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初中語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典講解
1.賓語(yǔ)從句:1.主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)。Hesays(that)hew川haveawalk
soon.
Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.
Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.
2.主句若是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句也要用過(guò)去時(shí)。
HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.
ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.
3.無(wú)論主句是何時(shí)態(tài),從句若表客觀真理,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.
4賓語(yǔ)從句無(wú)論有何引導(dǎo)詞,都要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyou)
Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)
2.狀語(yǔ)從句:1主句若是一般將來(lái)時(shí)、祈使句或含不表過(guò)去的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等,則if(如果),unless(除非),
when(當(dāng)..的時(shí)候),assoonas(—..就…),before,after,until,till,as(當(dāng)..的時(shí)候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從
句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.
IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.
Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.
2而主句若是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句也要用過(guò)去時(shí),如:
IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.
Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.
Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.
3.定語(yǔ)從句:關(guān)系代詞who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必須跟有名詞,
既指人,也可指物。關(guān)系詞作生語(yǔ)時(shí),不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。whom只指人,只作賓語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞
where指“在那里",when指“在那時(shí)”。
Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautiIandkind-hearted.
Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.
Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所屬)
Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.
Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)
Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.
Ipreferaplacewherelcanliveaquietlife.(在這兒)
Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.
4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that從句.
IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.
IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.
Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.
2八(^3接10€10sth.或that從句.但不接sbtodosth.
Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.
Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.
5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.
(表達(dá)對(duì)對(duì)方為自己做了某事的感謝,后無(wú)補(bǔ)充的結(jié)果。)
Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn*tmakesuchmistakes.
(表達(dá)感謝由于某方所做的有利的事,出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。)
6.感官動(dòng)詞用法之一:see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel^ii|,后接賓語(yǔ),再接動(dòng)詞原形/動(dòng)詞
ing,分別表示全過(guò)程和正在進(jìn)行。句中有頻率詞時(shí),以上的詞也常跟動(dòng)詞原形。
IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正進(jìn)行)
Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(聽(tīng)的是全過(guò)程)
Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(頻率詞)
若以上詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),后面原有動(dòng)詞原形改為帶to不定式:
Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.一
Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.
7.感官動(dòng)詞用法之二:look,sound,smell,taste,feel可當(dāng)系動(dòng)詞,后接形容詞。Helooks.Itsounds
good.TheflowerssmellbeautiI.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.
這些動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是錯(cuò)誤的。
注意:如果加介詞like,則后不可接形容詞,而接名詞或代詞:
Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.
Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.
8.find和think部分用法:+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(代替賓從)
賓補(bǔ)有以卜,情況:1.名詞短語(yǔ),Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.
2.形容詞短語(yǔ),Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.
3.有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.
9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want類(lèi)似:?都可接名詞短語(yǔ):Iwouldlike/want
anotherthreedesks.?都可接帶to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.?都可接
sb,然后再跟帶to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.
2feellike:?后也可接名詞短語(yǔ):Doyoufeellikesometea?
?后若接動(dòng)詞,須用動(dòng)詞ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon'tfeellikedrinkingtea.
【feellike常用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中?!?/p>
10.詞序易錯(cuò)的短語(yǔ):1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞,形容詞在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousin
thefridge?
Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.
Iwanttogosomewherewarm.
2else修飾疑問(wèn)詞和不定代詞、不定副詞,也放在后面。
Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?
Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?
3enough修飾形容詞和副詞,enough放在后面。
Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.
Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.
11.對(duì)“評(píng)價(jià)”、“天氣”的提問(wèn)之區(qū)別:1Whatdoyouthinkof...?=
Howdoyoulike…?"你對(duì)..怎么看?"(How...?句中有l(wèi)ike,是動(dòng)詞。)2What'stheweatherlike
in...?=Howistheweatherin..?'..的天氣什么樣?”(What...?句中有l(wèi)ike,是介詞“像)
12.take,cost,pay,spend區(qū)別:
1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.
Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.
2物+cost+sb+錢(qián):Thebagcostmethirtyyuan,(cost,cost,cost)
若cost后無(wú)sb,則譯作“價(jià)錢(qián)是":Thebagcosts30Yuan.
