處所填入

的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果的邏輯關(guān)系，只有A選項(xiàng)So（所以，因此）符合要求；B選項(xiàng)Yet

（但是，然而），C選Instead（代替，反而），D選項(xiàng)Besides（此外,而且）帶入后，語(yǔ)

義不通順。故正確答案為[A]S。。

10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually

【答案】D

【解析】空格所在句的句意：所以如果你下山，沿著你找到的水一直走，你會(huì)看

到人類的跡象……，空格處所需的副詞需要符合本句語(yǔ)境并是句子語(yǔ)義通順。D選項(xiàng)

eventually（最后,終于）符合語(yǔ)義要求;A選項(xiàng)immediately（立即，立刻），B選項(xiàng)

intentionally（故意地，有意地）,C選項(xiàng)unexpectedly（意外地，出乎意料地）帶入空格

后，語(yǔ)義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為D選項(xiàng)eventually。

11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

【答案】A

【解析】空格所在句提到：Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeout

forfamiliarsights—youmaybesurprisedhowquicklyspottingadistinctiverockor

treecanrestoreyourbearings（如果你之前去過(guò)這個(gè)地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或

許會(huì)—快速識(shí)別出一塊特征明顯的巖石或樹(shù)木能幫助你恢復(fù)記憶）。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極

褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)這個(gè)線索,可直接確定A選項(xiàng)surprised為正確答案,即：你或許會(huì)感

到驚訝……

12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

【答案】B

【解析】本文第一段提到："如果你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路了，而且你真的找

不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你回到文明社會(huì)"?？崭袼谔幪岬剑毫硪粋€(gè)J登到

高處尋找有人類住所的標(biāo)志，因此此處的another_應(yīng)該與tricks構(gòu)成總分關(guān)系，即，空

格處所填的名詞應(yīng)與tricks語(yǔ)義相近。只有B選項(xiàng)option（選擇，辦法）符合要求。

13.網(wǎng)Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

【答案】D

【解析】空格前提到"另一個(gè)辦法就是登高來(lái)尋找有人類居住的標(biāo)志"，關(guān)鍵詞為：

lookforsigns;空格后提到"在茂密森林里，你應(yīng)該能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)由于道路、電纜、火車(chē)軌道和

人們?cè)跇?shù)林中開(kāi)辟的其他道路而造成的樹(shù)木之間的空隙"，關(guān)鍵詞為：spotgaps。而look

for與spot語(yǔ)義相近，signs為抽象名詞,gaps為具體名詞，因此空格前后表是例證關(guān)系或總

分關(guān)系，故D選項(xiàng)forexample（例如）為正確答案。

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

【答案】C

【解析】本題空格所在句是對(duì)前面句子的例證，故主題一致，因此空格處需填入的動(dòng)詞需

和lookfor語(yǔ)義相近,故選擇spot（識(shí)別，發(fā)現(xiàn)）。

15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under

【答案】B

【解析】空格處需填入介詞來(lái)和前面的動(dòng)詞carve及后面的名詞woods構(gòu)成順暢的語(yǔ)義

搭配。Carve.woods:在森林中開(kāi)辟道路，B選項(xiàng)through用法最恰當(dāng)，故為正確答案。

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

【答案】D

【解析】本題空前有一個(gè)指示代詞these,通過(guò)語(yǔ)義，"these16"指代上文的

''roads,traintracks,andotherpaths'",并由定語(yǔ)從句"/peoplecarvethroughthe

woods"（人們?cè)谏种虚_(kāi)辟的......）修飾。從語(yǔ)義上來(lái)看，breaks最合適。

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

【答案】A

【解析】本空所處的句子"scan...for17lightsources",與本段開(kāi)頭"lookfor

signofhumanhabitation"結(jié)構(gòu)一致，語(yǔ)義相關(guān)，空格處所填形容詞和human意思相

近，選擇artificial"人造的"。除此之外，17題后面Usuchasfiresandstreetlights,"

所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點(diǎn)就是artificial.

