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第02講等差數(shù)列及其前n項(xiàng)和(精講)目錄第一部分:知識點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)記憶第二部分:課前自我評估測試第三部分:典型例題剖析題型一:等差數(shù)列基本量的運(yùn)算題型二:等差數(shù)列的判斷與證明題型三:等差數(shù)列的性質(zhì)及其應(yīng)用角度1:等差數(shù)列的性質(zhì)角度2:等差數(shù)列前n項(xiàng)和的性質(zhì)角度3:等差數(shù)列的最值問題第四部分:高考真題感悟第一部分:知識點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)記憶第一部分:知識點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)記憶1.等差數(shù)列的概念(1)定義:一般地,如果一個(gè)數(shù)列從第2項(xiàng)起,每一項(xiàng)與它前一項(xiàng)的差都等于同一個(gè)常數(shù),那么這個(gè)數(shù)列就叫做等差數(shù)列,這個(gè)常數(shù)叫做等差數(shù)列的公差,通常用字母SKIPIF1<0表示.?dāng)?shù)學(xué)語言表示為SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)(或者SKIPIF1<0),SKIPIF1<0為常數(shù).(2)等差中項(xiàng):若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0成等差數(shù)列,則SKIPIF1<0叫做SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的等差中項(xiàng),且SKIPIF1<0.注:證明一個(gè)數(shù)列是等差數(shù)列可以使用①定義法:SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)(或者SKIPIF1<0)②等差中項(xiàng)法:SKIPIF1<02.等差數(shù)列的有關(guān)公式(1)若等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的首項(xiàng)是SKIPIF1<0,公差是SKIPIF1<0,則其通項(xiàng)公式為SKIPIF1<0,可推廣為SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0*).(2)等差數(shù)列的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和公式SKIPIF1<0(其中SKIPIF1<0).3.等差數(shù)列的常用性質(zhì)已知SKIPIF1<0為等差數(shù)列,SKIPIF1<0為公差,SKIPIF1<0為該數(shù)列的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和.(1)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0).特別地,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0).(2)相隔等距離的項(xiàng)組成的數(shù)列是等差數(shù)列,即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,…仍是等差數(shù)列,公差為SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0).(3)SKIPIF1<0也成等差數(shù)列,其首項(xiàng)與SKIPIF1<0首項(xiàng)相同,公差為SKIPIF1<0.(4)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0…也成等差數(shù)列,公差為SKIPIF1<0.(5)若數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0均為等差數(shù)列且其前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和分別為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<04.等差數(shù)列與函數(shù)的關(guān)系(1)等差數(shù)列與一次函數(shù)的關(guān)系SKIPIF1<0可化為SKIPIF1<0的形式.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0是關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的一次函數(shù);當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),數(shù)列為遞增數(shù)列;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),數(shù)列為遞減數(shù)列.(2)等差數(shù)列前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和公式可變形為SKIPIF1<0.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),它是關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0的二次函數(shù),表示為SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為常數(shù)).第二部分:課前自我評估測試第二部分:課前自我評估測試1.(2022·四川成都·高一期中)已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0為等差數(shù)列,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值為(
)A.4 B.6 C.8 D.102.(2022·寧夏·平羅中學(xué)高一期中(文))下列數(shù)列不是等差數(shù)列的是(
)A.0,0,0,…,0,…B.-2,-1,0,…,n-3,…C.1,3,5,…,2n-1,…D.0,1,3,…,SKIPIF1<0,…3.(2022·江蘇南京·模擬預(yù)測)2022年4月26日下午,神州十三號載人飛船返回艙在京完成開艙.據(jù)科學(xué)計(jì)算,運(yùn)載“神十三”的“長征二號”SKIPIF1<0遙十三運(yùn)載火箭,在點(diǎn)火第一秒鐘通過的路程為2千米,以后每秒鐘通過的路程都增加2千米,在達(dá)到離地面380千米的高度時(shí),火箭與飛船分離,則這一過程需要的時(shí)間大約是(
)A.10秒 B.13秒 C.15秒 D.19秒4.(2022·北京·101中學(xué)三模)已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0_______.5.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,那么這個(gè)數(shù)列的通項(xiàng)公式是______.第三部分:典型例題剖析第三部分:典型例題剖析題型一:等差數(shù)列基本量的運(yùn)算例題1.(2022·寧夏吳忠·高一期中)已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)求SKIPIF1<0的通項(xiàng)公式;(2)求數(shù)列的SKIPIF1<0前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和SKIPIF1<0.例題2.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))在等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)求SKIPIF1<0的值;(2)2022是否為數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中的項(xiàng)?若是,則為第幾項(xiàng)?例題3.(2022·北京二中高二學(xué)業(yè)考試)已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0是等比數(shù)列,SKIPIF1<0,(1)求數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的通項(xiàng)公式及其前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和SKIPIF1<0;(2)若SKIPIF1<0分別為等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的第3項(xiàng)和第5項(xiàng),求數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的通項(xiàng)公式及其前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和SKIPIF1<0.例題4.(2022·遼寧·高二期中)已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的公差SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0.(1)求SKIPIF1<0的通項(xiàng)公式;(2)若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0成等比數(shù)列,求SKIPIF1<0的值.題型歸類練1.(2022·廣西·高二學(xué)業(yè)考試)已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,前4項(xiàng)為1,3,5,7,則數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0前10項(xiàng)的和SKIPIF1<0(
)A.100 B.23 C.21 D.172.(2022·云南師大附中模擬預(yù)測(理))《九章算術(shù)》是我國秦漢時(shí)期一部杰出的數(shù)學(xué)著作,書中第三章“衰分”有如下問題:“今有大夫、不更、簪裹、上造、公士,凡五人,共出百錢.欲令高爵出少,以次漸多,問各幾何?”意思是:“有大夫、不更、簪裏、上造、公士(爵位依次變低)5個(gè)人共出100錢,按照爵位從高到低每人所出錢數(shù)成遞增等差數(shù)列,這5個(gè)人各出多少錢?”在這個(gè)問題中,若不更出17錢,則公士出的錢數(shù)為(
)A.10 B.14 C.23 D.263.(2022·北京·北師大實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí))在3和9之間插入兩個(gè)正數(shù)后,使前三個(gè)數(shù)成等比數(shù)列,后三個(gè)數(shù)成等差數(shù)列,則這兩個(gè)正數(shù)之和為(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.104.(2022·吉林松原·高二階段練習(xí))在數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0__________.5.(2022·江蘇·南京市天印高級中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測)2022年北京冬奧會開幕式始于24節(jié)氣倒計(jì)時(shí),它將中國人的物候文明、傳承久遠(yuǎn)的詩歌、現(xiàn)代生活的畫面和諧統(tǒng)一起來.我國古人將一年分為24個(gè)節(jié)氣,如圖所示,相鄰兩個(gè)節(jié)氣的日晷長變化量相同,冬至日晷長最長,夏至日晷長最短,周而復(fù)始.已知冬至日晷長為13.5尺,芒種日晷長為2.5尺,則一年中夏至到立冬的日晷長的和為______尺6.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測)已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前n項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0.(1)求證:數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0是等差數(shù)列;(2)若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0成等比數(shù)列,求正整數(shù)m.題型二:等差數(shù)列的判斷與證明例題1.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))對于數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0,“SKIPIF1<0”是“數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0為等差數(shù)列”的(
)A.充分非必要條件; B.必要非充分條件;C.充要條件; D.既非充分又非必要條件.例題2.(2022·遼寧·沈陽市第一二〇中學(xué)高二期中)已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和公式為SKIPIF1<0,則數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0(
)A.是公差為4的等差數(shù)列 B.是公比為2的等比數(shù)列C.既是等差數(shù)列又是等比數(shù)列 D.既不是等差數(shù)列又不是等比數(shù)列例題3.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))若數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則使SKIPIF1<0的SKIPIF1<0值為(
)A.22 B.21C.24 D.23例題4.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(理))已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0且SKIPIF1<0),SKIPIF1<0為數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前n項(xiàng)和,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0______.例題5.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))在數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),有SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0______.例題6.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(理))已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0.(1)證明:數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0為等差數(shù)列,并求SKIPIF1<0的通項(xiàng)公式;例題7.(2022·陜西·長安一中高二期末(理))設(shè)SKIPIF1<0為數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和,且滿足SKIPIF1<0.(1)求證:數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0為等差數(shù)列;題型三:等差數(shù)列的性質(zhì)及其應(yīng)用角度1:等差數(shù)列的性質(zhì)例題1.(2022·四川省成都市新都一中高一期中(理))已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例題2.(2022·江西·二模(理))已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于(
