13. 非謂語動詞及其它-2022年上海名校高中自主招生英語直通車

第頁第13第13講：非謂語動詞及其它考點歸納、考前鞏固、真題鏈接 考點歸納說明:市面上的工具書中講至非謂語章節(jié)一般會根據非謂語的不同種類(即不定式、動名詞、分詞)或根據其所作的不同成分(句法功能)進行分述，各有優(yōu)劣；本資料傾向于先根據不同種類分述，再根據相同成分下不同非謂語的不同作用進行總結，內容上可能會有所重復，敬請諒解!判斷句中謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、連詞、從句數量的方法:“結構最大”(StructureFirstPrinciple) 一般情況下，一句句子中只允許有一個謂語動詞；若要添加一個謂語動詞，則需加入一個連詞；若不增加連詞，則需將謂語動詞轉變?yōu)榉侵^語動詞；一般情況下，將句中所省略的連詞全部補全，若有連詞個，則從句有個，謂語動詞有個在英語中，將不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞；非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式、動名詞、現在分詞以及過去分詞；現代專業(yè)語法將動詞分為限定動詞及非限定動詞，一般動詞具有現在時及過去時兩種限定形式，具有不定式、-ing分詞、-ed分詞三種非限定形式謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的相同點: ① 對于及物動詞，兩者都可與賓語連用，如 Theybuiltagarden.Theysuggestedbuildingagarden. ② 兩者都可以被狀語修飾，如 Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywell. ③ 兩者都有主動與被動[態(tài)(voice)的變化]，一般式、進行體、完成體[體(aspect)的變化]，如 Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents. Wehavewrittenthecomposition.Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin. ④ 兩者都可以有邏輯主語，如 Theystartedtheworkatonce.Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的不同點: *① 非謂語動詞沒有時(tense)的標記，只存在態(tài)與體的變化 ② 非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用，在句中作主語、賓語或表語，如動詞不定式和動名詞 ③ 非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用，在句中作定語、表語或賓補，如動詞不定式和分詞 ④ 非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用，在句中作狀語，如動詞不定式和分詞非謂語動詞的具體句法功能:句子成分非謂語主語表語賓語補語

(主補、賓補)定語狀語同位語介詞賓語不定式動名詞現在分詞過去分詞不定式通常由不定式符號to+動詞原形構成，某些情況下to需省略，在句子中起名詞、形容詞或副詞的作用；不定式可以是一般形式、進行體形式、完成體形式以及完成進行體形式，列表如下主動態(tài)被動態(tài)一般形式towritetobewritten進行體形式tobewriting完成體形式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成進行體形式tohavebeenwriting 否定式為not/never(etc.)+(to)do；tobedoing表示正在進行且與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作 如遇到表性質的形容詞(難易形容詞)作表語(hard,difficult,easy等)，其后的不定式與主語存在動賓關系，則通常不定式用主動表被動

其他不定式主動表被動的內容詳見時態(tài)語態(tài)章節(jié)2帶to不定式與不帶to不定式的情況:2 ① 對于邊際情態(tài)助動詞(need,dare)，如果作情態(tài)動詞則跟不帶to不定式，作普通動詞則后跟帶to不定式；特殊地，dare作情態(tài)動詞后跟不帶to不定式，作普通動詞to可有可無 ② let,make,have等使役動詞+賓語，之后用不帶to不定式，當使役動詞為被動態(tài)時，則需將不帶to不定式轉為帶to不定式 ③ see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch,lookat,listento等感官動詞+賓語，之后用不帶to不定式，當上述動詞為被動態(tài)時，則需將不帶to不定式轉為帶to不定式 ④ help或help+賓語后既可用帶to不定式，也可以不帶to不定式

注意區(qū)分can’thelp(to)do/can’thelpbutdo/can’thelpdoing ⑤ 在某些情態(tài)成語后的to，如wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldassoon(寧愿)/mayaswell/mightaswell/can’tbut/can’thelpbut后跟不帶to不定式；一些作“寧愿……而不愿”解釋的詞組，如wouldrather…than…/wouldsooner…than…/wouldassoon…as…句型中，省略號處都為不帶to不定式 ⑥ 介詞except,but后，如果之前有動詞do及其變形(do的某種形式)，則其后跟不帶to不定式，否則不定式帶to，如

Theydidnothingexceptwork.There’snochoicebuttowait.

