托福模擬考試及答案解析18

托福模擬考試及答案解析（18）

（1~5/共54題）閱讀理解

TheArchaeologicalStudyofPottery

Whilediggingatsitesofinterest,archaeologistsoftenunearthshardsofpottery,which

provideagreatamountofinformation.Archaeologistsstudypotteryforthreemainreasons.First,

itwascommoninmostcivilizationsandwasusedbypeopleinalllevelsofsociety.Next,iteasily

brokeandwasnotalwaysrepaired.Thuspotteryshardsareamongthemostcommonitems

foundatdigsites.Lastly,potteryismoredurablethanothermaterials,suchaswoodandcloth,

andshardscanlastforthousandsofyears.

Makingpotteryrequiredspecialmaterialsandskills,sothepresenceofpotteryindicatesthat

acivilizationhadattainedacertainleveloftechnology.Earlypotterywasmadeinopenpitsfrom

simpleredclays,whichproducedbrittlepottery.Later;moreadvancedpotterymakersusedclay

mixedwithsubstancessuchassand,crushedshells,bones,andevenotherpiecesofbroken

pottery,whichresultedinstrongercreations.Onlyatlatertimeswaspotterymadewithpotter*s

wheelsandfiredinkilns,whichbothproducedbetterfinalproducts.Theearliestpotterywas

unglazed,sothediscoveryofstrongerkiln-fired,glazedpotteryshowsthatapeopleattaineda

higherlevelofknowledge.Asarchaeologistsdig,theycandeterminethedifferentperiodsofa

civilizationbythepotteryfoundineachlevel.Themostadvancedpotteryisusuallyatthetop

whilethemoreprimitivetypesarelocateddeeperunderground.

Peopleinancientcivilizationsmadepotteryfromnearbydepositsofclay.Differentkindsof

clayproducedifferenttypesofpottery,sowhenarchaeologistsknowwherepotterywasmade

andwhereshardsofithavebeenfound,theycandiscoverancienttraderoutesandconnections

betweenvarioustribes.Forexample,theChinesehadexcellentclaysthatproducedtheancient

world'sbestpottery.Therefore,thediscoveryofChinesepotteryshardsatasitefaraway

indicatesthattradebetweentheChineseandanothergroupoccurred.

*shard:asliver;asplinter;asmallbrokenpieceofsomething

*kiln:anovenusedforbakingpottery

第1題

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysor

leaveoutessentialinformation.

Differentkindsofclayproducedifferenttypesofpottery,sowhenarchaeologistsknowwhere

potterywasmadeandwhereshardsofithavebeenfound,theycandiscoverancienttrade

routesandconnectionsbetweenvarioustribes.

A.Sinceeachtypeofclaymakesuniquepottery,archaeologistscanlearnagreatdealaboutthe

pastiftheyknowwherepotterywasproducedandwherepiecesofithavebeenunearthed.

B.Whenarchaeologistsdigupshardsofpotteryindifferentplaces,theycanfigureoutwhat

partsoftheworldthepeopleofacertainareawereincontactwith.

C.Therearemanythingsthatarchaeologistscanlearnaboutthepotteryshardsthattheydigup

andstudy,includingwheretheclaythatthepiecesweremadefromcamefrom.

□.Unlessarchaeologistsknowexactlywhatkindofclaywasusedtomakeacertaintypeof

pottery,theycannotlearnaboutancienttraderoutesorhowtribescontactedoneanother.

第2題

Vocabulary

=todigup;toexcavate

第3題

=easilybreakable;fragile

第4題

=long-lasting;strong

第5題

=tocook;toheat

下一題

(6~10/共54題)閱讀理解

TheOriginsoftheChineseHanDynasty

China'sHanDynasty(202B.C.—220A.D.)wasoneofthelongest-lastingChinesedynastiesand

unifiedthemajorityofthelandcomprisingmodern-dayChinaintoasingleempire.Beforethis

period,Chinawasdividedintodifferentstatesbattlingforsupremacyforroughlytwocenturies.

TheWarringStatesPeriodended,however,whenthepowerfulQinconqueredsixmajorstatesby

221B.C.andbroughtChinatogetherunderthecountry'sfirststrongdynasty.Nevertheless,the

QinDynastylastedonlyashorttimeasitsharshruleresultedinarebellionbreakingoutin209

B.C.,afewyearsfollowingthedeathofEmperorQinShiHuang.

Thisrebellioninvolvedmostoftheconqueredstates,includingthecentralHanstate.The

Han'sforemostgeneralwasLiuBang,whohadpreviouslyservedasapoliceman.Onedaypriorto

becomingageneral,agroupofprisonersLiuBangwasescortingwhileworkingasalawman

escapedhiscustody,so,fearinghewouldbeexecuted,hefledtothecountryside,formedan

outlawband,andrebelledagainstQinauthority.Hispowerandstatusincreased,andtheHan

leaderseventuallyinstalledhimattheirheadgeneralduringtheirrebellionagainsttheQin.Liu

BangcapturedtheQincapitalofXianyangin207B.C.andendedtheQin'srule,whereuponhe

washailedasaheroandbecametheleaderoftheHan.

TheHanstateattemptedtodominateaffairsinChina,butotherstates,suchastheChu,had

assistedinoverthrowingtheQinandwereunwillingtoacquiescewithoutafight.Theleaderof

theChu,XiangYu,thereforechallengedLiuBangforleadershipofChina.Thetwostatesandtheir

allieswarredforfouryears.Finally,in202B.C.,theopposingarmiesmetatthedecisiveBattleof

GaixiazduringwhichsomeoftheChu'salliesbetrayedthem,andtheChuforcesweresurrounded.

AttackedbytheHanandwithitssupplylinescut,theChuarmybecamedemoralized,many

soldierssurrendered,andXiangYucommittedsuicidetoavoidcapture.FollowingtheChudefeat,

LiuBangcrownedhimselfemperorofChinaandestablishedtheHanDynasty.

*supremacy:power;leadership

*acquiesce:tocomply;togiveup

第6題

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysor

leaveoutessentialinformation.

Onedaypriortobecomingageneral,agroupofprisonersLiuBangwasescortingwhileworking

asalawmanescapedhiscustody,so,fearinghewouldbeexecuted,hefledtothecountryside,

formedanoutlawband,andrebelledagainstQinauthority.

A.LiuBangbegantorebelagainsttheQinafterherealizedthatheshouldnotbeworkingasa

lawmanbutshouldinsteadbeleadingoutlawsfightingagainstthegovernment.

B.WhileLiuBangwasescortingsomeprisoners,theyconvincedhimtoescapewiththem,which

hedid,andthenhebecametheirleaderandhelpedthembattletheQin.

C.WhenLiuBangwasworkingasalawman,anincidentoccurredthatcausedhimtofearforhis

life,soheescaped,foundedagang,andbegantofightagainsttheQin.

D.TheQinpromotedLiuBangtogeneralwhentheyrealizedthatheshouldnotbeescorting

prisonersbutshouldinsteadbefightingoutlawsinthecountryside.

第7題

Vocabulary

=cruel;difficult

第8題

=toruleover;tocontrol

第9題

=arevolution;arevolt

第10題

=deprivedofspiritorhope

上一題下一題

（11~24/共54題）閱讀理解

TheMid-AtlanticRidge

ThelongestmountainrangeontheEarthisnoteasilyvisiblebecauseitliesdeepunderneath

theAtlanticOcean.TheMid-AtlanticRangeextendsfromIcelandtoanareadeepintheSouth

AtlanticOcean.Itrisesaroundthreekilometersabovetheoceanfloorandis1,500kilometers

wideincertainareas.ItsexactlengthisdifficulttodeterminesincetheMid-AtlanticRangeispart

ofanextensive,globallyconnectedridgeofunderwatermountainsapproximately40,000

kilometersinlength.