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally

【答案】D

【解析】空后為條件狀語(yǔ)從句"assumingyou”,與上文的"Ifyou”構(gòu)成順接遞進(jìn)

關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)中，只用finally表順接。

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

【答案】B

【解析】空后的定語(yǔ)從句"weleaveonthelandscape",由語(yǔ)義得知此處應(yīng)該填

"標(biāo)記"，所以選marks。

20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

【答案】C

【解析】所填動(dòng)詞需要與主語(yǔ)"tireblazes,tiretracksandotherfearures"輪胎，輪

胎痕跡和其他標(biāo)記），賓語(yǔ)you,以及不定式tocivilization（文明）之間構(gòu)成完整語(yǔ)義，

所以此處填lead"弓|導(dǎo)"最合適。

【試題點(diǎn)評(píng)】完型填空為了測(cè)試考生實(shí)際應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的能力和語(yǔ)感。具體說(shuō)來(lái)，是從語(yǔ)篇的

角度綜合測(cè)試考生的閱讀理解能力、詞匯的掌握和對(duì)英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的熟悉程度、以及語(yǔ)法規(guī)則

的靈活運(yùn)用。這部分大家一定要注重思路和尋找線索能力的訓(xùn)練，一般做題的基本思路是，根

據(jù)已知信息去填空，根據(jù)空前后的線索來(lái)選擇填什么。比方說(shuō)，題目讓考生填主句的內(nèi)容，那

么從句中就會(huì)有相應(yīng)的說(shuō)明。題目讓考生填動(dòng)詞，原文常常在別的地方出現(xiàn)這個(gè)動(dòng)

詞的同義詞。那么如何判斷呢？首先根據(jù)需要填寫(xiě)動(dòng)詞后面出現(xiàn)的賓語(yǔ)，找到有同一賓語(yǔ)的句

子，該句中的動(dòng)詞就是所需填寫(xiě)詞的同義詞。具體相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)和解題思路在考研教育網(wǎng)強(qiáng)化階

段英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)化班的完型填空部分有重點(diǎn)講解。

SectionnReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebosses

ofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbe

delayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themain

purposeofthis“clawback“ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-

takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopefora

muchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobu

allcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism“orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpublicly

tradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland1stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.He

quotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancial

impatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeat

thematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,he

notes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm's

effortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeen

dubbed“quarterlycapitalism”o

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingof

equities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancial

markers."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpense

oflong-terminvesting,HsaidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecurities

andExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniesto

deferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelping

reduce“short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournal

findsthat"asubstantialpartHofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

MuchmorecouldbedonetoencourageTong-termism,“suchaschangesin

thetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholders

whoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearn

morevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

stakeholders.Britain*snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterest

intheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleis

the_____.

A.enhancebanker1ssenseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"paragraph1"和"onemotiveinimposingthenew

rule"回文定位在第一段第三句"Themainpurposeofthis'clawback'ruleistohold

bankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancial

institutions/7可以得出答案。

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments1impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.”short-termism“ineconomicsactivities

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的"AlfredMarshallH回文定位在第二段最后一句"Alfred

Marshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike...”,可以得出答案。

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompanies

canbe_.

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"Transientinvestment"定位第三段第二句，"Transient

investors,...canhinderafirm1seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuild

upcustomerloyalty"可以得出答案。

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate.

A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism"o

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

w/,

C.theapproachestopromotinglong-termismo

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)題干定位到第五、六段，第五段為美國(guó)的例子，第六段為法國(guó)的例子，

（第五段中美國(guó)延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績(jī)效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解"短期主義”盛行的

現(xiàn)狀；第六段在法國(guó)持股兩年以上者擁有更大的選票權(quán)。）第六段首句承前啟后講到

"Muchmorecouldbedonetoencouragelong-termism'"促進(jìn)"長(zhǎng)期主義”還有

很多做法?？梢缘贸龃鸢?。

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞besttitle可知這是一道典型的主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可以得出

答案。

Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)

overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererain

highereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.But

another,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“grade

forgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceiveda

lowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethat

countsincalculatingastudent1soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascolleges

continuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)and

improvetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwas

usuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheir

firstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmost

collegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andeven

graduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessisless

aboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecourses

criticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.

“Untimely,“saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity1sregistrar,“weseestudents

achievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequent

contentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges1own

needsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheir

successonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergrades

can,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.Andanythingthatraises

GPAswilllikelymakestudents一who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feel

they1vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcern

forcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingto

consumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpecta

collegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnout

graduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,

students1andcolleges1incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students'indifferencetoGPAS.

C-Colleges7neglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題干信息詞定位到首段第一句，句子主干"Gradeinflationisoften

consideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation”可以得出答案。

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincollegeszgraduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities1incomefromtuition.

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干要求定位到第三段第二句。該句中的thispractice對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的grade

forgiveness,firststarted對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的original,而不定式短語(yǔ)togivethem

（freshmen）asecondchance...iftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-level

courses（如果大一新生在都向大學(xué)課程的過(guò)渡中有問(wèn)題的話在給他們一次機(jī)會(huì)……）為目

的,對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的purpose,故正確答案應(yīng)為［A］選項(xiàng)Tohelpfreshmenad叩ttocollege

learning（幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)）。

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto.