形象描述為“有毒(do及其變形)無兔(to)，有兔(to)無毒(do及其變形)”(有毒則無兔子)不定式符號to的使用與省略: ① 若根據上下文可推斷出內容，則可省略to后的動詞及其補足部分，如

Youcangoifyouwantto.

有時to可與其后的動詞、補足部分一同省略，如

Youwillmakeitifyoutry(to). ② 當兩個帶to不定式存在于并列結構(and/or)中，第二個to常可省略，但若兩個不定式存在對比含義，則不能省略；總之，不省略一般都是對的，如

Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion. ③ 重點區(qū)分不定式符號to與介詞to(參見“介詞”章節(jié))不定式作主語，如Toanswerthatquestionisdifficult.

此時?？蓪⑵滢D換為以it作形式主語的句子，即Itisdifficulttoanswerthatquestion.

故有固定結構Itis+adj.+for/of+sb.+todosth.

若形容詞為描述某人的品質的(如good,wise,clever,silly,wrong等)，一般采用of，其他則使用for

不定式作表語，如Herjobistocleanthehall.比較Sheiscleaningthehall.不定式作賓語: ① 有些動詞能直接帶不定式，而不能直接帶動名詞，這類動詞有agree,aim,apply,arrange,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,pretend,profess,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,swear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow等 ② 上述agree,arrange,promise,resolve,claim,decide,demand,determine,hope,pretend,profess,swear,threaten等動詞既能直接帶不定式，也能直接帶that從句 ③ 若不定式作賓語時，其后還有賓補成分，則可考慮用it作形式賓語，不定式作真正賓語后置，但注意并不是任何動詞都能構成it的形式賓語結構，這些動詞包括find,feel,judge,think,make,believe,consider ④ 動詞不定式也可作介詞賓語，特殊地but,except用法見上

動詞不定式也可與wh-疑問詞連用，如HegavemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.

這類能以疑問詞加不定式作賓語的動詞包括tell,show,know,advise,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn等，且不定式用一般式、主動式為多

注意Myquestionishowtodothework.Myquestioniswhattodonext. ⑤ 表希望、打算的動詞若后接不定式的完成體形式，則表示過去有但未實現愿望不定式作賓語補足語:3 ① 有一些動詞必須先帶賓語再帶不定式(且必須為帶to不定式)，而不能直接帶不定式，這類動詞包括[1]arrangefor,askfor,relyon,callon,waitfor等詞組動詞；[2]consider,declare,find,prove,think,believe,discover,feel,judge,suppose,understand,want,wish,expect等表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞；[3]advise,allow,forbid,permit,recommend,require,urge,ask,tell,order,beg,help,persuade,prepare,cause,force,invite,oblige,enable,get,encourage,remind,request,command,warn,drive等表示勸告、允許、禁止等動詞；使役動詞、感官動詞一般后跟不帶to不定式，詳見上，注意改為被動語態(tài)時需恢復to3 ② 第[2]類動詞中，其后的不定式總帶to，通常為tobe，往往可以省略，如

Weconsideredhim(tobe)foolish.

但不定式為完成體形式時則不能省略，如

Weconsideredhimtohavebeenfoolish.

上述動詞后的名詞或代詞既是動詞賓語，也是不定式的邏輯主語，故一般都可與that從句互換，如Iknowhimtobehonest.Iknowthatheishonest. ③ 第[3]類動詞中advise,allow,forbid,permit,recommend等動詞也可直接跟動名詞作賓語，如Sheadvisedgivingupsmoking.Sheadvisedustogiveupsmoking.

