英語閱讀理解及答案

ArtisansinSixteenth-CenturyEurope

ForcenturiesEuropeanartisanshadoperatedinsmall,autonomous

handicraftbusinesses,butbythesixteenthcenturyanevolvingeconomic

system—movingtowardmoderncapitalism,withitsfree-marketpricing,new

organizationofproduction,investments,andsoon—hadstartedtoerodetheir

stableandrelativelyprosperousposition.Whatforcescontributedtothe

declineoftheartisan?

Inafewindustriesthereappearedtechnologicalinnovationsthatcost

moretoinstallandoperatethanartisans—evenassociationsofartisans—could

afford.Forexample,inironproduction,suchspecializedequipmentasblast

furnaces,tilthammers,wire-drawingmachines,andstamping,rolling,and

slittingmillsbecamemorefamiliarcomponentsoftheindustry.Thustheneed

forfixedcapital(equipmentandbuildingsusedinproduction)soared.Besides

theseitems,expensiveintheirownright,facilitiesforwater,storage,and

deliverieswereneeded.Inaddition,pig(raw)ironturnedoutbyblast

furnacescouldnotbeforgeduntilrefinedfurtherinanewintermediatestage.

Inlatesixteenth-centuryAntwerp,whereaskilledworkerearned125to250

guildersayear,alargeblastfurnacealonecost3,000guilders,andother

industrialequipmentwasequallyormoreexpensive.

Rawmaterials,notequipment,constitutedartisans,majorexpensein

mosttrades,however.Whereasin1583anAntwerpsilkweaverpaid12

guildersforaloom(andmadesmallpaymentsovermanyyearstopayoffthe

debtforpurchasingtheloom),everysixweeksheorshehadtolayout24

guildersforthe2poundsofrawsilkrequiredtomakeapieceofcloth.Thus

accesstocheapandplentifulprimarymaterialswasaconstantpreoccupation

forindependentproducers.Usinglocalmaterialsmightalloweventhepoorest

amongthemtoavoidrelianceonmerchantsuppliers.Thelossofnearby

sourcescouldthereforebedevastating.Assilkcultivationwanedaroundthe

SpanishcitiesofCordobaandToledo,weaversinthesecitieswereforcedto

becomeemployeesofmerchantswhoputoutrawsilkfromValenciaand

Murciaprovinces.IntheDutchRepublic,merchantswhoimported

unprocessedsaltfromFrance,Portugal,andSpaingainedcontrolofthe

salt-refiningindustryonceexploitationoflocalsaltmarsheswashaltedfor

fearthatdikes(whichheldbacktheseafromthelow-lyingDutchland)would

beundermined.

Creditwasnecessaryforproductionbutcreatedadditionalvulnerabilities

forartisans.Pricesforindustrialproductslaggedbehindthoseofraw

materialsandfoodstuffs,andthis,coupledwithrisingtaxes,madeitdifficult

formanyproducerstorepaytheircreditors.Periodicdownturns,whenfood

pricesshotupanddemandformanufacturesfelloff,drovethemfurtherinto

debtorevenintobankruptcy,fromwhichtheymightemergeonlybyagreeing

toselltheirproductsexclusivelytomerchantsorfellowartisanswhoextended

themloans.Frequentenoughduringperiodsofgrowth,suchcreditcrises

becamedeeperandlastedlongerafterabout1570,asdidwar-related

disruptionsofraw-materialsuppliesandmarkets.

Artisans,autonomywasimperiled,too,byrestrictionsontheiraccessto

markets.Duringthesixteenthcentury,asituationlikethisoftenresultedfrom

theconcentrationofexporttradeinafewgreatstorageanddistribution

centers.ThedisappearanceofregionalmarketswhereweaversinFlanders

(whatisnownorthernBelgium)hadpreviouslyboughtflaxandsoldlinenleft

thematthemercyofbig-citymiddlemen,whoquicklyturnedtheminto

domesticworkers.Inasimilarfashion,formerlyindependentproducersin

southernWiltshireinEngland,whohadboughtyarnfromspinnersorlocal

brokersandsoldtheirclothtomerchantsinnearbySalisbury,becamesubject

toLondonmerchantswhomonopolizedbothwoolsuppliesandwoolens

exports.

Withgoodreason,finally,urbanartisansfearedthegrowthofindustries

inthecountryside.Foronething,theyworriedthatthespreadofvillagecrafts

wouldreducetheirsupplyofrawmaterials,drivingupprices.Cityproducers

alsoknewthatrurallocationsenjoyedlowerlivingcosts,wages,andtaxes,

andoftenemployedfewerorsimplifiedprocesses.Theseadvantagesbecamea

majorpreoccupationascompetitionintensifiedinthe1570sand1580s.