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments

C.improvetheirteachingquality

D.meetlocalgovernments,needs

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞〃paragrph5〃，以及"gradeforgiveness"和

"colleges"定位到第五段第一句話。可以得出答案。

29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobably

mean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)題目定位到第6段最后一句：0nthis,students1andcolleges1

incentivesseemtobealigned.解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文Since

studentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebest

interestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleast

叩peartobe.可以得出答案。

3O.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.

A.assessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit

D.listingitslong-runeffects

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干，表面上問(wèn)作者通過(guò)什么論述方式來(lái)探討gradeforgiveness的實(shí)踐操

作，其實(shí)是考全文的主旨寫(xiě)作手法，屬于主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可以得出答案。

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,

TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectric

lightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwould

foreshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamental

questions/*Whatisintelligence,identify,or

consciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?"

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitate

thewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinated

bytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similarto

thoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas//Westworld/,and

"Humans"。

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejust

inasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesss

actuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn1tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIarenftathand.The

cominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.

Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybe

acomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,and

whattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision“todayisnotnearly

assophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledriving

situationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotof

ethicalquestions/1notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-based

agencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluse

ofALAlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsare

beginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.

IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto''designordeployAI"thatwouldcause

“overallharm,“ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethat

wouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewould

violateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheidea

thatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligent

machinesreflectshumanity,shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeusefulservants

andnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

31.MaryShelley1snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

【答案】C

【解析】由題干表述可判斷本題為典型的觀點(diǎn)例證題，所證觀點(diǎn)就在例證前后，該例子出

現(xiàn)在篇首，引出主題在后。由此可知本題定位句為第一段最后一句話。由此可以得出答案。

32.InDavidEagleman7sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的DavidEagleman定位到文中第四段第一句，該段第二句there

arenogoodtheories與題干中的knowledge屬于等價(jià)代換，該段第二句中的

consciousness與題干中的consciousness對(duì)應(yīng)，第一句表明光人們?nèi)绾嗡伎季蛷?fù)雜到難以理

解的程度更不用說(shuō)要復(fù)制它了，第二句表明我們沒(méi)有解釋什么是consciousness的理論，

與選項(xiàng)D吻合。

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.

C.causeslittlepublicconcern.

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

【答案】B

【解析】題干中的autonomousvehicles定位到第五段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)for

example,可知autonomousvehicle是具體的例子。篇中的例子是為了證明論點(diǎn),應(yīng)往前看，

即證明第一句的觀點(diǎn)：涉及人工智能的倫理問(wèn)題在我們身邊（注意這里doesn/t和

aren't為雙重否定），說(shuō)明問(wèn)題依然存在。由此可以得出答案。

34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle1spledgeisoneof

A.affirmation.

B.skepticism.

C.contempt.

D.respect.

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的回文定位到第

theauthor'sattitude,Google*spledgeso

七段，第八段，但其七段都是在講Google'spledge,繼續(xù)看第八段，開(kāi)頭while,轉(zhuǎn)折，

whilethestatementisvague,與vague相反的即是觀點(diǎn),這個(gè)地方?jīng)]有說(shuō)是誰(shuí)的觀點(diǎn)，無(wú)

人認(rèn)領(lǐng)的觀點(diǎn)即是作者的觀點(diǎn)。由此可以得出答案。

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AFsFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

【答案】C

【解析】本文首段通過(guò)引用MaryShelley的書(shū)引出本文要探討的話題新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道

德問(wèn)題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一些問(wèn)題。第三段和第四段對(duì)第二段提出的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題

進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述，表明我們并不能確定智能化的程度以及因?yàn)樗幁h(huán)境的復(fù)雜無(wú)法定義人類

自我意識(shí)。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出AI所涉及的道德問(wèn)題已經(jīng)觸手可及了。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了

AI和conscience這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,因此正確答案為C。

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonline

purchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswith

lighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt1sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-old

decisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.The

decisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonline

purchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippinga

customer1spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysical

presencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsales

taxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxto

thestatethemselvesiftheyweren1tchargedit,butmostdidn/trealizetheyowed

itandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Each

yearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityand

resultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates/*hewroteinanopinionjoinedby

fourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule'limitedstates*abilitytoseek

long-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonan

evenplayingfield."

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincethey

usuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbecharging

salestaxwheretheyhadnztbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestax

nationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchase

isbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssales

taxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedonzt

haveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateora

fewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddresses

outsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsfor

smallersellers,alsohaven*tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.Undertheruling

Thursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestatezs

salestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocal

andonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-only

retailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwith

variousstatesalestaxlaws.The

SmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaa

statement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatall

bythisdecision/7

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThur