中外文學(xué)作品精讀與鑒賞 課件 英文 Chapter 5 Attitudes towards Life

Unit5AttitudestowardsLife一個生命從呱呱墜地，直到成為耄耋老人，人類對生命意義的探索和思考從未停止。儒家：修身齊家治國平天下；學(xué)而優(yōu)則仕。先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂；天下興亡，匹夫有責(zé)。佛家：遁入空門、清心寡欲、萬象皆空。世俗生活就是各種煩惱痛苦滋生的根源，遠(yuǎn)離一切業(yè)果，放下執(zhí)念，脫離苦海。道家：道家則崇尚自然，無為而治，與世無爭。主張修煉、養(yǎng)生，達(dá)到長生久世，羽化登仙。入世出世

隱世儒、釋、道三種文化影響、塑造了中國文人的性格，他們注重修身養(yǎng)性，崇尚閑適雅居的生活，焚香、點茶、掛畫、插花、對弈、吹簫撫琴、吟詩作畫、登高遠(yuǎn)游、對酒當(dāng)歌，孕育出獨特的東方美學(xué)：“人莫樂于閑，非無所事事之謂也。閑則能讀書，閑則能游名山，閑則能交益友，閑則能飲酒，閑則能著書，天下之樂，莫大于是?！薄ㄇ澹q潮“雪后尋梅,霜前訪菊,雨際護(hù)蘭,風(fēng)外聽竹,固野客之閑情,實文人之深趣?！薄鳎╆惱^儒浮生六記SixChaptersofaFloatingLife[清]沈復(fù)著林語堂譯卷一

閨房記樂（WeddedBliss）卷二

閑情記趣

（TheLittlePleasuresofLife）卷三

坎坷記愁

（Sorrow）卷四

浪游記快

（TheJoysofTravel）卷五

中山記歷

（Experience）(missing)卷六

養(yǎng)生記道

（TheWayofLife）(missing)目

錄卷二

閑情記趣

(TheLittlePleasuresofLife)TrainingOrchidArrangingChrysanthemumFlowersPinningInsectsonGrassBladesMakingMovableFlowerScreenOutingandPicnickingMakingaTraywithPlum-blossomDesign123456PartOneTheAuthor&theTranslatorPartTwoTextAnalysisPartThreeCohesionandCoherence

沈

復(fù)沈復(fù)（1763—1825），字三白，號梅逸，清乾隆二十八年生于長洲（今江蘇蘇州）。清代文學(xué)家。著有《浮生六記》。工詩畫、散文。他一生不慕功名,癡迷花石,縱情于山水之間。據(jù)《浮生六記》來看，他出身于幕僚家庭，沒有參加過科舉考試，曾以賣畫維持生計。乾隆四十二年（公元1777年）隨父親到浙江紹興求學(xué)。乾隆四十九年（公元1784年），乾隆皇帝巡江南，沈復(fù)隨父親恭迎圣駕。后來到蘇州從事酒業(yè)。他與妻子陳蕓感情甚好，因遭家庭變故，夫妻曾旅居外地，歷經(jīng)坎坷。妻子死后，他去四川充當(dāng)幕僚。此后情況不明。書中描述了他和妻子陳蕓志趣投合，伉儷情深，愿意過一種布衣蔬食而從事藝術(shù)的生活，由于封建禮教的壓迫與貧困生活的煎熬，終至理想破滅，經(jīng)歷了生離死別的慘痛。

林語堂Chinese?bilingual?writertranslatorlinguisteditorinventor兩腳踏中西文化,一心評宇宙文章（1895—1976）MyCountryandMyPeople(《吾國與吾民》)(1935)TheImportanceofLiving(《生活的藝術(shù)》)(1937)TheWisdomofConfucius(《孔子的智慧》)(1938)MomentinPeking(《京華煙云》)(1939)ALeafintheStorm(《風(fēng)聲鶴唳》)(1941)TheWisdomofChinaandIndia(1942)BetweenTearsandLaughter(《啼笑皆非》)(1943)TheWisdomofLaotse(老子的智慧)(1948)TheVermillionGate(《朱門》)(1953)LadyWu(《武則天傳》)(1957)

TheChineseTheoryofArt(1967)Hehadinfluencedtheworld’sunderstandingofChinawithworksinEnglish:Theseworksarewritteninacharming&witty,informalbutpolishedstyle,becomingbestsellers.Throughtheseworks,LinintroducesChineseculturalspiritsandtheChinesewayoflifetotheWesternworld.AndhismanyworksrepresentanattempttobridgetheculturalgapbetweentheEastandtheWest.“Heexplainstowesternpeopleofhiscountrymenandthecustomsofthecountry,noonecanmatch.”—NewYorkTimesHewasnominatedfortheNobelPrizeinLiteratureseveraltimes.LinYutang’sTranslationofChineseWorks:SixChaptersofaFloatingLife（《浮生六記》）TheImportanceofUnderstanding《古文小品譯英》LinhastranslatedalargenumberofprofoundChineseclassicsintoEnglishtospreadtherichChineseculturetothewesternworld.