3人+pay+sb+錢(qián)+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay
后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。)
4人+spend+時(shí)間/錢(qián)+onsth/(in)doingsth.
Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.
Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.
spend有時(shí)可指“度過(guò)”:spendholiday/weekends/winter
13.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu):pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/
ask/tell/build等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。即后接sb+sth.
其4」pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.
buy,build等可接sth+forsb.
另外,若sth是代詞時(shí),不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Pleasepassittome.
14.部分詞作連詞與介詞:(連詞接句子,介詞接名詞或代詞)
KeepcareIwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(連詞)
KeepcareIwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介詞)
類(lèi)似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。
如:I'llwaituntilIhearfromher.(連詞)
I'llwaituntilnextFriday.(介詞)
15.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之一:1.動(dòng)詞ed作形容詞:表示被動(dòng)或已發(fā)生,常作定語(yǔ)。Theboy
namedPeterismyfriend.
那個(gè)叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線(xiàn)部分起修飾作用,卜.同。
He'seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸雞。Thereisnotimeleft.
IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我讀了一部魯迅寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)。
Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.
2.動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞:表示正進(jìn)行或功能,常作定語(yǔ)。
theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthe
corner(正進(jìn)行)
asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)
16.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之二:和心理感受有關(guān),但ed修飾人,ing常修飾物。Ifeltsurprised
athiswords.
Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.
17.動(dòng)詞ing和帶to不定式作主語(yǔ):
Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.
Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.
Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù))
Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù))
Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))
18.later/after/ago/before:1later"..時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu):時(shí)間段+later
常用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.
(later單獨(dú)在句尾,常用于將來(lái)時(shí):「IIseeyoulater.)
2after"..時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu):after+時(shí)間段,常用于一般過(guò)去時(shí),和1相同°TheywenttoBeijingafterfive
days.
(after也可力口句子:「IIsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.He
foundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)
3ago”..時(shí)間前”結(jié)構(gòu):時(shí)間段+ago,用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeks
ago.
(since+時(shí)間段+ago,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
4before單獨(dú)放在句尾,常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):“以前”
IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.
(若是時(shí)間段+before,則常用過(guò)去完成時(shí),譯為時(shí)間前.”:
Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheprobleman
hourbefore.)
19.四季:spring#;summerM;autumn秋;winter冬;season季
20.月:January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;
May,五月;June,六月:July,七月;August,八月;September,九
月;October,十月;November,H^一月;December,十二月。
21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一:Tuesday,星期二;
Wednesday,星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;
Saturday,星期六。Sunday為第一天,Saturday為最后一天。
22.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨著動(dòng)詞,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有
逗號(hào)。aswell,只用于句尾。
注意:后三個(gè)詞都不用于否定句。
23.帶t。不定式用法之一:帶to不定式有邏輯賓語(yǔ)在前時(shí),to后動(dòng)詞用及物動(dòng)詞,不及物時(shí)需加介詞。
Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolive
in.
24.(a)little/(a)few:1few,little“幾乎沒(méi)有;少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),little加不可數(shù)名
詞。2afew“一些”肯定詞,加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù);alittle"一些;一點(diǎn)”也是肯定詞,加不可數(shù)名詞。3另外,
在too,very,so等詞后用few,little;在only,just,still等詞后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/a
little譯為“很多”
25.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞:puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;
turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;try
out/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;hand
in/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;
keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);
takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off
賓語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí),可放在中間或后邊,是代詞時(shí)只放在中間。
26.as...as用法:1和.??一樣...Hisroomisasbigasmine.
HerunsasfastasI/me.2as..aspossible/sbcan”盡可能...”
Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我們盡可能快地去了那兒。Listentotheteacheras
carefullyyoucan.3有些短語(yǔ)有幾個(gè)意思:assoonas和…一樣快;一..就…;asmuchas
和…一樣多:多達(dá):aslongas和…一樣長(zhǎng):長(zhǎng)達(dá):只要:aswellas和…一樣好:和…一樣:asfar
as遠(yuǎn)達(dá);就..來(lái)說(shuō);
27.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜歡…
prefertodosthratherthandosth寧愿…也不愿…
prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜歡做某事
28.some-,any-,every■用法:1some,某?,一些?”,用于肯定的陳述句中。Ihavesomething
totellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑問(wèn)句中表示期待對(duì)方肯定的回答或表示請(qǐng)求或
建議.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?What
aboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑問(wèn)句中仍譯為“某?,
?些?"Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任
何?“Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinthe
class.Wedon*thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每?”,強(qiáng)調(diào)所有,既包括此也
包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,
andthewaterwenteverywhere.
29.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和形式:人個(gè)時(shí)杰一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will/shaH/be
goingto+動(dòng)詞原形)、?般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were+v.ing)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has+v.過(guò)
去分詞)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had+v.過(guò)去分詞)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would+v.原形)六個(gè)形式:原形:過(guò)去
式;過(guò)去分詞;第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)(力口s/es);現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing);帶t。不定式。
30.if/whether區(qū)別:if如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀從)/是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)
whether無(wú)論(引導(dǎo)讓步狀從)/是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)
都譯為“是否”時(shí),whether可接ornot,也可接帶to不定式。
if則不可。另外,if可接any?單詞,常不接some-單詞。
Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.
31.因?yàn)椋篵ecause,常是對(duì)why的回答,語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)。
since,位置:Since...,....Sinceifsalreadylate,Imustgonow.
for,位置:…,for.…語(yǔ)氣最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit'ssnowing,
as有時(shí)也指“因?yàn)椤?,用法基本無(wú)限制。
32.表推測(cè):must,may,might,can,could,can't
must“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。
Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.
may/might“也許”一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。
Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.
can/could"可能"could比can語(yǔ)氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。
Youcouldberight,butIdon'tthinkyouare.
Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan'tbetherenow.
33.so與such區(qū)別:so是副詞,后跟形容詞/副詞,sotall/slowly...
such是形容詞,后跟名詞短語(yǔ)。suchbadweather/goodnews...;
suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone...;
suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies...;
若名詞前形容詞是many,much,few,little時(shí),不用such,而用so.
somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater...
也常有“so/such..that...”句型,譯為“如此…以致于…”。
34.S。的另兩個(gè)用法:1so+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ),“…也”
上下文所指不是同一個(gè)人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.
Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.
以及對(duì)話(huà)形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.
2so+主語(yǔ)+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞,“的確…是”上下文所指是同一個(gè)人或物。A:Wehavelunchat
school.B:Soyoudo.
又如:A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.
35.neither7nor用法之一:neither/nor+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn'tgetwell,nordidherbrother.
或?qū)υ?huà)形式:A:Jimhasn,thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.
36.keep,make,get,have用法:
1keep+sb/sthdoingsth"讓...?直做..."I'msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+
doingsth“堅(jiān)持做某事”
2make+sb/sthdosth讓..做某事111trytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.Ifeel
sorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.
3get+sb/sthtodosth.讓..做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.
4have+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形/ing/過(guò)去分詞
Havehimdoit,please.讓他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.
我們讓那臺(tái)機(jī)器一直工作著。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我們讓人修理了那臺(tái)機(jī)器(讓那臺(tái)機(jī)器
被修理了)。
5也都可接形容詞:keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,
makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.
37.used短語(yǔ):usedto+動(dòng)原,“過(guò)去常常"Heusedtosmoke.
beusedto譯為“被用來(lái)…”,后接動(dòng)原。Itisusedtocutthings.
beusedto譯為“習(xí)慣于…”,后接動(dòng)詞ing或名詞/代詞.
如:He'susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.
beusedfor+Fl的(名詞或動(dòng)詞ing)如:
Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.
38.through/past/across:都可作介詞,“穿過(guò)”前常有位移動(dòng)詞。
Hedimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.
Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.
Heswamacrosstheriver,【through,內(nèi)部;past,旁邊;across,表面。]
位移動(dòng)詞+past相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞pass;位移動(dòng)詞+across相當(dāng)于cross.
39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的數(shù)量”;后者“許多的”
都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù):后者作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。Thenumberofthetreesis
twothousand.用單數(shù)is.
Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用復(fù)數(shù)have.
40.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:Howlong,since,for,(以上見(jiàn)84)until/till等所在肯定句中的主句謂語(yǔ)要用延
續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I'velivedheresince2002.
Lefswaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暫性動(dòng)詞:
Ihaven*tseenyouforalongtime.
41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:
1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)。Allofthewateris
polluted.若接不可數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名詞單數(shù)或接of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù),
后謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)。
3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.
none+of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可。另見(jiàn)88
5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?
-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)0
6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?
-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./
neitherofthedaysisOK.謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的“都”/“每?個(gè)”/“沒(méi)有一個(gè)"。both/either/neither兩者中
“都”/“任何一個(gè)”/“沒(méi)有一個(gè)”
42.計(jì)量表達(dá)法:數(shù)量+單位+形容詞。
Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.
Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.
若計(jì)量表達(dá)的后面跟有名詞,則要用連字符,單位不用復(fù)數(shù)。
Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.
It'sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.
Ifsatwo-monthholiday.(此處計(jì)量中的形容詞long可省略。)
43.MustI/MayI/NeedI...?用法:1MustI…?我必須..嗎?
A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.
2MayI…?我可以..嗎?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?
B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn't/can't.
3NeedI…?我有必要…嗎?
A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.
44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具體數(shù)字,不力口s及。f.否貝U力口s,力口of.如:
thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.
ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不力口s和of:several
millionpounds
45.反意疑問(wèn)句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主語(yǔ),QT主語(yǔ)用it.
Somethingiswrong,isn'tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?
2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can'tshe?
Idon'tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?
QT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定。
3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let's…用shallwe?
Getupnow,willyou?Don'tbenoisy,willyou?
Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedonsttalk,willyou?
Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let*sdoitnow,shallwe?
4Therebe句型,QT主語(yǔ)用there.
Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn'tthere?
ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn'tthere?
Therewon'tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?
46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行為,是短暫動(dòng)詞。Youshouldputon
yourcoatwhenyouleave.
2wear,“穿,穿著”后接物,表狀態(tài),是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter.
Zllikewearingbeautifulclothes.
3dress,"給...穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.
Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.
bedressedin后常接具有某種特征的衣物。
Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表顏色的詞。
4in,“穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物,表狀態(tài),是介詞,不可作謂語(yǔ),可作狀語(yǔ)°Thewomaninawhite
skirtismyteacher.
Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?I'veseentheboyinyellow.
47.虛擬語(yǔ)氣部分用法:在非真實(shí)條件句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即if從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí),而主句動(dòng)詞用
would/should+動(dòng)詞原形,表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設(shè)想,也可以表示在說(shuō)話(huà)人看來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小
的情況。(注意:虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的be動(dòng)詞都要用were.)
Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)
IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很?。?/p>
48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:
1如果不特定指出哪?個(gè),是泛指,“另?個(gè)”要用another,后加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。Ifyouarestillthirsty,
youmayhaveanothercupoftea.(沒(méi)特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是單數(shù)。)
another也可+數(shù)字+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù):Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanother
sixdesks.
2如果只有兩個(gè)或只有兩部分,就給出了范圍,其中另一個(gè)或另一部分是特指(other前有the.),有如卜.
用法:
第一種,所說(shuō)內(nèi)容只有兩個(gè):
Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodat
science.【只有兩個(gè),用theother,不加s,后面名詞可省略?!縓in:Thispairofshoesisstrange.
Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.這雙鞋子很怪,一只藍(lán)色,而另一只綠色。
第二種,只有兩部分:此種情況卜theother后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),或不接名詞而只在theother后加
s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/the
othersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.(其他孩子都留下了。)
3如果沒(méi)有顯示出只有兩部分,未給出范圍,則是泛指,不加the.
LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.
Haveyouanyotherquestions?
Alicedidn'tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.
4other的另一用法:用比較級(jí)的形式,體現(xiàn)最高級(jí)的含義。
Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(劃線(xiàn)中boy用單數(shù))=
Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(劃線(xiàn)中boy用復(fù)數(shù))
他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。
49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是對(duì)長(zhǎng)度或時(shí)間段提問(wèn)。Howlong
istheriver?-Ifs5,000kilometerslong.
Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.
2howoften是對(duì)頻率提問(wèn),如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twice
aday,threetimesayear,everyday等。
HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.
【若只有次數(shù),則用howmanytimes提問(wèn):
HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.]
3howsoon是對(duì)“in+時(shí)間段”提問(wèn):
HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.
4howfar是對(duì)時(shí)間段's+walk/ride/drive或計(jì)量表達(dá)提問(wèn)。
-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?
-Fiveminutes'walk./Anhour'sride./Thirteenminutes*drive.
或者說(shuō):Ifsabout20kilometers(far)away.(問(wèn)和回答不同°)
50.分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá):二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:
halfanhour=ahalfhour半小時(shí)It'shalfpastseven.(省略冠詞)
以下情況中,分子(基數(shù)詞)若超過(guò)一,分母(序數(shù)詞)需加S:
三分之?:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds
四分之一:a/onefourtha/onequarter
四分之三:threefourthsScthreequarters.
五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它類(lèi)推。
若分?jǐn)?shù)所在of短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)依of后的名詞而定:
Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂用復(fù))Twofifthsofthelandis
polluted.(指不可數(shù)時(shí),謂用單)
51.到達(dá):1getto+地點(diǎn)gettoShanghai/London/China
接地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí),不帶to.getthere/home/here.
2arrivein+大地點(diǎn)(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地點(diǎn)(school/hospital),arrive只作不及
物動(dòng)詞。所以也可單獨(dú)用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.
reach只作及物動(dòng)詞,后直接加地點(diǎn):reachBeijing/England
但常不說(shuō)reachhome/there/here.
52.感嘆句:What+名詞短語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!
Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!
Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity?
How+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!
Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!
Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!
53.because/instead/out等與加of的區(qū)別:
1because后接句子,becauseof接名詞或代詞。
Hedidn'tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.
2instead是副詞,單獨(dú)在句尾。insteadof還要接名詞或代詞。
Wedidn*thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.
3out副詞,可單獨(dú)用,但若接地點(diǎn),先加of.(也可作介詞,
“向…外”,可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)
Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.
54.toomuch,toomany與muchtoo:
muchtoo“過(guò)尸,加形容詞或副詞原級(jí)。muchtoobig/slowly等。
toomuch“太多的”,加不可數(shù)名詞。toomuchwork/rain等。
toomany“太多的",加可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。toomanybooks/people等0
55.alone/lonely:lalone,“獨(dú)自一人;單獨(dú)”不含感情色彩。
可當(dāng)形容詞,但只在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ):Jackisalone.杰克是單身。
Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老婦一個(gè)人在屋里。
可當(dāng)副詞,修飾動(dòng)詞:Shelivesalone.她獨(dú)居。
Canyoumovethestonealone?你能獨(dú)自搬動(dòng)那塊兒石頭嗎?
Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克獨(dú)自在海灘漫步。
(注意:不可說(shuō)veryalone.但可說(shuō)verymuchalone.是特例)
2lonely,“孤獨(dú)的;寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當(dāng)形容詞。
可在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ):Theoldmanislonely.這位老人是孤獨(dú)的。
Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多親戚,但感到孤獨(dú)。(lonely和心理感受有
關(guān),而alone和心理感受無(wú)關(guān)。)
也可在名詞前作定語(yǔ):alonelyperson一位孤獨(dú)的人
alonelyvillage?個(gè)偏僻的村莊(alone不可作定語(yǔ))
56.belongto與be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)
Thissuitismine/Lucy's/mybrother's/hers.(某物是某人的)
57.by常見(jiàn)用法:1“通過(guò)"1studyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitby
lookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.
2“截止到"Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?
Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.
3“被"ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.
4“經(jīng)過(guò)"Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.
5”在..…旁邊”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.