Paragraph1

ForcenturiesEuropeanartisanshadoperatedinsmall,autonomous

handicraftbusinesses,butbythesixteenthcenturyanevolvingeconomic

system—movingtowardmoderncapitalism,withitsfree-marketpricing,new

organizationofproduction,investments,andsoon—hadstartedtoerodetheir

stableandrelativelyprosperousposition.Whatforcescontributedtothe

declineoftheartisan?

1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationin

thehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethe

meaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Inthesixteenthcentury,theEuropeaneconomymovedtowardasystem

offree-marketpricing,newwaysofproduction,andinvestments.

B.Beforethesixteenthcentury,Europeanmakersofhandicraftsenjoyed

stability,autonomy,andrelativeprosperity.

C.Bythesixteenthcentury,theriseofcapitalismbegantoweakenthe

autonomyandrelativeprosperityofEuropeanartisans.

D.Europeanartisansoperatedsmall,autonomousbusinessesbeforemodern

capitalismemergedinthesixteenthcentury.

Paragraph2

Inafewindustriesthereappearedtechnologicalinnovationsthatcost

moretoinstallandoperatethanartisans—evenassociationsofartisans—could

afford.Forexample,inironproduction,suchspecializedequipmentasblast

furnaces,tilthammers,wire-drawingmachines,andstamping,rolling,and

slittingmillsbecamemorefamiliarcomponentsoftheindustry.Thustheneed

forfixedcapital(equipmentandbuildingsusedinproduction)soared.

Besidestheseitems,expensiveintheirownright,facilitiesforwater,storage,

anddeliverieswereneeded.Inaddition,pig(raw)ironturnedoutbyblast

furnacescouldnotbeforgeduntilrefinedfurtherinanewintermediatestage.

Inlatesixteenth-centuryAntwerp,whereaskilledworkerearned125to250

guildersayear,alargeblastfurnacealonecost3,000guilders,andother

industrialequipmentwasequallyormoreexpensive.

2.Theword“Besides”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.Inadditionto

B.Moreimportantthan

C.Differentfrom

D.Togetherwith

3.Accordingtoparagraph2,howdidtechnologicaladvancecontributetothe

economicdeclineofartisans?

A.Artisanshadnoplacetostoreorusethenewmachines.

B.Goodsproducedbythenewtechnologywerecheaperthanthoseproduced

byartisans.

C.Thefixedcostsofremaininginbusinessbecameveryhigh.

D.Artisansdidnotknowhowtousethenewmachines.

Paragraph3

Rawmaterials,notequipment,constitutedartisans'majorexpenseinmost

trades,however.Whereasin1583anAntwerpsilkweaverpaid12guildersfor

aloom(andmadesmallpaymentsovermanyyearstopayoffthedebtfor

purchasingtheloom),everysixweeksheorshehadtolayout24guildersfor

the2poundsofrawsilkrequiredtomakeapieceofcloth.Thusaccessto

cheapandplentifulprimarymaterialswasaconstantpreoccupationfor

independentproducers.Usinglocalmaterialsmightalloweventhepoorest

amongthemtoavoidrelianceonmerchantsuppliers.Thelossofnearby

sourcescouldthereforebedevastating.Assilkcultivationwanedaroundthe

SpanishcitiesofCordobaandToledo,weaversinthesecitieswereforcedto

becomeemployeesofmerchantswhoputoutrawsilkfromValenciaand

Murciaprovinces.IntheDutchRepublic,merchantswhoimported

unprocessedsaltfromFrance,Portugal,andSpaingainedcontrolofthe

salt-refiningindustryonceexploitationoflocalsaltmarsheswashaltedfor

fearthatdikes(whichheldbacktheseafromthelow-lyingDutchland)would

beundermined.

4.Theword“preoccupation“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.necessity

B.concern

C.struggle

D.uncertainty

5.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationaboutan

Antwerpsilkweaver'scostsin1583?

A.Todescribesometypicalcostsinthesilk-weavingindustry

B.Tosupportthestatementthatartisans5mainexpensewasmaterials,not

equipment

C.Toargueagainsttheviewthatartisansdidnothavetoborrowmoneyto

buyequipment

D.Toshowthatmaterialswerecheapandplentifulformostartisans

6.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutlocalmaterials?