LinYutang'sChinese-EnglishDictionaryofModernUsage(1972)ItcontainsamassiveEnglishindextodefinitionsofChineseterms.TheworkwasundertakeninHongKong,whereLinservedforatimeatthenewlyfoundedChineseUniversity.Lin’sViewson“Humor”LinYutangisthefirstonewhotranslates“Humor”intoChinese“Youmo”.

HeistheonewhoadvocatesChinesehumorousliteraturegainsthenameof“masterofhumor”.

HealsocommunicatestheconceptofhumorbetweenChinaandthewest.“我發(fā)明了幽默這個詞兒，因此之故，別人都對我以‘幽默大師’相稱。而這個稱呼也就一直沿用下來。但并不是因為我是第一流的幽默家，而是在我們這個假道學(xué)充斥而幽默則極為缺乏的國度里，我是第一個招呼大家注意幽默的重要的人罷了?！薄读终Z堂自傳》一、自由獨立的思想：傳統(tǒng)禮教的束縛是造成中國人性格弱點的根本原因，提倡幽默就是改造這種性格弱點、恢復(fù)人性的獨立與自由。二、寬容超脫的胸懷：幽默是一種智慧。其內(nèi)涵是溫厚、超脫、寬容、善意和悲天憫人，與尖刻、辛辣的諷刺形成鮮明的對照。三、閑適自然的情愫：幽默針對的是現(xiàn)代社會的物質(zhì)主義、機(jī)械的思維方式以及人性的“異化”?！拔艺J(rèn)為文化根本是空暇的產(chǎn)物，所以文化的藝術(shù)根本是悠閑的藝術(shù)......智慧的人絕不勞碌，太勞碌的人決不會成為智慧的人，所以最善于優(yōu)游歲月的人便是真正有智慧的人?！绷终Z堂在三十年代創(chuàng)辦了《論語》、《人世間》、《宇宙風(fēng)》等刊物，大力提倡幽默、閑適和獨抒性靈的小品文創(chuàng)作。LinYutang:literatureisforself-expression.LuXun:literatureisforpropagandaandsocialeducationDivergenceonliteraturebetweenLinYutangandLuXun:LinYutangasaninventor:LinworkedontheinventionofChinesetypewriterfordecadesandeventuallycameupwithaworkabletypewriterbroughttomarketinthemiddleofthewarwithJapan.植蘭及長，愛花成癖，喜剪盆樹。識張?zhí)m坡，始精剪枝養(yǎng)節(jié)之法，繼悟接花疊石之法。花以蘭為最，取其幽香韻致也，而瓣品之稍堪入譜者不可多得。蘭坡臨終時，贈余荷瓣素心春蘭一盆，皆肩平心闊，莖細(xì)瓣凈，可以入譜者，余珍如拱壁，值余幕游于外，蕓能親為灌溉，花葉頗茂，不二年，一旦忽萎死，起根視之，皆白如玉，且蘭芽勃然，初不可解，以為無福消受，浩嘆而已，事后始悉有人欲分不允，故用滾湯灌殺也。從此誓不植蘭。Thecherrytreewas_______ontotheplumtree.(Fig)Noartcanbe_______withsuccessonanotherart.Sheforcedherselfto______andovercomeheranger.(Fig)Thetownhas________shoppingmalls

andnightclubsinrecentyears.Itonlytakesafewdaysforbeansto_______.graftedgraftedsubduesproutsproutedHeascribeshissuccessto

confidence.Heattributedhissuccesstohisconfidence.Hissuccessstemsfromhisconfidence.Hissuccessoriginatesfromhisconfidence.leadto,cause,resultin,contributeto,giveriseto,generate...Dueto,thanksto,owingto,becauseof,asaresultof...because,since,for,inthat,nowthat...ascribeto,

attributeto,stem/originatefrom...CauseandEffectExercises翻譯：我認(rèn)為孩子對網(wǎng)絡(luò)的沉迷應(yīng)歸因于父母缺乏陪伴。ascribe/attributeto:stem/originatefrom:thefactorbehind...is...:Iwouldascribe/attributeteenagers’addictiontotheInternettoalackofparentalcompanion.Ibelieveteenagers’addictiontotheInternetstems/originatesfromalackofparentalcompanion.Alackofparentalcompanionhelpsexplainteenagers’addictiontotheInternet.芝蘭生于深谷，不以無人而不芳。（孔子）余既滋蘭之九畹兮，又樹蕙之百畝。（屈原）清風(fēng)搖翠環(huán)，涼露滴蒼玉。美人胡不紉？幽香靄空谷。（唐彥謙）

