《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語》課件第6章

UNIT6

TOPICS

TEXTComputerNetworkandInternet

EXERCISES

SUPPLEMENTARYCommonlyUsedComputerNetworkCONVERSATIONBargainingSkills

WRITINGHowtoWriteaLostandFoundNoticeTOPICS

Whatisacomputernetwork?

Whendidthefirstcomputernetworkarise?

WhatistheInternet?

WhatistheWorldWideWeb?

WhatdidtheInternetbringtous?

Bargainingskills.

HowtowriteaLostandFoundNotice?

Simplyput,acomputernetworkisacollectionofautonomouscomputers.Ifyouthinkaboutcomputernetwork,thenyoushouldconsiderthefactthatitsimplemeansvariouscomputersconnectedtoeachotherwhichshouldfacilitatesharingofresources.TEXT

ComputerNetworkandInternet

Computernetworksareoftenclassifiedaslocalareanetwork(LAN),wideareanetwork(WAN),metropolitanareanetwork(MAN),WirelessNetworksandInternetworks.

TheInternetisagiantnetworkofcomputerslocatedallovertheworldthatcommunicatewitheachother.

TheInternetisaninternationalcollectionofcomputernetworksthatallunderstandastandardsystemofaddressesandcommands,connectedtogetherthroughbackbonesystems.Itwasstartedin1969,whentheU.S.DepartmentofDefenseestablishedanationwidenetworktoconnectahandfulofuniversitiesand

contractors.Theoriginalideawastoincreasecomputingcapacitythatcouldbesharedbyusersinmanylocationsandtofindoutwhatitwouldtakeforcomputernetworkstosurviveanuclearwarorotherdisasterbyprovidingmultiplepathsbetweenusers.PeopleontheARPANET(asthisnationwidenetworkwasoriginallycalled)quicklydiscoveredthattheycouldexchangemessagesandconductelectronic“conferences”withdistantcolleaguesforpurposesthathadnothingtodowiththemilitaryindustrialcomplex.Ifsomebodyelsehadsomethinginterestingstoredontheircomputer,itwasasimplemattertoobtainacopy(assumingtheownerdidnotprotectit).

Overtheyears,additionalnetworksjoinedwhichaddedaccesstomoreandmorecomputers.Thefirstinternationalconnections,toNorwayandEngland,wereaddedin1973.TodaythousandsofnetworksandmillionsofcomputersareconnectedtotheInternet.Itisgrowingsoquicklythatnobodycansayexactlyhowmanyusers“OntheNet”.

TheInternetisthelargestrepositoryofinformationwhichcanprovideverylargenetworkresources.Thenetworkresourcescanbedividedintonetworkfacilitiesresourcesandnetwork

informationresources.Thenetworkfacilitiesresourcesprovideustheabilityofremotecomputationandcommunication.Thenetworkinformationresourcesprovideusallkindsofinformationservices,suchasscience,education,business,history,law,art,andentertainment,etc.

ThegoalofyouruseoftheInternetisexchangingmessagesorobtaininginformation.WhatyouneedtoknowisthatyoucanexchangemessagewithothercomputersontheInternetanduseyourcomputerasaremote

terminalondistantcomputers.Buttheinternaldetailsofthelinkarelessimportant,aslongasitworks.Ifyouconnectcomputerstogetheronanetwork,eachcomputermusthaveauniqueaddress,whichcouldbeeitherawordoranumber.Forexample,theaddressofSam’scomputercouldbeSam,oranumber.

TheInternetisahugeinterconnectedsystem,butitusesjustahandfulofmethodtomovedataaround.UntiltherecentexplosionofpublicinterestintheInternet,thevastmajorityofthecomputersontheNetusetheUnixoperatingsystem.Asaresult,thestandardUnixcommandsforcertainInternetserviceshaveenteredtheonlinecommunity’slanguagesasbothnounsandverbstodescribetheservicesthemselves.SomeoftheservicesthattheInternetcanprovideare:Mail,Remoteuseofanothercomputer(Telnet),FileTransferProtocol(FTP),News,andLiveconversation.