A.Theywereofhigherqualitythanimportedmaterials.

B.Theywereusuallymoreplentifulthanimportedmaterials.

C.Theyremainedavailableevenaftermerchantsbegantocontrolthe

industries.

D.Theytendedtobemoreaffordablethanmaterialssuppliedbymerchants.

7.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingwassometimesaneffect

onartisansofthelossoflocalsourcesoftheirprimarymaterials?

A.Theyhadtoselltheirproductstomerchants.

B.Theyneededtotakeloansinordertobuythematerialsfrommerchants.

C.Theycouldnolongeraffordtobeindependentproducers.

D.Theyimportedthematerialsfromdistantsources.

Paragraph4

Creditwasnecessaryforproductionbutcreatedadditionalvulnerabilities

forartisans.Pricesforindustrialproductslaggedbehindthoseofraw

materialsandfoodstuffs,andthis,coupledwithrisingtaxes,madeit

difficultformanyproducerstorepaytheircreditors.Periodicdownturns,

whenfoodpricesshotupanddemandformanufacturesfelloff,drovethem

furtherintodebtorevenintobankruptcy,fromwhichtheymightemergeonly

byagreeingtoselltheirproductsexclusivelytomerchantsorfellowartisans

whoextendedthemloans.Frequentenoughduringperiodsofgrowth,such

creditcrisesbecamedeeperandlastedlongerafterabout1570,asdid

war-relateddisruptionsofraw-materialsuppliesandmarkets.

8.Thephrase“coupledwith“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.causedby

B.comparedwith

C.affectedby

D.combinedwith

9.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingcausedeconomicdifficulties

forartisansEXCEPT

A.decreasingavailabilityofcredit

B.decreaseddemandformanufacturedgoods

C.increasedtaxes

D.problemscausedbywars

Paragraph5

Artisans5autonomywasimperiled,too,byrestrictionsontheiraccessto

markets.Duringthesixteenthcentury,asituationlikethisoftenresultedfrom

theconcentrationofexporttradeinafewgreatstorageanddistribution

centers.ThedisappearanceofregionalmarketswhereweaversinFlanders

(whatisnownorthernBelgium)hadpreviouslyboughtflaxandsoldlinenleft

thematthemercyofbig-citymiddlemen,whoquicklyturnedtheminto

domesticworkers.Inasimilarfashion,formerlyindependentproducersin

southernWiltshireinEngland,whohadboughtyarnfromspinnersorlocal

brokersandsoldtheirclothtomerchantsinnearbySalisbury,becamesubject

toLondonmerchantswhomonopolizedbothwoolsuppliesandwoolens

exports.

10.Theword"autonomy"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.independence

B.influence

C.abilitytomakealiving

D.abilitytoadapt

11.Paragraph5supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutartisans

duringthesixteenthcentury?

A.Theyhaddifficultytransportingtheirgoodstothebestmarkets.

B.Theywereatadisadvantagebecausetheconcentrationofsuppliesand

exportwasinthehandsofbig-citymerchants.

C.Theyreceivedhigherwagesasemployeesofbig-citymerchants.

D.Theywereabletoobtainrawmaterialsfromlocalmerchants.

Paragraph6

Withgoodreason,finally,urbanartisansfearedthegrowthofindustriesin

thecountryside.Foronething,theyworriedthatthespreadofvillagecrafts

wouldreducetheirsupplyofrawmaterials,drivingupprices.Cityproducers

alsoknewthatrurallocationsenjoyedlowerlivingcosts,wages,andtaxes,

andoftenemployedfewerorsimplifiedprocesses.Theseadvantagesbecamea

majorpreoccupationascompetitionintensifiedinthe1570sand1580s.

12.Allofthefollowingareidentifiedinparagraph6asconcernsthaturban

artisanshadaboutthegrowthofindustryinthecountrysideEXCEPT

A.adecreaseinthesupplyofrawmaterials

B.acheapercostoflivinginthecountryside

C.amoremanageablelevelofcompetition

D.lesscomplexproductionprocessesinthecountryside

Rawmaterials,notequipment,constitutedartisans,majorexpensein

mosttrades,however.■Whereasin1583anAntwerpsilkweaverpaid12

guildersforaloom(andmadesmallpaymentsovermanyyearstopayoff

thedebtforpurchasingtheloom),everysixweeksheorshehadtolayout

24guildersforthe2poundsofrawsilkrequiredtomakeapieceofcloth.

■Thusaccesstocheapandplentifulprimarymaterialswasaconstant

preoccupationforindependentproducers.■Usinglocalmaterialsmight

alloweventhepoorestamongthemtoavoidrelianceonmerchant

suppliers.■Thelossofnearbysourcescouldthereforebedevastating.As

silkcultivationwanedaroundtheSpanishcitiesofCordobaandToledo,

weaversinthesecitieswereforcedtobecomeemployeesofmerchants

whoputoutrawsilkfromValenciaandMurciaprovinces.IntheDutch

Republic,merchantswhoimportedunprocessedsaltfromFrance,

Portugal,andSpaingainedcontrolofthesalt-refiningindustryonce

exploitationoflocalsaltmarsheswashaltedforfearthatdikes(which

heldbacktheseafromthelow-lyingDutchland)wouldbeundermined.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentence

couldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thiswaspossiblebecausewhentransportationcostswerelow,

thepriceofrawmaterialswasgenerallyalsolow.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassage

isprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswer

choicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Some

sentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheexpressideasthatare

notpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.This

questionisworth2points.

Europeanartisansexperiencedadeclineduringthesixteenth

centuryasresultofanumberofdevelopments.

Answerchoices

A.Advancesintechnologyinsomeindustriesincreasedthecostofthe

equipment,buildings,andfacilitiesthatartisansneededforproducing

andsellingtheirgoods.

B?Artisans,abilitytoearnprofitswasrestrictedbytheirdependenceon

creditors,towhomtheywereforcedtoselltheirgoods,andby

competitionfromruralareas.

C.Asindustriescameunderthecontrolofmerchants,artisanslostaccessto

cheaprawmaterials,andtheyhadtoborrowmoneytobuythematerials

theyneededfrommerchantsuppliers.

D.Ironproductioninthesixteenthcenturydependedonnewinventions

suchasblastfurnaces,tilthammers,wire-drawingmachines,and

stamping,rolling,andslittingmills.

E.Therisingpricesoffoodandothernecessitiesoftenleftartisanswithout

enoughmoneytopaytheirtaxesandotherbusinessexpenses.

F.Inthenewindustrialsystemfromwhichskilledartisanswere

progressivelyexcluded,thequalityofmanufactureditemsgradually

declined.

DiseaseandHistory

Whatistherelationshipbetweendiseaseandtheevolutionof

humansocieties?

Epidemiologyisthestudyofthecauses,distribution,andcontrolof

diseasesinpopulations.Throughouthistory,therehavebeengeneraltrendsin

therelationshipbetweendiseasesandthehumanspecies.Anthropologist

GeorgeArmelagoshasoutlinedthesetrendsandreferstothemasthree

""epidemiologicaltransitions^.

Formostofourspecies'history,welivedinsmall,widelydispersed,

nomadicgroups.Ourancestorscertainlyexperienceddiseasesofvarioussorts

andwouldhavecomeintocontactwithnewdiseasesastheymigratedtonew

environments.Butinfectiousdiseasemaynothavehadseriouseffectsonlarge

numbersofpeopleormanydifferentpopulations,sincediseaseswouldhave

hadlittlechanceofbeingpassedontomanyotherhumans.

Whensomepeoplebegantosettledownandproducetheirfoodthrough

farmingandanimaldomestication-startingabout10,000yearsago-the

firstepidemiologicaltransitionoccurred.Infectiousdiseasesincreasedin

impact,aslargeranddenserconcentrationsofpeopleprovidedgreater

opportunityfordiseasetobepassedfromhosttohost.Animaldomestication

mayhavebroughtpeopleintocontactwithnewdiseasespreviouslylimitedto

otherspecies.Workingthesoilwouldhaveexposedfarmerstoinsectsand

otherpathogens.Irrigationinsomeareasprovidedbreedingplacesfor

mosquitoes,increasingtheincidenceofmalariaandothermosquito-borne

diseases.Sanitationproblemscausedbylarger,moresedentarypopulations

wouldhavehelpedtransmitdiseasesinhumanwaste,aswouldtheuseof

animaldungforfertilizer.Inaddition,agriculturealsoledtoanarrowingof

foodsources,ascomparedtothevarieddietsofhuntersandgatherers.This

couldhaveresultedinnutritionaldeficiencies,moreover,thestorageoffood

surplusesattractednewdiseasecarrierssuchasinsectsandrats.Trade

betweensettledcommunitieshelpedspreaddiseasesoverlargegeographic

areas,asinthecaseoftheBlackDeathinEurope.Epidemics,inthesenseof

diseasesthataffectalargenumberofpopulationsatthesametime,were

essentiallynonexistentuntilthedevelopmentofagriculturaleconomies.