山中蘭葉徑，城外李桃園。（王勃)千古幽貞是此花,不求聞達(dá)只煙霞。（鄭板橋）年來空谷半霜風(fēng),留得遺香散草叢。只恐樵人溷蘭艾,紅顏收在束薪中。（陳繼儒）孤蘭生幽園,眾草共蕪沒。（李白）賞菊惟每年籬東菊綻，積興成癖。喜摘插瓶，不愛盆玩。非盆玩不足觀，以家無園圃，不能自植，貨于市者，俱叢雜無致，故不取耳。其插花朵，數(shù)宜單，不宜雙，每瓶取一種不取二色，瓶口取闊大不取窄小，闊大者舒展不拘。自五、七花至三、四十花，必于瓶口中一叢怒起，以不散漫、不擠軋、不靠瓶口為妙，所謂“起把宜緊”也。或亭亭玉立，或飛舞橫斜?；ㄈ⒉睿g以花蕊，以免飛鈸耍盤之病；況取不亂；梗取不強(qiáng)；用針宜藏，針長寧斷之，毋令針針露粳，所謂“瓶口宜清”也。視桌之大小，一桌三瓶至七瓶而止，多則眉目不分，即同市井之菊屏矣。幾之高低，自三四寸至二尺五六寸而止，必須參差高下互相照應(yīng)，以氣勢聯(lián)絡(luò)為上，若中高兩低，后高前低，成排對列，又犯俗所謂“錦灰堆”矣?；蛎芑蚴?，或進(jìn)或出，全在會心者得畫意乃可。______________ofthecity’strafficThetwoswansareexactly_____________.Useonewordinthispartofthetexttodescribethepictureintheleft.a____________recordofthetrip___________weddingdresspictorialsymmetricaldisorderlinessgorgeousArtofarrangingchrysanthemumNumber:anodd,notaneven,numberColour:eachvaseshouldhaveflowersofonlyonecolourMouthofthevase:bebroadsothattheflowerscouldlieeasilytogetherArtofarrangingchrysanthemumHowtoarrangetheminavase:Theyshouldbesoarrangedastocomeuptogether________fromthemouthofthevase,neither_______________,nortoomuch____________,nor__________againstthemouthofthevase.Sometimestheycanstandgracefully______,andsometimesspreadout______________________.straightovercrowdedspreadoutleaningerectindifferentdirectionsArtofarrangingchrysanthemumhowtoavoidabaremonotonouseffect:Theyshouldbemixedwithsome____________andarrangedinakindof_______________________.Theleavesshouldnotbetoo_____andthestemsshouldnotbetoo_____.flowerbudsstudieddisorderlinessthickstiffArtofarrangingchrysanthemumhowtousepins:Inusingpinsotholdthestemsup,oneshould____________________,ratherthan____________.Numberofvases:dependingonthe_____ofthetable.breakthelongpinsoffexposethemsizeArtofarrangingchrysanthemumRequirementsforthestands:Thestandsforthevasesshouldbeof__________heights,fromthreeorfourinchestotwoandahalffeet,sothatthedifferentvasesatdifferentheightswould_________oneanotherandbelong____________tooneanotherasinapicturewith______ofcomposition.differentbalanceintimatelyunity何為“錦灰堆”？

Toputonevasehighinthecentrewithtwolowatthesides,ortoputalowoneinfrontandatallonebehind,ortoarrangetheminsymmetricalpairs,wouldbetocreatewhatisvulgarlycalled“aheapofgorgeousrefuse.”若中高兩低，后高前低，成排對列，又犯俗所謂“錦灰堆”矣。何為“錦灰堆”？