TheMid-AtlanticRidgewasformedattheboundaryoffourofthetectonicplatescomprising

thecrust.InthenortharetheEurasianandNorthAmericanplateswhilethesouthernboundary

isformedbytheAfricanandSouthAmericanplates.Theseplatesaredriftingapartfromone

another;whichisresultinginthegeologicalprocessknownasseafloorspreading.Asthey

separate,magmafrombeneaththecrustwellsupandcools,whichhelpscreatethemountain

range.InthecenteroftheMid-AtlanticRangeisalengthyanddeepriftvalleyinthepreciseplace

wheretheplatespullapartandwherenewmagmaiscollecting.Inafewplaces,islands,themost

notableofwhichisIceland,haveformedalongthemountainrangewherethetectonicforces

havepushedthelandabovethewater'ssurface.

OncetheexistenceoftheMid-AtlanticRidgewasproveninthe1950s,thefactthatthe

seafloorwasspreadingapartlentcredencetothetheoryofcontinentaldrift,whichwasthenin

dispute.SamplesofbasalttakenfromtheAtlanticOceanfloorhelpedprovethetheory.Basaltis

anigneousrockproducedbycoolinglava,anditpossessesuniquemagneticpropertiesthat

maintainthemagneticpolaritythatexistedatthetimeitwasformed.SincetheEarth'spolarity

haschangedovertime,withthenorthandsouthmagneticpolesreversingonoccasion,by

examiningthepolarityofdifferentgroupsofbasaltrocksfromtheMid-AtlanticRidge,geologists

coulddatethem.Theconclusiontheyreachedwasthattheoldestrockswerethefarthestfrom

thecentralriftvalleywhiletheyoungestweretheclosesttoit.

*continentaldrift:thenotionthatthecontinentsareinconstantmotionandareslowly

movingontheEarth'ssurface

*igneousrock:rockformedwhenmagmacoolsandbecomessolid

第11題

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysor

leaveoutessentialinformation.

Inafewplaces,islands,themostnotableofwhichisIceland,haveformedalongthemountain

rangewherethetectonicforceshavepushedthelandabovethewater'ssurface.

A.IslandssuchasIcelandexistincertainplacesallovertheunderseamountainrange.

B.Whensomeofthemountainsintheridgebecomehighenough,theybreakthesurfaceofthe

oceantoformislands.

C.Theactionsofthetectonicplateshavecreatednumerousislands,includingIceland,inplaces

aroundtheworld.

D.ForcesinsidetheEarthhavecreatedislandssuchasIcelandinvariousspotsinthemountain

range.

第12題

Vocabulary

=greatinsize

第13題

______=exact

第14題

=aborder

第15題

=believability;credibility

第16題

Mapping

Thefollowingchartshowsthestructureofthepassage.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriate

words.

圖片

第17題

Summary

Thefollowingisasummaryofthepassage.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriatewords.

TheMid-AtlanticRangeistheEarth'slongestmountainrangeand17fromIcelandallthe

waydowntotheSouthAtlanticOcean.Therangewasformedattheboundaryoffour18

platesonthecrust.Theplatesaremoving19,whichresultsinseafloorspreading.While

separating,20risesandcools,whichhascreatedthemountainrange.Thereisalong,deep

21wheretheplatesarepullingapart.Theexistenceoftherangehashelpedlend22to

thetheoryofcontinentaldrift.23sampleshavebeenexamined,andtheyhaveshownthat

theoldestrocksarethe24fromthevalleywhiletheyoungestonesaretheclosesttoit.