Beginninginthelastyearsofthenineteenthcenturyandcontinuinginto

thetwentieth,weexperiencedthesecondepidemiologicaltransition.With

modernmedicalscienceprovidingimmunizationsandantibioticsandwith

betterpublichealthmeasuresandimprovednutrition,manyinfectious

diseaseswerebroughtundercontrol,oreveneliminated.Intermsofwhat

ailedandkilledus,therewasashifttochronicdiseasessuchasheartandlung

diseases.Theincreaseinmanyofthesecamenotonlyfromthefactthatfewer

peopleweredyingfrominfectiousdiseaseandwerelivinglongerbutalsofrom

theresultsofmodernlifestylesindevelopedcountriesandamongtheupper

classesofdevelopingcountries-amoresedentarylifeleadingtolessphysical

activity,morestress;environmentalpollution,andhigh-fatdiets.Butatleast,

wethought,manyoftheseproblemswerethingswecouldpotentiallycontrol;

allthoseinfectiousepidemicswereofthepast.

Butontheheelsofthesecondtransitionhadcomethethird

epidemiologicaltransition,andweareinitnow.Newdiseasesareemerging,

andoldonesarereturning.Bothofthesephenomenacanbeunderstoodin

termsofevolutionarytheory.

Thereturnofolddiseasesistheresultofthefactthatmicroorganismsare

evolvingspeciesthemselves.Forexample,newandseriousantibiotic-resistant

strainsoftuberculosishaverecentlyappeared.Thisevolutionmayhavebeen

encouragedbywhatsomeauthoritiesconsiderouroveruseofantibiotics,

givingmicroorganismsagreaterchancetoevolveresistancebyexposingthem

toaconstantbarrageofselectivechallenges.Somebacteriareproducehourly,

andsotheprocessesofgeneticmutationandnaturalselectionarespeededup

inthesespecies.

Emergingdiseasesarealsotheresultofhumanactivityinthemodern

world,whichbringsmorepeopleintocontactwithmorediseases,someof

whichwereunheardofevenafewdecadesago.Aspeopleandtheirproducts

becomemoremobile,andasourpopulationsspreadintopreviously

little-inhabitedareas,cuttingdownforestsandotherwisealteringecological

conditions,wecontactotherspeciesthatmaycarrydiseasestowhichtheyare

immunebutthatprovedeadlytous.

Paragraph2

Formostofourspecies5history,welivedinsmall,widelydispersed,

nomadicgroups.Ourancestorscertainlyexperienceddiseasesofvarioussorts

andwouldhavecomeintocontactwithnewdiseasesastheymigratedtonew

environments.Butinfectiousdiseasemaynothavehadseriouseffectsonlarge

numbersofpeopleormanydifferentpopulations,sincediseaseswouldhave

hadlittlechanceofbeingpassedontomanyotherhumans.

1.Theword“dispersed?inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.active

B.scattered

C.varied

D.linked

2.Accordingtoparagraph2,whywereinfectiousdiseasesnotaserious

problemformostofhumanhistory?

A.Therewereveryfewinfectiousdiseasesearlyinhumanhistory.

B.Populationgroupsdidnotmovearoundenoughtobeexposedtonew

diseases.

C.Manydisease-causingorganismshadfeaturesthatmadethemdifficultto

passontootherhumans.

D.Populationgroupsdidnothaveenoughcontactwitheachothertospread

diseaseswidely.

Paragraph3

Whensomepeoplebegantosettledownandproducetheirfoodthrough

farmingandanimaldomestication-startingabout10,000yearsago-the

firstepidemiologicaltransitionoccurred.Infectiousdiseasesincreasedin

impact,aslargeranddenserconcentrationsofpeopleprovidedgreater

opportunityfordiseasetobepassedfromhosttohost.Animaldomestication

mayhavebroughtpeopleintocontactwithnewdiseasespreviouslylimitedto

otherspecies.Workingthesoilwouldhaveexposedfarmerstoinsectsand

otherpathogens.Irrigationinsomeareasprovidedbreedingplacesfor

mosquitoes,increasingtheincidenceofmalariaandothermosquito-borne

diseases.Sanitationproblemscausedbylarger,moresedentarypopulations

wouldhavehelpedtransmitdiseasesinhumanwaste,aswouldtheuseof

animaldungforfertilizer.Inaddition,agriculturealsoledtoanarrowingof

foodsources,ascomparedtothevarieddietsofhuntersandgatherers.This

couldhaveresultedinnutritionaldeficiencies,moreover,thestorageoffood

surplusesattractednewdiseasecarrierssuchasinsectsandrats.Trade

betweensettledcommunitieshelpedspreaddiseasesoverlargegeographic

areas,asinthecaseoftheBlackDeathinEurope.Epidemics,inthesenseof

diseasesthataffectalargenumberofpopulationsatthesametime,were

essentiallynonexistentuntilthedevelopmentofagriculturaleconomies.