錦灰堆又名八破圖，是中國傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)珍品之。錦灰堆起于明代，最早出現(xiàn)在明代的鼻煙壺上，它源自中國傳統(tǒng)本身，并受到西方物質(zhì)文明的一定影響，非常真實的描繪古代文人雅士書房所常見的雜物。具三維視覺藝術(shù)特點的寫實畫法。如：古舊字畫、廢舊拓片、青銅器拓片、瓦當(dāng)拓片、蟲蛀的古書、廢棄的畫稿以及扇面信札等。這些雜物件件呈現(xiàn)破碎、撕裂、火燒、沾污、破舊不堪的形狀，給人以古樸典雅、古色古香、雅氣橫生、耐人尋味的感覺，有人稱之為“非書勝于書、非畫勝于畫”。諸如舊書的殘頁，揉皺的畫幅，發(fā)黃的報紙，甚至門券郵票等等，畫中雜物要畫出破碎、翻卷、重疊、沾污、撕裂、蟲蛀、火燒、煙熏等古舊貌，活像灰堆里拾出來的，這就是"錦灰堆"名稱的由來。朝飲木蘭之墜露兮，夕餐秋菊之落英。（屈原）不是花中偏愛菊，此花開盡更無花。（元?。┪抑卮嘶ㄈ砉?jié)，賸栽三徑伴閒身。（高翥）寧可枝頭抱香死，何曾吹落北風(fēng)中。（鄭思肖）凌霜不凋、氣韻高潔、孤傲冰清的氣節(jié)君子之花結(jié)廬在人境，而無車馬喧。問君何能爾？心遠(yuǎn)地自偏。采菊東籬下，悠然見南山。山氣日夕佳，飛鳥相與還。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。（陶淵明）予謂菊，花之隱逸者也。

（周敦頤）歸隱山林、閑情野趣與世無爭、恬然自處隱逸之花滿園花菊郁金黃，中有孤叢色似霜。還似今朝歌酒席，白頭翁入少年場。（白居易《重陽席上賦白菊》）服之者長壽，食之者通神。

（晉·傅玄）長壽之花東籬同坐嘗花筵，一片瓊霜入口鮮。輕身、耐老、延年的“延齡客”刺蟲仿畫余閑居，案頭瓶花不絕。蕓曰：“子之插花能備風(fēng)晴雨露，可謂精妙入神。而畫中有草蟲一法，盍仿而效之?！庇嘣?；“蟲躑躅不受制，焉能仿效？”蕓曰：“有一法，恐作俑罪過耳?！庇嘣唬骸霸囇灾?。”曰：“蟲死色不變，覓螳螂蟬蝶之屬，以針刺死，用細(xì)絲扣蟲項系花草間，整其足，或抱梗，或踏葉，宛然如生，不亦善乎？”余喜，如其法行之，見者無不稱絕。求之閨中，今恐未必有此會心者矣。HowdidYüngettoknowthewayofputtinginsectsongrassblades?Shelearnedthatfromatypeofpaintingcommonlycalled“insectsongrassblades”?What’sthedifficultyinputtinginsectsongrassblades?Itisdifficulttoholdtheinsect’slegsstiff?HowdidYünsolvethatdifficultproblem?

(1)findamantisorcicadaorabutterfly;(2)killitwithapin;(3)useafinewiretotieitsnecktotheflowers;(4)arrangeitslegssothattheyeitherholdontothestemorrestontheleaves.中國文化中的蟲子意象在我國古代，蟲是所有動物的統(tǒng)稱。古人將所有的動物分作毛蟲、羽蟲、倮蟲、介蟲、鱗蟲這五類，按金木水火土劃分。毛蟲屬木，羽蟲屬火，倮蟲屬土，介蟲屬金，鱗蟲屬水。毛蟲以麒麟為首，羽蟲以鳳凰為首，倮蟲以人為首，介蟲以龜為首，鱗蟲以龍為首。蝴蝶：長相思，怨成悲。蝶縈草，樹連絲。

（南朝·陳叔寶）讀書人去?；呐_,歲歲春風(fēng)長野苔。山上桃花紅似火,雙雙蝴蝶又飛來。

（清·史承豫）butterfly文化寓意：浮生若夢；愛情的象征。螞蟻:

螞蟻緣槐夸大國，蚍蜉撼樹談何易?。珴蓶|）將不勝其忿而蟻附之，殺士三分之一而城堡拔者，此攻之災(zāi)也。

（《孫子兵法》）文化寓意：烏合之眾；自不量力aunt蟋蟀蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其莫。蟋蟀在堂，歲聿其逝?！对娊?jīng)·唐風(fēng)·蟋蟀》七月在野，八月在宇，九月在戶，十月蟋蟀入我床下。《詩經(jīng)·豳風(fēng)·七月》促織甚微細(xì)，哀音何動人。

（杜甫《促織》）秋夜促織鳴，南鄰搗衣急。思君隔九重，夜夜空佇立。南北朝·謝朓《秋夜》

cricket文化寓意：悲秋，生命易逝；相思離愁，去國懷鄉(xiāng)之思蜉蝣：蜉蝣玩三朝，采采修羽翼。

（魏晉·阮籍《詠懷》）文化寓意：朝生暮死，生命短暫mayfly蟬：螢火蟲：文化寓意：清高、高潔；精神不死，再生復(fù)活；平步青云，一鳴沖天池水朝含墨，流螢夜聚書。

（南北朝?庾信）車胤囊螢照讀的故事金蟬脫殼、玉琀蟬蛻于污穢,以浮游塵埃之外。（司馬遷《屈原列傳》）

cicada文化寓意：奮發(fā)進(jìn)取，勤學(xué)勵志glowworm,firefly螽斯（螞蚱，蟈蟈，紡織娘）：螽斯羽，薨薨兮。宜爾子孫。繩繩兮?！秶L(fēng)·螽斯》文化寓意：多子多福locust,katydid蠶：春蠶到死絲方盡，蠟炬成灰淚始干。李商隱《無題》文化寓意：農(nóng)事，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)；

勤勞敬業(yè)，無私奉獻(xiàn)，溫順智慧。鄉(xiāng)村四月閑人少，才了蠶桑又插田。silkworm螳螂：mantis文化寓意：金玉滿堂堆長廊，家財興旺；勇武無畏昂頭雙眼映林明,會出當(dāng)車奮臂行。（明代?朱之蕃）Question:WhataretheculturaldifferencesofinsectsintheliteraryworksbetweenChinaandtheWest?ConnotativeMeaningof“Aunt”intheWest:Gototheant,thousluggard;considerherways,andbewise:Whichhavingnoguide,overseer,orruler,Providethhermeatinthesummer,andgatherethherfoodintheharvest.箴言(Proverbs)—第6章6:6-6:8wisdom；industryOvertheyears,I'vebeenteachingkidsaboutasimplebutpowerfulconcept:theAntPhilosophy.Ithinkeverybodyshouldstudyants.Theyhaveanamazingfour-partphilosophy.Wow,whatagreatphilosophytohave-theantphilosophy.Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.—JimRohnCohesionCohesioncanbethoughtofasallthegrammaticalandlexicallinksthatlinkonepartofatexttoanother.Itisthegluethatholdsapieceofwritingtogether.Ilikedancing.

Ihadapairofdanceshoes.Mydanceshoeswereexquisiteandexpensive.Ipracticedveryhard.Myshoeswerewornout.Istoppedgoingtodancelessons.Ineednewdanceshoes.Icanhavelessonsagain.ATextwithoutanycohesivedevice:Cohesionisexpressedpartlythroughgrammarandpartlythroughvocabulary.WecanreferthereforetoGRAMMATICALCOHESIONandLEXICALCOHESION.TypesofCohesiveDevices:Reference（照應(yīng)）Substitution（替代）Ellipsis（省略）Conjunction（連接）Lexicalcohesion（詞匯手段）Reference:用代詞等語法手段表示語義關(guān)系personalreference人稱照應(yīng)(it/its,he/him/his,she/her/hers,etc.)demonstrativereference

指示照應(yīng)(the,this/these,that/those,here/there,now/then)comparativereference

比較照應(yīng)(same,similar,such,different,more,than,other,less,ordinalnumbers,as+adj.,-er,-est)Atfirst,Icouldnotunderstandthis,butascribeditwithasighmerelytomyownbadluck,whichmightbeunworthytokeepsuchflowers.personalreferencedemonstrativereferencecomparativereferenceCouldyoufindmoreexamplesofreferenceinthetext?Theorchidwasprizedmostamongalltheflowersbecauseofitssubduedfragranceandgracefulcharm...Lateron,Ifoundoutthatsomeonehadaskedforsomeoff-shootsfromthesamepot,hadbeenrefused,andhadthereforekilleditbypouringboilingwateroverit.Substitution:用替代形式(pro-form)去替代上下文所出現(xiàn)的詞語。使用替代既是為了避免重復(fù)，也是為了連接上下文。Allthechildrenhadanice-cream.Evachosestrawberry.ArthurhadorangeandWilliamtoo.Nominal:one,ones,thesameVerbal:do,did,doesClausal:so,notHaveyouanyknife?Ineedasharpone.Jacksaidhewouldgotothelibraryafterlunch.ButIamnotsurewhetherhedid.A:Heisagoodactor.B:Idon’tthinkso.Couldyoufindexamplesofsubstitutioninthetext?Itwouldthenlooklikealiveone.Placefromthreetosevenvasesonatable,dependingonthesizeofthelatter.Ellipsis(substitutionbyzero):零替代“Didshegetthereatsix?”“No,(shegotthere)earlier(thansix).”HeprefersDutchcheeseandIpreferDanish.—Doyouunderstand?—Itriedto.—Youhaven’ttoldhimyet?—Notyet.nominalellipsisverbalellipsisclausalellipsisCouldyoufindexamplesofEllipsisinthetext?“Ithinkyouhavereallyunderstoodtheart,butthereisatypeofpaintingcommonlycalled‘insectsongrassblades,’whichyouhaven’tappliedyet.Whydon’tyoutry?”Conjunction:由連接成分把兩個或多個句子，或者段落連接起來的現(xiàn)象。additive