Themostcommonlyusednetworkserviceiselectronicmail(E-mail),orsimplyasmail.Mailpermitsnetworkuserstosendtextualmessagestoeachother.Computersandnetworkshandledeliveringthemail,sothatcommunicatingmailusersdonothavetohandledetailsofdelivery,anddonothavetobepresentatthesametimeorplace.

Presently,auserwithanaccountonanyInternetmachinecanestablishaliveconnectiontoanyothermachineontheNetfromtheterminalinhisofficeorlaboratory.ItisonlynecessarytousetheUnixcommandthatsetsuparemoteterminalconnection(Telnet),followedbytheaddressofthedistantmachine.BeforeyoucanusetheInternet,youmustchooseawaytomovedatabetweentheInternetandyourPC.Thislinkmaybeahigh-speeddatacommunicationcircuit,alocalareanetwork(LAN),atelephonelineoraradiochannel.Mostlikely,youwilluseaModemattachedtoyourtelephonelinetotalktotheInternet.Naturally,thequalityofyourInternetconnectionandservice,likemanyotherthingsinlife,isdictatedbytheamountofmoneythatyouarewillingtospend.

Thesimplestwaytoaccessafileonanotherhostistocopyitacrossthenetworktoyourlocalhost.FTPcandothis.

Althoughalltheseservicescanwellsatisfytheneedsoftheusersforinformationexchange,adefiniterequirementisneededfortheusers.Notonlyshouldtheusersknowwheretheresourceslocates,butalsoheshouldknowsomeoperatingcommandsconcernedtoeasethesearchingburdenoftheusers,recentlysomeconvenientsearchingtoolsappears,suchasWWW.

WWW(WorldWideWeb)isanetworkedhypertextprotocolanduserinterface.ItprovidesaccesstomultipleservicesanddocumentslikeGopherdoes,butismoreambitiousinitsmethod.AjumptootherInternetservicecanbetriggeredbyamouseclickona“hotlink”word,image,oriconontheWebpage.

WWWisthemostpopularpartoftheInternetbyfar.OnceyouspendtimeontheWeb,youwillbegintofeellikethereisnolimittowhatyoucandiscover.TheWeballowsrichanddiversecommunicationbydisplayingtext,graphics,animation,photos,soundandvideo.

Sojustwhatisthismiraculouscreation?TheWebphysicallyconsistsofyourpersonalcomputer,webbrowsersoftware,aconnectiontoanInternetserviceprovider,computerscalledserversthathostdigitaldataandroutersandswitchestodirecttheflowofinformation.

AsmoreandmoresystemsjointheInternet,andasmoreandmoreformsofinformationcanbeconvertedtodigitalform,theamountofstuffavailabletoInternetuserscontinuestogrow.Atsomepointsverysoonafterthenationwide(andlaterworldwide)Internetstartedtogrow,peoplebegantotreattheNetasacommunity,withitsowntraditionandcustoms.Forexample,somebodywouldaskaquestioninaconference,andacompletestrangerwouldsendbackananswer.Afterthesamequestionwererepeatedseveraltimebypeoplewhohadn’tseentheoriginalanswers,somebodyelsegatheredlistof“frequentlyaskedquestions”andplaceditwherenewcomerscouldfindit.

SowecansaythattheInternetisyourPC’swindowtotherestoftheworld.1.Backbone(a)?Amultitasking,multi-usercomputeroperatingsystemoriginallydevelopedin1969byagroupofAT&TemployeesatBellLabs.EXERCISES2．ARPANET(b)AnetworkprotocolusedontheInternetorlocalareanetworkstoprovideabidirectionalinteractivetext-orientedcommunicationsfacilityusingavirtualterminalconnection.3．Telnet

(c)Thepartofacommunicationnetworkthatcarriestheheaviesttraffic.4．Unix

(d)Itwastheworld’sfirstoperationalpacketswitchingnetworkandthecorenetworkofasetthatcametocomposetheglobalInternet.5.RemoteTerminal

(e)Aterminalconnectedtoacomputerbyadatalink.Ⅱ.?ArethefollowingstatementsTrue(T)orFalse(F)?

1．()Acomputernetworkisacollectionofautonomouscomputers.