第18題

第19題

第20題

第21題

第22題

第23題

第24題

上一題下一題

（25~32/共54題）閱讀理解

TheOriginsofOilPainting

Priortothefifteenthcentury,artistscommonlyusedwater-basedpaintsoremployedegg

yolksasabindingagentinastyleknownaseggtempera.Sincethen,however,oilpaintshave

gainedwidespreaduseandpopularity.Oilpaintingsareamixtureofapigmentwithanoilbase,

typicallylinseedoil,andathinner.Theoilisabindingagent,whichholdsthepigmenttothe

surfaceuponwhichthepaintisappliedandservesasadryingagentthatallowsthepaintto

oxidize,turnintoagel,andthenharden.Comparedtowater-solublepaints,whichdryinoneto

threedays,andeggtempera,whichdriesfaster;mostoilpaintsdrymuchmoreslowly-usually

twotothreeweeksafterbeingapplied.Thisfeatureletsartistsworkwiththepaintforlonger

periodsoftime,therebypermittingmorelayeringaswellasmoredetailsandrichertonesthan

waterpaints.

Itisunknownwhenoilpaintswerefirstused,butrecentdiscoveriesinAfghanistanindicate

muralartiststhereutilizedoilpaintsasearlyastheseventhcentury.However,asyet,thereis

littleevidencethatknowledgeofoilpaintsspreadfromtheretootherlands.Therearesome

instancesofoilbeingemployedasadryingmediuminartworkcreatedintheByzantineEmpire,

butarthistoriansarenotsurewhetherthetechniqueoriginatedthereorcamefromAfghanistan.

ABenedictinemonknamedTheophilusclaimedtohavemixedpigmentswithoilstomakepaints

inatreatisewritteninthetwelfthcentury,whichindicatesthattheByzantinesmayhave

discoveredtheprocessbythemselves.

ExtensiveuseofoilpaintsinEuropewasuncommonuntiltheearlyfifteenthcentury,when

Europeanartists,whoprimarilyusedeggtemperaastheirbindingagent,startedseeking

somethingthatwouldgivethemmoreflexibilitywhenpaintingandwouldpermitthemtopaint

inmoredetailandwithmorevibrantcolors.Artistsduringthattimeexperimentedwithdifferent

oils,includinglinseedoil,asbindingagents.MostarthistoriansagreethatDutchartistJanvan

Eyckwasthefirstindividualtodevelopawayproperlytopreparelinseedoilandpigmentssothat

theyproducedfineoilpaints.Theyareuncertainpreciselywhenandhowhedidsothoughsince,

althoughhiscareerasanartistspannedmanyyears,largenumbersofhisearlyworkshavebeen

lost.Hisearliestsurvivingpaintings-fromthe1430s-weredonewithoilpaints.Thenewstyle

ofpaintingquicklyspread,andmostDutchartistsweresoonexperimentingwithoilpaints.

Simultaneously,experimentswithmineralandbiologicalagentsproducedmorevibrantcolors,

thereforeimprovingthequalityofthenewoilpaints.Oilpaintsswiftlyspreadaround

Europe-theywereespeciallypopularinItaly-andthathadamajorinfluenceonartwork

producedduringtheRenaissance.Oilreplacedeggtemperaasthepreferredbindingagentfor

pigmentssinceithadseveraladvantages.Forexample,worksdonewitheggtemperahadto

utilizeagessothatthepaintcouldadhereto.Then,thepainthadtobeappliedinthinlayersthat

driedquicklyandcouldnoteasilybechanged.Ontheotherhand,oilpaintsdriedmoreslowly,

permittingchangestobemade.Theycouldalsobeappliedwithmoredelicatebrushstrokesto

permitmoredetail.Oilpaintsweremuchlivelierthanthosedonewitheggtemperaaswell.All

thoseadvantagesresultedinoilpaintsbecomingthedominantpaintingmediumoncetheywere

perfected.

*bindingagent:aningredientthatletsamixtureholditsshapeorstaytogether

*gesso:apreparedsurfacesuchasplasterthatartistspainton

第25題

Vocabulary

=asemi-rigidsolid

第26題

=tocoveracertainamountoftime

第27題

=fine;gentle

第28題

=apaintingdoneonawallorceiling

第29題

NegativeFactualInformationQuestion

Inparagraph1,allofthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:

A.Howdoestheoilbasethatisaddedaffectthepaintitself?