有些表示建議的還可以改為that從句，且需注意虛擬語氣，如

SheurgedthatgotoEurope.SheurgedthemtogotoEurope. ④ ask,hate,intend,prefer等動詞，既可直接跟不定式，也可先加賓語再加不定式，更可改成that從句，有的還可直接帶動名詞，如

Iprefertowalkthere.→Theypreferredhernottogowithhim.→Theypreferredthatsheshouldnotgowithhim.→Shepreferreddressingformallytowearingsportclothes. ⑤ 復合賓語，如Withalotofworktodo,hedidn’tgotocinema.不定式作定語: ① 名詞有時是不定式結構的邏輯主語，一般等同于同義的定語從句，如

Hewasthelastguesttoarrive.Hewasthelastguestwhoarrived.

名詞有時是不定式結構的邏輯賓語，一般也等同于同義的定語從句，如

Hehasalargefamilytosupport.Hehasalargefamilythathemustsupport.

名詞有時與不定式結構是一種同位關系，如

Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou. ② 如果不定式屬于不及物動詞，或由于意義上或結構上的需要，其后須加適當的介詞，如Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.

如果不定式修飾的名詞是time,place,way則間或可省去介詞，如

Hehasnoplacetolive(in). ③ 作名詞的修飾語的不定式采用主動態(tài)或是被動態(tài)一般無甚區(qū)別，如

Givemealistofpeopletoinvite/tobeinvited.

若名詞作句子主語，則使用被動態(tài)更為自然，試比較

I’vegotletterstowritetonight.

Thecasestobeinvestigatedarenottobemadepublicinpress. ④ 有些名詞如attempt,chance,effort,freedom,intention,necessity,opportunity,reason,time,way等，其后用不定式或介詞+doing意義無甚區(qū)別；而ability,agreement,ambition,anxiety,curiosity,mind,obligation,permission,refusal,temptation,tendency后一般跟不定式，如

Woodhasatendencytoswellifitgetswet.

而delay,difficulty,excuse,experience,interest,habit,hope,idea,method,object,passion,plan,possibility,skill,success通常后跟介詞+doing，如

Ahundredyearsago,fewpeoplebelievedinthepossibilityofflying.

thefirst/thelast/only/best等詞常跟不定式作定語不定式作狀語: ① 可表目的，如Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney. ② 注意不定式作狀語時，其邏輯主語即主句的主語，注意其一致性:4 Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.

Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.4 ③ 可表結果，如Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.

常用only,just等放在不定式前表示強調，如Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout. ④ 可表原因，如Theywereverysadtohearthenews.

可表程度，如It’stoodarkforustoseeanything. ⑤ 表目的，也可用inorderto/soasto不定式表示，主要用于強調“目的”含義或表示否定不定式作獨立成分，如totell(you)thetruth,tomakemattersworse,tosumup,tobehonest,tobefrank,tobeginwith

其中的tobe+adj.結構也可轉換為adv.+speaking結構，如

tobehonest=honestlyspeaking,tobefrank=franklyspeaking有些不定式往往含有否定含義，如

Thefurnitureisheavytomove.=Thefurnitureistooheavytomove.

否定含義與heavy等形容詞的本身意義有著密切關系

但若too…to…結構前形容詞表示的是喜悅、急切的心理狀態(tài)，則此時too類同于very注意不定式to與do及其變形的不同作用，如

Ihappenedtohaveheardofthenews.EQ\O(｜,↓,符合動詞happen的搭配,→)符合時態(tài)、語態(tài)要求動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能；動名詞可以是一般形式以及完成體形式，列表如下主動態(tài)被動態(tài)一般形式doingbeingdone完成體形式havingdonehavingbeendone 否定式為not/never(etc.)+動名詞動名詞作主語，如Readingaloudisveryhelpful.

當動名詞作主語時，常用it作形式主語，如It’snousequarrelling.

常見句型如It’snouse/nogood/awasteoftimedoing

一般來說，較抽象的一般行為多用動名詞作主語，具體、將來某動作多用不定式作主語

動名詞作表語，如Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.

表示一般性、經常性的動作多用動名詞，而表示某一次將來的動作多用不定式；對于兩者皆可的情況，遵從對稱原則，即表語形式遵從主語形式，最常見的就是諺語“眼見為實”的表述方法，即Toseeistobelieve./Seeingisbelieving.