2．()Developmentofthenetworkbeganin1950s.

3．()TheInternetisagiantnetworkofcomputerslocatedallovertheworldthatcommunicatewitheachother.

4．()ThefirstnetworkintheworldisInternet.

5．()Thefirstinternationalconnections,toNorwayandEngland,wereaddedin1973.

6．()FTPisthemostpopularpartoftheInternetbyfar.

7．()ThemostcommonlyusednetworkserviceiselectronicTelnet.

8．()FTPcancopyafileonanotherhosttoyourlocalhostacrossthenetwork.

9．()Computersandnetworkshandledeliveringthemail,sothatcommunicatingmailusersdonothavetohandledetailsofdelivery.

10．()LiveconversationisaservicethattheInternetcannotprovide.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingwordsandphrasesintoChinese.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingChinesestatementsintoEnglish.

1．萬維網(wǎng)是一個(gè)基于超文本的系統(tǒng)，可用于查詢和訪問互聯(lián)網(wǎng)資源。

2．我認(rèn)為您的調(diào)制解調(diào)器現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)無法使用了。

3．在當(dāng)今，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用無處不在，我們的工作和生活都離不開它。

4．電子郵件是一種便捷又經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)送信息的方式。

5．互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的信息都是以多媒體文件的形式顯示出來的。

Ⅴ.?Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthefollowingwordsor

phrases.

equipoverallservicedatasourcesrouter

associatewithconnectwirelesscorporationprocess

Computernetworkingdevicesareanytypesofdevicesthatare

acomputernetworkandaidinthe

ofmanagingdata.Alsoknownasnetworkequipmentorinterworkingunits,thecomputernetworkingdevicemaybesometypeofhardwareequipmentora

thataidsintheprocessingofdatainsomecapacity.Anytypeofnetwork,rangingfromasimplehomenetworktoawideareanetwork(WAN)utilizedbyalarge

willmakeuseofvariousnetworkingdevices.

Oneofthemorebasicexamplesofacomputernetworkingdeviceisthe

.Thistypeofdevicemakesitpossibletoconnectwith

andshareinformationovertheapplicationsusedwithinthe

networkstructure.Oneofthemorecommonexamplesofarouterisadualrouterusedinmanyhomenetworksthatis

directlytothemastercomputerthatservesastheserverforthatnetwork,andalsois

toprovidea

connectiontoothercomputersinthehome.

Youhaveprobablyheardofnetworksandnetworking,andyoumayevenbeusingonerightnow,whatexactlyisacomputernetwork?Andwhywouldsomeonewanttosetoneuporbepartofone?SUPPLEMENTARY

CommonlyUsedComputerNetwork

WhatisaComputerNetwork?

Anetworkisbasicallyasetoftwoormorearticlesthatarelinkedsothecomputerscanshareresources,suchasprinters,software,andinternetconnections.Networkedcomputerscanalsosharefileswithouthavingtotransferdatausingadiskordatakey.Andusersofnetworkedcomputerscanalsocommunicateelectronicallywithoutuseoftheinternet.

Computerswithinanetworkcanbelinkedseveralways:cables,telephonelines,radiowaves,satellites,orinfraredbeams.Therearealsothreebasictypesofnetworks:LocalAreaNetwork(LAN),MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN),andWideAreaNetwork(WAN).

LocalAreaNetworks

ALocalAreaNetwork(LAN)isbasicallyasmallernetworkthat’sconfinedtoarelativelysmallgeographicarea.LANcomputersarerarelymorethanamileapart.ExamplesofcommonLANsarenetworkedcomputerswithinawritinglab,school,orbuilding.WithinaLANnetwork,onecomputeristhefileserver.Thismeansthatitstoresallsoftwarethatcontrolsthenetwork,anditalsostoresthesoftwarethatcanbesharedamongcomputersinthenetwork.ThefileserveristheheartoftheLAN.

Thecomputersattachedtothefileserverarecalledworkstations.Workstationscanbelesspowerfulthanthefileserverbecausetheydon’thavetostoreasmanyfilesandapplicationsasthefileserver,andtheyarenotalwaysonandworkingtokeepthenetworkupandrunning.However,workstationsmayalsohaveadditionalsoftwarestoredontheirharddrives.MostLANsareconnectedusingcables.