)A.6 B.7 C.8 D.9例題3.(2022·遼寧·沈陽市第五十六中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí))若等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)的和分別是SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例題4.(2022·安徽宿州·高二期中)已知兩個(gè)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和分別為SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例題5.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))兩個(gè)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和分別為SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例題6.(2022·黑龍江·鶴崗一中高二開學(xué)考試)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和分別記為SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0角度2:等差數(shù)列前n項(xiàng)和的性質(zhì)例題1.(2022·陜西省丹鳳中學(xué)高一階段練習(xí))已知數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0是等差數(shù)列,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例題2.(2022·遼寧·鞍山市華育高級中學(xué)高二期中)已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例題3.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))在等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
).A.110 B.120 C.130 D.140例題4.(2022·黑龍江·哈爾濱市第三十二中學(xué)校高二期中)已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0.若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0_____.例題5.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(文))設(shè)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0___________.角度3:等差數(shù)列的最值問題例題1.(2022·北京市第十二中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí))已知等差數(shù)列的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則使SKIPIF1<0取得最大值的SKIPIF1<0為__________.例題2.(2022·廣西·昭平中學(xué)高二階段練習(xí)(理))已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的通項(xiàng)公式為SKIPIF1<0,則其前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和SKIPIF1<0的最大值為____________.例題3.(2022·山東濰坊·高二期中)在數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0中,若SKIPIF1<0,前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為______.例題4.(2022·江西上饒·高三階段練習(xí)(理))設(shè)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0=___時(shí),SKIPIF1<0最小.例題5.(2022·遼寧·高二期中)已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0.若SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則滿足SKIPIF1<0的最大正整數(shù)的SKIPIF1<0的值為________.例題6.(2022·北京市第一六一中學(xué)高二期中)已知數(shù)列{SKIPIF1<0}的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,且滿足SKIPIF1<0(1)若數(shù)列{SKIPIF1<0}是等比數(shù)列,求SKIPIF1<0以及SKIPIF1<0:(2)若數(shù)列{SKIPIF1<0}是等差數(shù)列,求SKIPIF1<0的最小值,并求SKIPIF1<0取得最小值時(shí)SKIPIF1<0的值.例題7.(2022·安徽省六安中學(xué)高二期末(理))設(shè)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,已知SKIPIF1<0.(1)求數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的通項(xiàng)公式;(2)當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0為何值時(shí),SKIPIF1<0最大,并求SKIPIF1<0的最大值.題型歸類練1.(2022·山西運(yùn)城·高二期末)若等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,首項(xiàng)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則滿足SKIPIF1<0成立的最大正整數(shù)SKIPIF1<0是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(理))已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和分別為SKIPIF1<0,若對于任意的自然數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,都有SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<03.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(理))已知等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0的前SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)和為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則下面結(jié)論錯(cuò)誤的是()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0均為SKIPIF1<0的最小值4.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))設(shè)等差數(shù)列{an}的前n項(xiàng)和為Sn,且滿足S15>0,S16<0,則SKIPIF1<0中最大的項(xiàng)為()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))兩等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,前n項(xiàng)和分別為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值為(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.(2022·全國·高二課時(shí)練習(xí))已知兩個(gè)等差數(shù)列SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0的前n項(xiàng)和分別為SKIPIF1<0
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