動名詞作定語，表示所修飾詞用途，且與被修飾詞無邏輯上的主謂關系，例如waitingroom,swimmingpool,flyingsuit,sleepingcar動名詞作賓語: ① 有一些動詞能帶動名詞而不能帶不定式作賓語，常見的有admit,acknowledge,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp(情不自禁),can’tresist,can’tstand,consider,delay,deny,dislike,ensure,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,giveup,imagine,include,keep(on),mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practise,putoff,report,risk,suggest等 ② 動名詞的主語若是不言而喻的或已在句中出現的，則無需表示出來；但若其本身帶有主語，則必須表示出來，以免引起歧義，如Sheinsistedonmegoing. ③ 動名詞作賓語時，其邏輯主語用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格，若邏輯主語不在句首，則也可用賓格，如Idon’tmindJohn/John’s/him/hisbuyinganotherone. ④ 有一些動詞不能直接帶動名詞，而必須在動詞后添加賓語、介詞(into/from)再帶動名詞，如tricksb.intodoingsth./talksb.intodoingsth.

特殊地，v.+sb.+fromdoingsth.結構一般帶“使……不”的含義，如stop/prevent/keepsb.fromdoingsth.其中介詞from也可略而不用

但如果動詞為被動態(tài)時則介詞不能省略，試比較

Wecan’tstopit(from)happening.Itcan’tbestoppedfromhappening.

除上述以外，congratulatesb.ondoingsth./accusesb.ofdoingsth.等也可歸入此類5 ⑤ 在attempt,begin,can’tbear,continue,hate,intend,like,love,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,start等動詞之后既能直接帶不定式，也能直接帶動名詞，基本意義無甚區(qū)別，但需注意5 a) 在begin,can’tbear,cease,continue,like,love,neglect,omit,prefer,propose,start等動詞后，表示一般行為用動名詞居多，表示特定的、具體的動作則用不定式居多，試比較

Idon’tlikewatchingtelevision.I’dliketoswimtoday. b) 在need,want,require,deserve等動詞后，可使用動名詞主動形式，這相當于用不定式被動形式，如Thehousewantsrewiring.Thehousewantstoberewired.

試比較Myradioneedsrepairing/toberepaired.Ineedmyradio(tobe)repaired.

試比較Hedeservesshootingfirst.(應先被殺)Hedeservestoshootfirst.(應先射擊) c) 在begin,start之后若跟的是靜態(tài)動詞，或begin,start為進行體，則使用不定式，如

Webegantoseewhathemeant./It’sbeginningtorain. d) 在attempt,intend,plan后，以跟不定式比較普通 ⑥ 在forget,goon,leaveoff,mean,regret,remember,stop等動詞后既能帶不定式，也能帶動名詞，但含義完全不同，這類動詞大致可分為以下五類分述: a) remember,forget,regret之后，用動名詞表示動作發(fā)生在“記得”、“忘記”、“后悔”之前(動名詞動作已發(fā)生)，意義上doing=havingdone；用不定式表示動作發(fā)生在“記得”、“忘記”、“遺憾”之后(動名詞動作未發(fā)生)，試比較:

eq\o\ac(○,1)IregrettellingyouthatJohnstoleit.=IregretthatItoldyou…

eq\o\ac(○,2)IregrettotellyouthatJohnstoleit.=Iamsorrytotellyou…

不過，例句1也可理解為IregretthatIamnowtellingyou… b) stop,leaveoff,goon等詞之后，通常用動名詞作賓語[停下、繼續(xù)做某事(同一件事)]，若用不定式結構便不是賓語而是目的狀語，相當于inorderto[停下、繼續(xù)做另一事]，試比較

TheystoppedwatchingTVat9:30.=At9:30theydidn’twatchTVanymore.

TheystoppedtowatchTVat9:30.=Theypausedat9:30inordertowatchTV.