MetropolitanAreaNetworks

AMetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN)connect2ormoreLANstogetherbutdoesnotspanoutsidetheboundariesofacity,town,ormetropolitanarea.WithinthistypeofnetworkisalsotheCampusAreaNetwork(CAN),whichisgenerallysmallerthanaMAN,connectingLANswithinalimitedfunctionalarea,likeacollegecampus,militarybase,orindustrialcomplex.

WideAreaNetworks

WideAreaNetworksconnectlargergeographicareas.Often,smallerLANsareinterconnectedtoformalargeWAN.Forinstance,anofficeLANinLosAngelesmaybeconnectedtoofficeLANsforthesamecompanyinNewYork,Toronto,Paris,andLondontoformaWANspanningthewholecompany.TheindividualofficesarenolongerpartofindividualLANs,theyareinsteadpartofaworldwideWAN.

Theconnectionofthistypeofnetworkiscomplicated.WANsarenormallyconnectedusingmultiplexersconnectlocalandmetropolitannetworkstoglobalcommunicationsnetworksliketheInternet.議?價(jià)?的?技?巧議價(jià)即討價(jià)還價(jià)，在日常生活中，討價(jià)還價(jià)是人人都會(huì)遇到的問題。怎樣議價(jià)效果才最好呢？當(dāng)對方報(bào)價(jià)后，如何說服對方提供更優(yōu)惠的價(jià)格呢？議價(jià)時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)原則：CONVERSATION

BargainingSkills

1.漫不經(jīng)心，聲東擊西當(dāng)你看好某商品時(shí)，不要急著問價(jià)，先隨便問一下其他商品的價(jià)格，表現(xiàn)出很隨意的樣子，然后突然問你要的東西的價(jià)格。店主通常不及防范，報(bào)出較低的價(jià)格。切忌表露出對你想要的那件商品的熱情，善于察顏觀色的店主會(huì)漫天起價(jià)。

2.以理服人，見好就收因討價(jià)還價(jià)是伴隨著價(jià)格評議進(jìn)行的，故應(yīng)尊重對方。議價(jià)應(yīng)有理有據(jù)，切勿不給出充分理由而強(qiáng)壓對方報(bào)價(jià)，使議價(jià)陷入僵局。如對方同意降價(jià)，達(dá)到自己心里價(jià)位或接近心理價(jià)位即可，不易強(qiáng)求，應(yīng)保持平和的心態(tài)。

3.揣摩心理，掌握次數(shù)如遇到漫天要價(jià)者，應(yīng)不動(dòng)聲色，揣摩對方心理。還價(jià)時(shí)，先壓價(jià)至自己的心理價(jià)位并給出原因，再觀察對方反應(yīng)，逐步提價(jià)。提價(jià)時(shí)應(yīng)注意尺度，可觀察對方態(tài)度，隨機(jī)調(diào)整提價(jià)額度。

4.評頭論足，欲擒故縱試著用最快的速度列舉出該貨品的缺點(diǎn)，一般的順序是式樣、顏色、質(zhì)地、做工，從而達(dá)到減價(jià)的目的。對方若不肯減價(jià)，這時(shí)即使你真的喜歡這件商品，也要當(dāng)做不在意，轉(zhuǎn)身就走，迫使對方減價(jià)。ExampleDialogue1

A:Hi,howmuchdoyouwantforthis?

B:150yuan.

A:What?Don’tyoutrytoripmeoff!Iknowwhatthisiscost,40yuan,tops.

B:Noway!Itcostmemorethanthat,120!

A:Comeon!Ifyoudon’tgiveabetterprice,Iwon’tbuythisfromyou.

B:110.Takeitorleaveit.

A:I’llgiveyou55.

B:Ican’tdothat.Ihavetomakealiving.Giveme100andit’syours.

A:That’sstillmuchtooexpensive.(Startingtowalkaway)

B:Wait,wait!Ok,85,finalprice.

A:Ifthat’sthelowestyou’rewillingtogo.I’mleaving.I’llpay65,finaloffer.