遞進(jìn)causal

因果temporal時間Don’tbelate,andputonyouroldclothes.adversative轉(zhuǎn)折Allfigureswerecorrect.Yetthetotalwaswrong.He'sonly17andthereforenoteligibletovote.Thefirstmanlandedonthemoon.Atthesamemoment,ayoungboydiedinAlabama.CouldyoufindexamplesofConjunctioninthetext?Atfirst,Icouldnotunderstandthis,but

ascribeditwithasighmerelytomyownbadluck,whichmightbeunworthytokeepsuchflowers.Lateron,Ifoundoutthatsomeonehadaskedforsomeoff-shootsfromthesamepot,hadbeenrefused,andhadthereforekilleditbypouringboilingwateroverit.Hereceivedalotofpresents.Allthegiftswerewrappedincoloredpaper.Therelivedagirlnextdoor.Thegirlwassinging.Yesterday,apigeoncarriedthefirstmessage.Thebirdcoveredthedistanceinthreeminutes.ThenextmorningitisChristmas.Thechildrenwakeupwithshoutsof"He'scome!"andimmediatelystartopeningalltheirparcels.LexicalCohesionRepetitionSuperordinate

co-occurrenceToerrishuman,toforgiveisdivine.SynonymantonymExamplesofLexicalCollocationinthetext?Whenarrangingchrysanthemumflowersincases,oneshouldtakeanodd,notaneven,numberandeachvaseshouldhaveflowersofonlyonecolour.Toputonevasehigh

inthecentrewithtwolow

atthesides,or...Thechrysanthemum,however,wasmypassionintheautumnofeveryyear.Theyshouldbesoarrangedastocomeuptogetherstraightfromthemouthofthevase...,norleaningagainstthemouthofthevase.Ilikedancing.Ihadapairofdanceshoes.Mydanceshoeswereexquisiteandexpensive.Ipracticedveryhard.Myshoeswerewornout.Istoppedgoingtodancelessons.Ineednewdanceshoes.Icanhavelessonsagain.IlikedancingandIhadapairofcustom-madedanceshoesthatwerereallyexquisitebutalsoquiteexpensive.SinceIpractisedalot,myshoeswerewornoutasaresult.Therefore,IneedanewpairbeforeIcancontinuewithmydancelessonsagain.制花屏余與蕓寄屆錫山華氏，時華夫人以兩女從蕓識字。鄉(xiāng)居院曠，夏日逼人，勞教其家，作活花屏法甚妙。每屏—扇，用木梢二枝約長四五寸作矮條凳式，虛其中，橫四擋，寬一尺許，四角鑿圓眼，插竹編方眼，屏約高六七尺，用砂盆種扁豆置屏中，盤延屏上，兩人可移動。多編數(shù)屏，隨意遮攔，恍如綠陰滿窗，透風(fēng)蔽日，紆回曲折，隨時可更，故曰活花屏，有此一法，即一切藤本香草隨地可用。此真鄉(xiāng)居之良法也。WordsandPhrases:ManypeopleswearbyvitaminC'sabilityto_________colds.Thefenceinthegardeniscoveredwith__________morningglory.The__________afternoonheathadquitetiredhimout.entwiningoppressivewardoffHowdidYünmakethemovablescreensofgrowingflowers?tooktwolittlepiecesofwoodaboutfourorfiveincheslong,andlaidthemparallellikealowstool;filledthehollowtopbyfourhorizontalbarsoverafootlong;madelittleroundholesatthefourcorners;stuckatrellis-workmadeofbambooofsixorsevenfeethigh;placedapotofpeasonthebottomwhichwouldthengrowupandentwineroundthebambootrellis姑妄言之妄聽之,豆棚瓜架雨如絲。料應(yīng)厭作人間語,愛聽秋墳鬼唱詩。

（清）王士禎凄涼時節(jié)凄涼雨。人在凄涼里。荒村無處訪秋花。只有豆棚瓜架、是生涯。（清）錢斐仲用竹木搭成的供蔓生的豆藤瓜藤攀附生長的棚架，是人們夏日納涼、談古說今的佳處。“天皇皇地皇皇,俺請七姐姐下天堂。不圖你的針,不圖你的線,光學(xué)你的七十二樣好手段。”