3.Theword“deficiencies“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.complications

B.illnesses

C.shortages

D.irregularities

4.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingcontributedtotheriseof

epidemics?

A.Thedevelopmentofmoredeadlyformsofhumandisease

B.Thespreadofineffectivetreatmentsforinfectiousdisease

C.Thespreadofmosquito-bornediseasestootherdiseasecarriers

D.Thepracticeofexchanginggoodsbetweensettledareas

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph3asareasonthat

agricultureledtogreaterexposuretodisease?

A.Irrigationcreatedareaswheredisease-carryingmosquitoescould

reproduce.

B.Peopleincreasinglycameintocontactwithdisease-carryinganimals

attractedtofoodstorageareas.

C.Agriculturalproductsspoiledmorereadily,leadingtomorefrequent

episodesofdisease.

D.Farmingexposedhumanstodisease-carryinginsectsinthesoil.

6.Accordingtoparagraph3,howdidsanitationproblemsinearlyfarming

societiesleadtothespreadofinfectiousdiseases?

A.Waterusedforirrigatingcropswasnotalwaysclean.

B.Largerpopulationswereincreasinglyexposedtohumanandanimal

waste.

C.Farmproductsthatspoiledinfieldsattractedinsectsandanimalswith

diseases.

D.Lackofvariedfoodsourcesoccasionallyforcedcommunitiestoeatfood

thatcarrieddiseases.

Paragraph4

Beginninginthelastyearsofthenineteenthcenturyandcontinuinginto

thetwentieth,weexperiencedthesecondepidemiologicaltransition.With

modernmedicalscienceprovidingimmunizationsandantibioticsandwith

betterpublichealthmeasuresandimprovednutrition,manyinfectious

diseaseswerebroughtundercontrol,oreveneliminated.Intermsofwhat

ailedandkilledus,therewasashifttochronicdiseasessuchasheartandlung

diseases.Theincreaseinmanyofthesecamenotonlyfromthefactthatfewer

peopleweredyingfrominfectiousdiseaseandwerelivinglongerbutalsofrom

theresultsofmodernlifestylesindevelopedcountriesandamongtheupper

classesofdevelopingcountries-amoresedentarylifeleadingtolessphysical

activity,morestress;environmentalpollution,andhigh-fatdiets.Butatleast,

wethought,manyoftheseproblemswerethingswecouldpotentiallycontrol;

allthoseinfectiousepidemicswereofthepast.

7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatistrueaboutchronicdiseasesduring

secondepidemiologicaltransition?

A.Theywerecommonamongpeoplewithhighlivingstandards.

B.Theycouldbecontrolledwithantibiotics.

C.Theyaffectedmorepeoplethaninfectiousdiseasesdid.

D.Theyledpeopletoseekhealthierlifestyles.

8.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthesecond

epidemiologicaltransition?

A.Modernmedicinemadeitpossibleforpeopletolivelongerevenifthey

hadaninfectiousdisease.

B.Infectiousdiseaseswerehardertocureduetofactorslikestressand

pollution.

C.Newinfectiousdiseasesappearedasquicklyasmodernmedicalscience

wasabletocontrololdones.

D.Chronicdiseasesreplacedinfectiousdiseasesasthemajorcauseofhuman

sicknessanddeath.

9.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowinglikelycontributedtochronic

diseaseEXCEPT

A.longerlifeexpectancies

B.decreasedphysicalactivity

C.higherratesofpoverty

D.changesindiet

Paragraph5

Butontheheelsofthesecondtransitionhadcomethethird

epidemiologicaltransition,andweareinitnow.Newdiseasesareemerging,

andoldonesarereturning.Bothofthesephenomenacanbeunderstoodin

termsofevolutionarytheory.

10.Theword“emerging“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.appearing

B.spreading

C.becomingmoreserious

D.replacingothers

Paragraph6

Thereturnofolddiseasesistheresultofthefactthatmicroorganismsare

evolvingspeciesthemselves.Forexample,newandseriousantibiotic-r