B.Howquicklydooilpaintsdryincomparisontoothertypesofpaint?

C.Whichkindsofpaintswereusedbyartistsbeforethe1400s?

D.Howmanylayersofpaintcanartistsapplywhenusingoilpaints?

第30題

SentenceSimplificationQuestion

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysor

leaveoutessentialinformation.

ABenedictinemonknamedTheophilusclaimedtohavemixedpigmentswithoilstomakepaints

inatreatisewritteninthetwelfthcentury,whichindicatesthattheByzantinesmayhave

discoveredtheprocessbythemselves.

A.ThereisatreatisethatwaswritteninthetwelfthcenturybyaByzantinemonknamed

Theophiluswhichrecordsthemannerinwhichheaddedoiltothepaintthathemade.

B.SomepeoplebelievethattheByzantineswerethefirsttomakeoilpaintsonaccountofa

descriptionwritteninthetwelfthcenturybyamonknamedTheophilus.

C.lnadocumentwritteninthetwelfthcentury,Theophiluswroteaboutmakingoilpaints,which

showsthattheByzantinesmighthavelearnedhowtomakethembythemselves.

D.TheprocessofmakingoilpaintsisdescribedingreatdetailbyaTheophilus,whowasamonk

livingintheByzantineEmpireduringthetwelfthcentury.

第31題

ReferenceQuestion

ThewordTheyinthepassagerefersto

A.Bindingagents

B.Mostarthistorians

C.Linseedoilandpigments

D.Fineoilpaints

第32題

ProseSummaryQuestion

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasofthe

passage.Somesentencesdonotbelongbecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthe

passageorareminorideasinthepassage.

Oilspaintshavemanyadvantagesoverwater-basedpaintsandeggtempera,sotheybecame

verypopularwithEuropeanartistsstartinginthefifteenthcentury.

ANSWERCHOICES

①Theabilitytoapplyoilpaintswithfinebrushstrokesappealedtomanyartists,sotheyadopted

theuseofoilpaints.

②Oilpaintsdrymuchmoreslowlythanothertypesofpaints,whichmadethemmoreattractive

toartistssincethatletthemmakechangestotheirwork.

③Thereisadebateamongstarthistoriansastowhetheroilpaintswerefirstusedbyartistsin

AfghanistanorintheByzantineEmpire.

@JanvanEyckwasabigsupporterofoilpaints,butmanyofhisearlypaintingshavenotsurvived

untilthepresentday.

?Linseedoilwasoneofthefirsttypesofoiltobeusedbypeoplewhoexperimentedwith

addingoilasabindingagenttotheirpaints.

?DuringtheRenaissance,theusageofoilpaintsbeganwiththeDutchbutthenspread

elsewhereinEuropewhenartistsrecognizedtheiradvantages.

上一題下一題

(33~40/共54題)閱讀理解

FriedrichFroebelandKindergarten

FriedrichFroebel(1782—1852)wasaGermaneducatorwhofocusedonchildren'slearning.

Hislifeasaninstructorbeganin1805afterheacceptedapostatasecondaryschoolinFrankfurt,

Germany.Duringhislifetime,heworkedinbothGermanyandSwitzerlandandwasstrongly

influencedbySwisseducatorJohannHeinrichPestalozzi.Froebeladditionallywroteand

publishednumerouspamphletsandbooksonhiseducationaltheoriesandisbestremembered

todayasthecreatorofkindergarten.

Froebel'schildhoodwastheprimaryinfluenceonhisdesiretoseetheestablishingofaplace

foryoungchildrentoplayandgrow.Asayoungboy,FroebelgrewupneartheThuringiaForestin

GermanyandhadadevoutChristianupbringing,whichinstilledinhimaloveofnatureanda

beliefintheinterconnectednessofalllivingthings.Froebelwasapoorstudentasachild,which

mayhaveinspiredhimtodesiretoassistotherslikehim.Hehadgreatdifficultywithlanguages

andwritingbutexcelledatmath,especiallygeometry.Thatinspiredhimtofindemploymentfirst

asaforestlandsurveyorandlaterinthefieldofarchitecture,but,in1805,heabruptlydecided

toswitchcareersandacceptedateachingpositioninFrankfurt.