58.部分用in的短語(yǔ):inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,
inpen/ink(見(jiàn)105),intheday(見(jiàn)92),indifferentsizes,
indifferentshapes,inadifficultsituation,ingoodhealth,
inaredcoat/inred(見(jiàn)46),instyle,intheopenair(露天場(chǎng)所)
59.比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)部分要點(diǎn):1不規(guī)則形式或易錯(cuò)形式:
much/many-*more-*mostbad/badly/ill-*worse-*worst
far^farther/further-*farthest/furthestlittle-*less^least
few—fewer—fewestold-*older/elder-oldest/eldest
以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞常把?ly換成-lier/-liest.
2常見(jiàn)比較級(jí)/最高級(jí)句型:Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)
Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(參照48)
Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某個(gè)范圍內(nèi))
Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(兩者,此句型中加the)
Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).(三者)
Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(兩者選擇)
Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者選擇)
lt*sthesecondlongestriverinChina.(序數(shù)詞后用最高級(jí)。)
3“越來(lái)越…”比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)
Hecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.
類(lèi)彳以:biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter
/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse...
另一種情況:moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/…
4"越…,越...”“the+比較級(jí)”分別置于兩句的開(kāi)頭,倒裝。
ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.
Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.
Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.
5"越來(lái)越多的…"moreandmore+名詞
Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.
Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water...
6”...得多"much+形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)
Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.
類(lèi)彳以:muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better...
以及:muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious...
7"另外的…(個(gè))...”結(jié)構(gòu):數(shù)量+more+名詞
onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,
muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,
alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.
這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可用another+數(shù)字+名詞替代:
fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(記住詞的位置)
60.talk,tell,say,speak:1talk只作不及物動(dòng)詞。
Don*ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?
Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?
(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth)
2tell只作及物動(dòng)詞,“告訴:講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。
Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?
3say必須接有內(nèi)容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.
“Idisagreewithyou.MsaidTom.Whatwillyousay?
say若接sb,則需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.
“Ioversleptthismorning.Mhesaidtome.
4speak“說(shuō)話(huà)”不及物動(dòng)詞.Hespoketoofastformetofollow.
接人時(shí)先加介詞to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?
可表說(shuō)話(huà)的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.
Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan'tspeak.
”演講,發(fā)言"Whowillspeakinthemeeting?
“說(shuō)”可作及物動(dòng)詞。
61osometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:
sometimes:“有時(shí)”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.
sometimes:“幾次havebeentoNanjingsometimes.
sometime:“某一時(shí)刻boughtitsometimelastspring.
Wellmeetagainsometimenextweek.
sometime:“一段時(shí)間”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.
62.need的用法:1need可當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(和can等用法類(lèi)似,但need只用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中):
NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑問(wèn)句的開(kāi)頭)Ineedn'ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在
need后加not)【當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),need無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)變化?!?/p>
2need可當(dāng)行為動(dòng)詞(和want等用法類(lèi)似):
Heneedsabike.(后可直接力口名詞)
Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接帶to不定式)
Doyouneedtohavearest?(一般疑問(wèn)句中do,does,did在句首)
Wedon'tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)
【注:need后接表被動(dòng)的內(nèi)容時(shí),可表達(dá)為:
TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.]
63.dowith與dealwith:都譯為“處理,對(duì)付,安排,應(yīng)付”
Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提問(wèn)。
Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提問(wèn)。
卜面兩句由此而來(lái):Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?
Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?
64.就近原則:常見(jiàn)的有:EitheryouorLucyiswrong.
Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard.(therebe句型)
Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.
NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.
65.主謂一致:One/Neitherofyouisright.(單數(shù)謂語(yǔ))
Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主語(yǔ)是Tom,單數(shù)謂語(yǔ))
Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.(主語(yǔ)是pair,單數(shù)謂語(yǔ))
Theshoeslookbeautiful.(主語(yǔ)無(wú)pair,復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ))
Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.(單數(shù)謂語(yǔ))
Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.
(the加形容詞表一類(lèi)人,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))
Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫婦(復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ))
Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教師兼作家,一個(gè)人,單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)。
BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.(復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ))
thenumberof與anumberof參見(jiàn)39.(分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)見(jiàn)50)
66.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí),常放在后面。
Ifsquiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.
Ifssuchanimportantlesson.(另見(jiàn)33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.
67.部分用what提問(wèn)的句型:
Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?
Whafsthep
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