B:Youdriveahardbargain.I’mlosingmoneyonthis,butalright.I’llletyouhaveitfor65.

A:Thanksalot.Dialogue2Goodafternoon.CanIhelpyou?

B:Ineedadinetteset.

A:How’sthisone?

B:Looksallright.Howmuchdoyousellit?

A:850dollars.

B:Thisisoutofmypricerange.

A:What’syourgeneralpricerange?

B:Around300dollars.

A:Isthisoneallright?Itcosts380dollars.

B:Itsuitsme.Doesthepriceincludedeliveryandinstallationcharge?

A:Yes,ofcourse.

B:Isthepricenegotiable?

A:Iamsosorry.Nobargaining.

B:Comeon,givemeadiscount.Ifyoudon’tgivemeabetterprice,Iwon’tbuythis.

A:Allright,I’llgiveittoyoufor350dollars.

B:OK.Thankyousomuch.I’lltakethisone.Practice

ImaginethatyouwanttobuyaT-shirtandyourpartneristheseller.Youhopethesellergiveyouadiscount.Practicebargainingskillswiththegivenpoints:

Quotetheprice.

Dissentfromthepricewithyourreasons.

Askforadiscount.

Telltheselleryourbottomline.

Makeanagreement.Tips討價(jià)還價(jià)常用語

1．Don’ttrytoripmeoff.Iknowwhatthiscost.別想宰我，我識貨。

2．Canyougivemealittledealonthis?這件東西能賣得便宜一點(diǎn)嗎？

3．Canyougivemethisforcheaper?能便宜一點(diǎn)給我嗎？

4．Isthereanydiscountonbulkpurchases?我多買些能打折嗎？

5．Givemeareductioninprice,please.給我打個(gè)折吧。

6．Howmuchdoyouwantforthis?這件東西你想賣多少錢？

7．Ifyoudon’tgivemeabetterprice,Iwon’tbuythis.如果價(jià)格不更優(yōu)惠些，我是不會(huì)買的。

8．Icangetthischeaperatotherplaces.這件東西我在別的地方可以買到更便宜的。

9．What’sthelowestyou’rewillingtogo?最低你能出什么價(jià)？

10．Comeon,givemeabreakonthis.別這樣，你就讓點(diǎn)兒價(jià)吧。

11．Couldyougivemeadiscount?能給我個(gè)折扣嗎？

12．Aretheseclothesonsale?這些衣服打特價(jià)嗎？

13．Isthepricenegotiable?這個(gè)價(jià)錢可以商量嗎？

14．Howaboutbuyoneandgetonefree?買一送一怎么樣？

15．Canyougivemeabetterdeal?可以給我更好的價(jià)錢嗎？

16．I’dbuyitrightawayifitwerecheaper.便宜一點(diǎn)的話我馬上買。

17．Thepriceisbeyondmybudget.這個(gè)價(jià)錢超出我的預(yù)算了。

18．I’llgive500dollarsforit.五百塊我就買。

19．That’ssteep,isn’tit?這個(gè)價(jià)錢太離譜了吧？

20．It’stooexpensive.Ican’taffordit.太貴了，我買不起。在英語中，尋物啟事及失物招領(lǐng)都可以直接譯成LostandFound，并沒有嚴(yán)格的區(qū)分。按照字面上的意思，尋物啟事可對應(yīng)Lost，失物招領(lǐng)可對應(yīng)Found。WRITING

HowtoWriteaLostandFoundNotice

怎樣寫尋物啟事及失物招領(lǐng)

1.尋物啟事(Lost)尋物啟事一般包括以下幾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。

(1)標(biāo)題。尋物啟事的標(biāo)題可以有兩種構(gòu)成格式：第一，由文種名稱和緣故構(gòu)成。如“尋物啟事”。第二，由文種名和具體丟失物名構(gòu)成。如“尋書啟事”、“尋自行車啟事”。