（膠東七夕“乞巧”童謠）七夕“乞巧”（女兒節(jié)）踏春野游蘇城有南園、北園三處，菜花黃時，苦無酒家小飲。攜盒而往，對花冷飲，殊無意昧?；蜃h就近覓飲者，或議看花歸飲者，終不如對花熱飲為快。眾議末定。蕓笑曰：“明日但各出杖頭錢，我自擔(dān)爐火來?！北娦υ唬骸爸Z?！北娙?，余問曰：“卿果自往乎？”蕓曰：“非也，妾見市中賣餛飩者，其擔(dān)鍋、灶無不備，盍雇之而往？妾先烹調(diào)端整，到彼處再一下鍋，茶酒兩便?！庇嘣唬骸熬撇斯瘫阋?，茶乏烹具?！笔|曰：“攜一砂罐去，以鐵叉串串罐柄，去其鍋，懸于行灶中，加柴火煎茶，不亦便乎？”余鼓掌稱善。街頭有鮑姓者，賣餛飩為業(yè)，以百錢雇其擔(dān)，約以明日午后，鮑欣然允議。明日看花者至，余告以故，眾咸嘆服。飯后同往，并帶席墊至南園，擇柳陰下團(tuán)坐。先烹茗，飲畢，然后暖酒烹肴。是時風(fēng)和日麗，遍地黃金，青衫紅袖，越阡度陌，蝶蜂亂飛，令人不飲自醉。既而酒肴俱熟，坐地大嚼，擔(dān)者頗不俗，拉與同飲。游人見之莫不羨為奇想。杯盤狼籍，各已陶然，或坐或臥，或歌或嘯。紅日將頹，余思粥，但者即為買米煮之，果腹而歸。蕓曰：“今日之游樂乎？”眾曰：“非夫人之力不及此?！贝笮Χ?。Providethemissingwordsineachsentenceaccordingtotheinitialletters.Thedirectorusedi__________devicestokeeptheaudienceinsuspense.Peoplecomefrommanycitiestoadmirethetreesandtheg______decoratedstorewindowsontheprincipalavenuesoflargecities.Shehadalwaysappearedlikeahappylittlebirdsingingandf_______about.Thestorytellsthen______experiencesofa14-year-oldboyonandesertedisland.ingeniousgailyflittingnovelChronologicalorder&spatialorderindescription:Thesunwasbeautifulandthebreezewasgentle,whiletheyellowrapeflowersinthefieldlookedlikeastretchofgold,withgailydressedyoungmenandwomenpassingbythericefieldsandbeesandbutterflies