FortunatelyforFroebel,theschoolatwhichhewasemployedwasoneofthefirstoutside

SwitzerlandtoutilizethemethodsofJohannHeinrichPestalozzi.Thisfamedindividual,who

helpedSwitzerlandbecomeoneofthefirstnationsinEuropetoachievenearly100%literacy,

believedthatchildrenhadanenormouscapacityanddesiretolearn.Hisstyleallowedchildrento

exploretheirnaturalcuriosityratherthanhavingthemsitforhourswhilelisteningtolecturesand

learningbyrotemethods.Afterconcludinghistenureattheschool,Froebelwouldlaterspend

twoyearsinSwitzerland,whereheworkedcloselywithPestalozzi.There,Froebelcameupwith

thetheorythatwouldinfluencehimfortheremainderofhiscareer.Heconcludedthatall

childrenneededtoplaysothattheycouldbeeducatedbyusingphysicalmovementsand

imaginativepowers.In1816,heopenedaschoolinThuringiatoputhistheoriesintopractice.

Atthattime,therewasnoformaleducationforGermanchildrenyoungerthanseven,so

Froebel'sschoolwasrevolutionary.Bytakingyoungchildrenanddevelopingtheirmindsand

bodies,Froebelhopedtoplanttheseedsforfuturesuccessineducationandlifeinthem.At

Froebel'sschool,singinganddancingwereusedtoencouragehealthyactivitiesinchildren.He

alsodevelopedaseriesofgeometricbuildingblocks-todaycalledFroebelGifts-thatthe

childrenplayedwithandusedtounderstandgeometryandtodevelopspatialawareness.Athird

aspectofhiseducationalstylewastoallowthechildrentoworkinagarden,wheretheycould

watchplantsgrowandlearntocareforthem.

In1837,FroebelcreatedanewschoolinBadBlankenburginThuringia,which,in1840,he

begancallingakindergarten,orchildren'sgarden.Thetermdevelopedfromhisnotionthata

schoolshouldbeaplaceforchildrentolearnandgrow,muchlikeagardenis.Thesuccessof

Froebel'sschoolwonhimcountlessadmirers,whospreadhisideasfollowinghisdeathin1852.

Today,thenecessityofearlychildhoodeducationisbelievedbypeoplethroughouttheworld,

therebyshowinghowinfluentialFroebel'stheorieshavebecomeovertime.

*secondaryschool:highschool;aschoolbetweenprimaryschoolandcollege

*literacy:theabilitytoreadandwrite

*rote:afixedormechanicalwayofdoingsomething

第33題

Vocabulary

=pious;sincere

第34題

=anability;acapability

第35題

=suddenly;atonce

第36題

=new;groundbreaking;radical

第37題

SentenceSimplificationQuestion

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlighted

sentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysor

leaveoutessentialinformation.

Asayoungboy,FroebelgrewupneartheThuringiaForestinGermanyandhadadevout

Christianupbringing,whichinstilledinhimaloveofnatureandabeliefinthe

interconnectednessofalllivingthings.

A.Froebelcametolovetheoutdoorsandbelievedthatallcreaturesareconnectedtoone

anotheronaccountofwherehegrewupandthebeliefsheheld.

B.BecauseFroebellivedbyaforest,hespentalotofhistimeoutdoorsandenjoyedbeingin

nature.

C.Froebelthoughtalllivingthingsareinterconnected,andthatmadehimbecomeadevout

Christian.

D.AftergrowingupnearaforestinGermany,FroebelabandonedhisChristianbeliefsandcame

tobelievethatallthingsinnaturearerelatedtooneanother.