(2)正文。尋物啟事的正文一般由以下幾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容構(gòu)成：其一，寫明丟失物的名稱、外觀、規(guī)格、數(shù)量、品牌等，同時(shí)要寫明丟失的原因、時(shí)間和具體地點(diǎn)。其二，交代清楚拾物者送還的具體方式，或注明發(fā)文者的詳細(xì)地址、聯(lián)絡(luò)方式等。第三，尋物啟事是求人協(xié)助尋找的，故除文中寫些表謝意的話外，還可以寫明給以拾到者必要的酬金之類的話。

(3)落款。落款要署上發(fā)文的單位或個(gè)人的名稱或姓名，并署上發(fā)文的日期。

2.失物招領(lǐng)(Found)失物招領(lǐng)并沒有硬性的格式規(guī)范，而且內(nèi)容一般都很簡練。但需要注意的是，對于揀到的東西說明不能太詳細(xì)，以防止有人冒領(lǐng)，同時(shí)寫清楚聯(lián)系人的聯(lián)系方式，確保失主可以聯(lián)系到您。ExampleLOST

Mr.Whitecarelesslylosthissuitcaseat9:30a.m.thisSaturdaywhenhetookabusfromDatongtoTaiyuan.

Itisanorangesquareleathersuitcasewithametalhandleonit.AlabelwithWhite’snameistiedtothehandle.Insidethesuitcasearetwojacketsandacamera.ThereisaChinese-EnglishdictionaryandaletterfromAmericainthepacketonthefrontcoverandinthebackpacketisawalletwith1,000dollarsandatrainticketfromTaiyuantoBeijinginside.

WillthefindergetintouchwithMr.White,please?HistelephonenumberiMr.Whitewillappreciatethefinderverymuch.

TaiyuanBusStation

10thSeptember,2009尋物啟事本周六上午九點(diǎn)半，懷特先生乘汽車從大同來太原時(shí)，不慎將手提箱丟失。手提箱為橘色、方形、皮制，其上有一個(gè)金屬提手。左提手上系著一個(gè)寫有懷特名字的標(biāo)簽。箱內(nèi)有兩件上衣和一部相機(jī)。箱前的口袋里有一本漢英詞典和一封來自美國的信。箱后口袋里有一個(gè)錢包，里面裝有1000美元和一張從太原到北京的火車票。請拾到者與懷特先生聯(lián)系，他的電話號碼懷特先生非常感激拾到者。太原汽車站

2009年9月10日FOUND

Abunchofkeyshasbeenfoundinourschoolcanteentodayafterlunchtime.TheownerisadvisedtocontactJaneaoclaimthekeyswithinaweek.

LostandFoundOfficeofComputerDepartment20thSeptember,2011失物招領(lǐng)

Jane于今天中午午餐后在學(xué)校餐廳撿到鑰匙一串，請失主于一周內(nèi)與Jane聯(lián)系并認(rèn)領(lǐng)失物，電話計(jì)算機(jī)系失物招領(lǐng)處

2011年9月20日Practice尋物啟事今丟失紅色公文包一只，公文包上有包含失主信息的名牌，失主的電子郵箱也寫在名牌上了，公文包有些損壞。請拾到者通過郵件或電話聯(lián)系失主，電話失主愿意支付50美元以示酬謝。失主：杰克·斯通

2010年5月15日失物招領(lǐng)昨天下午在操場拾到書包一個(gè)，內(nèi)有幾本圖書、一個(gè)鉛筆盒和一塊手表，請失主直接聯(lián)系瑪麗·布朗認(rèn)領(lǐng)失物，聯(lián)系電拾到者：瑪麗·布朗

2011年6月7日Tips當(dāng)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失了物品時(shí)，一般會(huì)用什么樣的方式來表達(dá)呢？

A:Excuseme.I’vegotaproblem.IthinkI’velostmywallet.

B:Areyousureit’snotinyourbag?

A:Yes.I’velookedforit.

B:Whydon’tyouchecktheLostPropertyOffice?

A:That’sagoodidea.Thankyou.當(dāng)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)物品丟失時(shí)，大多會(huì)想到去失物招領(lǐng)處尋找。如果經(jīng)過詢問后還是未找到，我們將怎么做呢？

Kate:Excuseme,couldyouhelpme?

Clerk:Yes.Whatseemstobetheproblem?

Kate:Well,Iwaswonderingifanyonehas