二戰(zhàn)后的英國經(jīng)濟(jì)

二戰(zhàn)后的英國經(jīng)濟(jì)二戰(zhàn)后的英國經(jīng)濟(jì)TheBritishEconomyAfterWorldWar=2\*ROMANII英國曾是世界發(fā)展的領(lǐng)頭羊。但是20世紀(jì)后，英國卻失去了昔日的光輝。二戰(zhàn)后，英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)受到嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷。在那時(shí)，英國依賴美國的援助來恢復(fù)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)。在擺脫美國控制之后，英國經(jīng)濟(jì)又進(jìn)入自我發(fā)展時(shí)期。Englandwasaleaderduringtheprocessoftheworld’sdevelopment.Butafterthe20thcentury,Britainhaslostitsglory.Afterthesecondworldwar,theBritisheconomysufferedseriouswounds.Atthattime,BritainrestoreditseconomicdevelopmentbydependingonAmerica.AfterbeingoutofAmerica’scontrol,Britisheconomybegantogointoaperiodthatitdevelopeditseconomybyitself.（一）1945－1979年的30多年是英國經(jīng)濟(jì)深受殖民帝國瓦解和“英國病”的長期困擾而發(fā)展十分遲緩的時(shí)期(=1\*ROMANI)The30yearsbetween1945to1975wasaslowperiodthattheBritisheconomywastroubleddeeplybycolonialempiredissolvesand"Britishdisease"50-60年代英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展平穩(wěn)。其主要特點(diǎn)是經(jīng)濟(jì)緩慢而持續(xù)增長，失業(yè)率低，物質(zhì)豐富，人民消費(fèi)水平不斷增長。在70年代，英國在所有的發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家中，始終保持最低經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率，最高的通貨膨脹率，和最高的貿(mào)易赤字紀(jì)錄。二戰(zhàn)后英國的工業(yè)發(fā)展開始走向下坡路,工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了較大的變化。英國的很多產(chǎn)業(yè)都出現(xiàn)了問題，比如煤礦業(yè)、鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)和紡織業(yè)等。為了調(diào)整工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)展傳統(tǒng)的工業(yè)部門和振興新的工業(yè)部門,英國采取了一些發(fā)展新工業(yè)部門的措施,和制定了一些相關(guān)工業(yè)立法,但效果微弱。至于農(nóng)業(yè)方面,一直以來就是英國的弱項(xiàng),英國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及食品等主要是依靠進(jìn)口的,二戰(zhàn)后英國的整體貿(mào)易逆差嚴(yán)重,再加上戰(zhàn)后許多英屬殖民地國家紛紛獲得獨(dú)立,這對于長期以來農(nóng)業(yè)糧食大都是從殖民地國家進(jìn)口的英國來說,無疑是一個(gè)沉重的打擊,為了滿足英國本土的糧食自給救濟(jì),政府開始通過立法來鼓勵(lì)和促進(jìn)本國的農(nóng)業(yè)。TheBritisheconomyinthe50sand60sdevelopedsteadily.Thecharacterswereslowbutsteadygrowth,lowunemploymentandgreatprosperitywithrisingstandardsofconsumption.Inthe1970samongthedevelopedcountries.Britainkeptthelowestgrowthrate,thehighestinflationrate,andthehighrecordoftradedeficits.AfterthesecondWorldWar,theprogressofindustryinU.K.begantofallintoadecline,anditsstructurealsochangedrelativelymuch.ThereweretroubleswithmanyBritishindustries,forexample,thecoalindustry,ironandsteelindustry,andtextileindustry.Inordertoadjustthestructureofindustry,forexample,todeveloptraditionalindustrydepartmentandenhancetherisingindustrydepartment,thegovernmenttookaseriesofmeasuresandconstitutedaseriesofrelativelaws.Butitseffectwasweak.Asforagriculture,ithasalwaysbeenBritishweaknesses.Britain'sfoodandotheragriculturalproducts,aremainlyrelyingonimports.Afterthesecondworldwar,Britainsufferedserioustradedeficit,andmanyBritishcolonyinthecountrieshadwonindependence.ItwasnodoubtaheavyblowforBritainwhichwasacountrythatgettingagriculturalfoodmostlyfromthecolonialcountriesimport.Inordertosatisfythenativefoodself-sufficiencyrelief,thegovernmentbegantopasslegislationtoencourageandpromoteitsagriculture.“英國病”的病因：首先，世界工廠和龐大的殖民帝國給英國留下了陳舊的生產(chǎn)部門。其次，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)過分膨脹，傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)長期不振，新興產(chǎn)業(yè)缺乏競爭力。