第38題

RhetoricalPurposeQuestion

TheauthordiscussesJohannHeinrichPestalozziinparagraph3inorderto

A.contrasthistheoriesonteachingchildrenwiththoseofFriedrichFroebel

B.providesomeexamplesofhowheassistedchildreninreachingtheirfullpotential

C.explainhisbeliefsregardingtheabilityofyoungchildrentolearn

D.claimthathisinfluenceonFriedrichFroebelwasnotasgreataswasoncethought

第39題

FactualInformationQuestion

SelecttheTWOanswerchoicesfromparagraph4thatidentifythemethodsFriedrichFroebel

usedtoteachchildrenathisschool.Toreceivecredit,youmustselectTWOanswers.

A.Bothsinginganddancingweretaughttostudents.

B.Childrenwereencouragedtodohands-onactivities.

C.Therewasanemphasisuponrotelearningmethods.

□.Studentsweretaughtpracticalskillsfromtextbooks.

第40題

ProseSummaryQuestion

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasofthe

passage.Somesentencesdonotbelongbecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthe

passageorareminorideasinthepassage.

FriedrichFroebel'sbeliefsoneducatingchildrenledhimtobecomethefounderofkindergarten.

ANSWERCHOICES

?Froebelcalledhisschoolakindergartensincehewantedittobeaplaceforchildrentolearn

andgrow,whichwouldhelpthemasadults.

②Froebelwantedtodevelopthemindsandbodiesofchildren,sohehadthemdophysical

activitiesaswellasmentalexercises.

③WhilemanypeoplesupporttheworkFroebeldid,thereareotherswhodislikethenotionof

childrenattendingschoolatveryyoungages.

?Froebelgotintothefieldofeducationbyaccidentashehaddoneotherworkpriorto

becomingateacher.

@Hisbeliefthatchildrenneededtoplayandtodeveloptheirimaginationswasthedrivingforce

behindFroebel'sideasonchildhoodeducation.

?FroebelandPestalozziworkedtogethertoperfecttheirtheoriesonthebestwaystogoabout

educatingyoungchildren.

上一題下一題

（41~54/共54題）閱讀理解

OlmecCivilizationArt

ThefirstMesoamericanculturewastheOlmeccivilization,whichroseinthesoutheastern

regionofthemodern-daynationofMexico.Establishedsometimebetween1400and1200B.C.,

itdidnotdeclineuntilroughly400B.C..ItbeganasafarmingcultureintheTabascoregion,which

iscrossedbyanextensiveriversystemthatprovidedirrigationandameansoftransportationfor

theOlmecs.Asthepopulationintheareaincreased,thetrappingsofcivilization,includinga

leadershipclass,organizedreligion,greatbuildingprojects,extensivetradenetworks,andthe

developmentofart,accompaniedit.Today,littleoftheOlmecsremainsexceptforsome

remnantsoftheircitiesandnumerousworksofart,themajorityofwhichconsistsofcave

paintings,sculptures,pottery,jademasks,jewelry,andcolossalstoneheads.

Whileafewwoodenartifactshavebeenunearthed,mostoftheOlmecartthathassurvived

tothepresentdaywasdoneinstone,whichisbetterabletoendurethehot,tropicalclimatein

theOlmechomeland.HumanfiguresaretypicalrepresentationsinOlmecart,andtheyoften

havecleftheads,thicklips,almond-shapedeyes,anddownturnedmouths.Animals,especially

fishandsnakes,arecommonfiguresinOlmecart,butjaguarsheldaspecialplaceinOlmec

beliefs.AccordingtoOlmecmythology,theyreproducedwithhumanfemalesandproduceda

hybridbeingthatmodernarchaeologistscallawere-jaguar.Showinghowpopularjaguarswereto

theOlmecs,numerouspiecesofOlmecartdepicthumansholdingwhatappeartobewere-jaguar

babies.

AmongthemostrenownedofallOlmecartobjectsaretheenormousstoneheadsthathave

beendiscoveredatnumerousancientsites.