flitting

toandfro.Retellthestorywiththeassistanceofthefollowingquestions:Whywouldtheygotothegardens?Whydidtheauthorfeelpitiful?Whatwastheidealthingaccordingtotheauthor?Whohadgiventhesatisfactorysuggestionfinally?Whatwasit?What’sYun’ssuggestiontoboilthetea?Howdidtheguestsfeelaboutthearrangements?Howdidtheauthorandtheguestsenjoytheafternoon?Whendidtheyreturn?中國傳統(tǒng)民俗活動——踏青出其東門，有女如云。雖則如云，匪我思存?？c衣綦巾，聊樂我員。出其闉闍，有女如荼。雖則如荼，匪我思且。縞衣茹藘，聊可與娛?！秶L(fēng)·鄭風(fēng)·出其東門》上巳節(jié)，俗稱三月三，是漢民族傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。這一天，人們結(jié)伴去水邊沐浴，稱為“祓禊”。上巳節(jié)的歷史由來已久，在上古時代上巳已成為大規(guī)模的民俗節(jié)日，春和景明，人們走出家門，集于水邊，舉行清除不祥的祓除儀式。最美清明踏青路線：一生必須要行走一遍的線路婺源——黟縣（西遞宏村）——黃山（屯溪）——歙縣（新安江山水畫廊）——淳安（千島湖）——富春江——杭州——海寧——上海制食盒貧士起居服食以及器皿房舍，宜省儉而雅潔，省儉之法曰“就事論事”。余愛小飲，不喜多菜．蕓為置一梅花盒：用二寸白磁深碟六只，中置一只，外置五只，用灰漆就，其形如梅花，底蓋均起凹楞，蓋之上有柄如花蒂。置之案頭，如一朵墨梅覆桌；啟盞視之，如菜裝于瓣中，一盒六色，二三知己可以隨意取食，食完再添。另做矮遍圓盤一只，以便放杯箸酒壺之類，隨處可擺，移掇亦便。即食物省儉之一端也。余之小帽領(lǐng)襪皆蕓自做，衣之破者移東補西，必整必潔，色取瞄淡以免垢跡，既可出客，又可家常。此又服飾省儉之一端也。WhenIwasachild,Icouldstareatthesunwithwideopeneyes.Theresuddenlyappearedabigmonster.IamlearningfromChangLanp’othesecretsoftrimmingbranchesandprotectingjoints.Thechrysanthemum,however,wasmypassionintheautumnofeveryyear.Gailydressedyoungmenandwomenarepassingbythericefieldsandbeesandbutterfliesflittingtoandfro.Doyouthinkthefollowingsentencesreadable?Why?Whatmakesagroupofsentencesareadableandmeaningfultext?Therearetensentencesinthefirstparagraph.Howarethesesentencesconnectedtogether,makingthetextmeaningfulandreadable?Coherence:therelationshipsofvariousideasinatextthatarelinkedtogethertocreateameaningfuldiscourse.1.CohesiveDevicesReference（照應(yīng)）Substitution（替代）Ellipsis（省略）Conjunction（連接）Lexicalcohesion（詞匯手段）Pickoutallthecohesivemarkersinthefirstparagraph:(1)Apoorscholarshouldtrytobeeconomicalinthematteroffood,clothing,houseandfurniture,butatthesametimebecleanandartistic.(2)Inordertobeeconomical,oneshould“manageaccordingtotheneedsoftheoccasion,”asthesayinggoes.(3)Iwasveryfondofhavingnicelittlesupperswithalittleliquor,butdidnotcareformanydishes.(4)Yünusedtomakeatraywithaplum-blossomdesign.(5)Itconsistedofsixdeepdishesofwhiteporcelain,twoinchesindiameter,oneinthecentreandtheotherfivegroupedroundit,paintedgreyandlookinglikeaplumflower.(6)Bothitsbottomanditstopwerebevelledandtherewasahandleonthetopresemblingthestemofaplumflower,sothat,whenplacedonthetable,itlookedlikearegularplumblossomdroppedonthetable,andonopening,thedifferentvegetableswerefoundtobecontainedinthepetalsoftheflower.(7)Acaselikethiswithsixdifferentdisheswouldbequiteenoughtoserveadinnerfortwoorthreeclosefriends.(8)Ifsecondhelpingwasneeded,morecouldbeaddedbesidesthis,wemadeanotherroundtraywithalowborderforholdingchopsticks,cupsandthewinepot.(9)Thesewereeasilymovedaboutandonecouldhavethedinnerservedatanyplaceonewished.(10)Thisisanexampleofeconomyinthematteroffood.therefore,furthermore,forexample,firstoofall,ontheotherhand,consequentlyAnotherdifferenceamongtheworld’sseasandoceansisthatthesalinityvariesindifferentclimatezones.___________,theBalticSeainNorthernEuropeisonlyone-fourthastheRedSeaintheMiddleEast.Therearetworeasonsforthis._________,inwarmclimatezones,waterevaporatesrapidly;_________,theconcentrationofsaltisgreater.Second,thesurroundinglandisdryand,____________,doesnotcontributemuchfreshwatertodilutethesaltyseawater.Incoldclimatezones,________________,waterevaporatesslowly.___________,therun-offcreatedbymeltingsnowaddsaconsiderableamountoffreshwatertodilutethesalineseawater.thereforeFor

exampleFirst

of

all

consequentlyon

the

other

handFurthermoreIboughtaFord.ThecarinwhichPresidentWilsonrodedowntheChampsElyseeswasblack.BlackEnglishhasbeenwidelydiscussed.Thediscussionsbetweenthepresidentsendedlastweek.Aweekhassevendays.EverydayIfeedmycat.Catshavefourlegs.Thelegesofthetablewerepaintedred.“銜接”之于“連貫”：necessarybutinsufficientcondition(必要但不充分條件)2.ConsistencyinPerson,number,voice,tenseandmoodButsomeuncivilizedbehaviorsalsoensued.Thenewregulationscanregulateyourbehaviorbeforeyoubehavepoorlyunconsciously.Ifwecanobeythetourismregulations,wecaneffectivelyprotectthetangibleandintangibleculturalheritage.Ifthehumanswanttolivewell,wemustkeepnatureinbalance.Asaneducatedperson,weshouldhavemoralprinciples.Astothis,differentpeopleholddifferentattitude.Theprocessofeducationbeginsatbirthandcontinuedthroughoutlife.Mr.Smithwaskilledtheothernight.Thesteeringonthecarwasfaulty.Henrytookthepicnicthingsfromthetrunk.Thebeerwaswarm.Itwashot.Darwinwasliningupforanice-cream.Thewinterof1960wasverycold.Manyhomelessdied.3.RelevanceofInformationRelevanceofInformationinthefirstpara....topicsentence(S1)Apoorscholarshouldtrytobeeconomical,butatthesametimebecleanandartistic.S2S3S4S9S5thetraywithaplum-blossomdesign:economical&artisticillustrationgeneral-to-specificWhichonecannotsupportthetopic:TheAdvantagesofaBigCityLife?A.MorejobopportunitiesB.EasieraccesstonewsandinformationC.MoreconvenienceD.HighcostWhichonecannotsupportthetopic:TheCausesforFamiliesNotClose?A.MoreformsofentertainmentB.Neglectingthetraditi