第三，固定資本投資增長緩慢，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率較低。然后，重科學(xué)輕技術(shù)，重基礎(chǔ)輕應(yīng)用，科技成果得不到有效應(yīng)用。除此之外，墨守成規(guī)，守舊思想嚴(yán)重，企業(yè)管理較落后。英國的門第觀念、等級制度根深蒂固，對引進(jìn)技術(shù)審慎、保守。他們不讓工人參加管理，有的經(jīng)理甚至將工人視為仇敵，這導(dǎo)致勞資關(guān)系緊張。最后，英國過早實(shí)行高福利制度。兩黨輪流執(zhí)政，經(jīng)濟(jì)政策缺乏必要的連續(xù)性。就是這些原因?qū)е掠?jīng)濟(jì)長期停滯不前。Thereasonsfor“Britishdisease”:Firstly,worldfactoryandthehugecolonialempireleftBritainwitholdproductiondepartment.Secondly,thethirdindustrywasfullofinflation,andthetraditionalindustrywasnotcausedtoprosperforalongtime.Newindustrywaslackofcompetition.Thirdly,fixedcapitalinvestmentgrewslowly,andlaborproductivitywaslow.What’smore,theypaidmoreattentiononscienceinsteadoftechnology,andtheythoughtfoundationwasimportantbutnotapplication.Thescientificapplicationwasn’tusedeffectively.Inaddition,theyalwaysobeyedtheoldrules,andtheirthoughtswereseriouslyconservative.Theiropinionsaboutenterprisemanagementhadfallenbehind..AndBritishtraditionalideawiththeratingsystemwasdeeplyrootedintheirnationality.Theywerecautiousaboutbringinforeigntechnology.Themanagersdidn'tmaketheirworkerstoparticipateinthemanagement.Somemanagerseventreatedtheirworkersastheirenemies.Thismadetherelationshipsbetweenthecapitalandworkersbecomesensitiveandtense.Lastbutnotleast,theBritainimplementedthesystemofhighwelfaretooearly.Thetwopartiestookturnstoholdpower.Thismadetheeconomicpolicylackofnecessarycontinuity.ItwasthesereasonsthatmadetheBritisheconomygrowslowlyforalongtime.（二）80年代經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇（=2\*ROMANII）Britisheconomyrecoveredinthe80s那時(shí)，經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是時(shí)間長，復(fù)蘇持續(xù)了7年。另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是國際收支大大盈余，政府金融地位最高。在這時(shí)，英國開始擺脫美國的控制。撒切爾政府運(yùn)用宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，采取了許多措施提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策旨在通過鼓勵(lì)實(shí)業(yè)，效率和靈活性共同努力提高市場競爭力。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策直接針對降低通貨膨脹率和維持物價(jià)穩(wěn)定。Anoutstandingfeatureoftheeconomicrecoveryatthattimeinthe80swasitslength,lastingsevenyears.Anotheroutstandingfeaturewastheimprovedfinancialpositionofthegovernment,withstrongercurrentaccountofthebalanceofpayments.Atthattime,theUKbegantobeoutoftheAmerica’scontrol.Mrs.Thatcher'sgovernmenttooknumerousmeasurestoimprovetheefficiencyoftheeconomyduringthepastdecade.Mrs.Thatcher’susedbothmacroeconomicandmicroeconomicpolicies.Macroeconomicmeasuresweredirectedtowardsbringingdowntherateofinflationandachievingpricestability.Microeconomicpolicieswereaimedatworkingwiththegrainofmarketforcesbyencouragingenterprise,efficiencyandflexibility.近年來，英國經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展,有了許多新興工業(yè)，包括微處理器、計(jì)算機(jī)、生物技術(shù)和其他高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)。英國的高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)主要集中在以下三個(gè)地區(qū)：（1）倫敦和南威爾士之間的地區(qū)，（2）東英吉利的劍橋地區(qū)，（3）蘇格蘭格拉斯哥和愛丁堡之間的地區(qū)。其中最后一個(gè)地區(qū)是最大的，如今有“硅谷”之稱。到1985年底，英國有一半的微芯片都產(chǎn)自蘇格蘭。現(xiàn)在，英國已經(jīng)是世界第3大對外投資國，主要債權(quán)之一。英國還是世界上最大的無形貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口國之一。Inrecentyears,theBritisheconomyhascontinuedtodevelopandithasalotofnewindustries,includingmicroprocessorsandcomputers,biotechnologyandotherhigh-techindustries.TherearethreeareasinBritainwh