特別注意goontodo/goondoing對“一件事”、“另一件事”定義較為嚴格，如readingTextOne與readingTextTwo雖同指reading一事，但對于goon屬兩件事 c) try,mean,can’thelp等詞之后，根據動詞本身的不同含義選擇todo或doing

trytodo努力、設法trydoing試著、試用

meantodo打算(plantodo)meandoing意味著

can’thelptodo不能幫忙(to可省略)can’thelpdoing禁不住(can’thelpbutdo) d) agree,decide等詞之后，可直接帶不定式，若要帶doing則需加介詞，如 Theyagreedtheremuneration(報酬). e) encourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise等詞之后，可直接帶doing，若要帶不定式則需添加自己的邏輯主語，如 Shedoesn’tallow. ⑦ 在以下一組句子中，使用doing或todo無甚區(qū)別 Ilike. 但在以下一組句子中則語義略有不同，試比較 IhateEQ\O(……………,……………) ?句表示的是一般的說謊行為，此時tellinglies的邏輯主語泛指一般的人，而?句表示的是特指的說謊行為，邏輯主語為主句的主語I，又如分詞分為現在分詞與過去分詞，兩者典型的區(qū)別在于

現在分詞表主動、進行；而過去分詞表被動、完成6現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能；動名詞可以是一般形式以及完成體形式，列表如下6及物動詞write不及物動詞go主動態(tài)被動態(tài)主動態(tài)一般形式writingbeingwrittengoing完成體形式havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavinggone 否定式為not+現在分詞 現在分詞的主動態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示動作同時發(fā)生，完成體形式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語；現在分詞的被動態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示動作同時發(fā)生的被動動作，完成體形式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示動作之前發(fā)生，且為被動的動作；分詞完成體形式只能作狀語現在分詞作定語時，如果分詞單獨作定語則放在所修飾名詞前，如果是分詞短語作定語則放在所修飾名詞后，如

Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.

如上例句，現在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能，表示正在進行或經常發(fā)生的動作，此處inthefollowingyears=intheyearsthatfollowed

現在分詞作表語，如Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.

bedoing既可表示現在進行時，也可表示現在分詞作表語，區(qū)別在于其表示進行的動作是進行時，若表示特征時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成的系表結構現在分詞作賓語補足語: ① 如下動詞后可跟現在分詞作賓補，如感官動詞see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,listento,lookat及使役動詞find,get,keep與leave,catch等，如

Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom? ② 以上的絕大多數動詞后可帶todo或doing作賓補，試比較其區(qū)別

InoticedanoldmanEQ\O(………,………) ?句表示的是動作正在進行，即非全過程，而?句表示的是動作已完成，即全過程 ③ 當人稱代詞在主句中作賓語，隨后又跟現在分詞作賓補，則此時人稱代詞只能用賓格，如

Theycaughthimcheatingontheexam.

Theycaughthischeatingontheexam.現在分詞可在句中作狀語，表示多種意義，茲各舉一例如下，一般都可轉換為對應從句 時間狀語 Climbingtothetopofthetower,wesawamagnificentview. 現在分詞表示的動作若較短暫，且與謂語動作緊接著發(fā)生，通常使用一般形式，如 Hearingthenews,thechildrenjumpedwithjoy. 原因狀語 Beingahardworkingyoungman,heispraisedbyallhisfellowworkers. 條件狀語 Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime. 讓步狀語 Manyboys,havinghadfewadvantagesintheiryouth,haveneverthelessdonegreatthingsfortheircountry. 結果狀語 Hespreadarumourthatthepresidentwasgoingtoresign,leadingtoagreatconfusioninthatcountry. 表伴隨 Theoldmanwasfastasleep,holdingabookinhishand. 此外，有一些表示說話人對說話內容所持態(tài)度的現在分詞已經成為固定用語，如

Judgingfromwhatyousay,hehasdonehisbest.

Generallyspeaking,thisbookisnotverydifficult.

這是以現在分詞短語作評注性狀語

現在分詞還可以帶從屬連詞，如

Whensleeping,Ineverhearathing.

ThoughunderstandingnoGreek,Charleswasabletocommunicatewithhim.

也可作獨立結構，如

Timepermitting,we’lldoanothertwoexercises.

Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.

其中的havingbeen或being間或可以省去，如

Thequestion(havingbeen)settled,themeetingadjourned.

有時也可由介詞with引出，如

Withthetreegrowingtall,wegetmoreshade.7過去分詞只有一種形式

過去分詞作定語:7 OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.

注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般置于名詞前，如果是短語則后置，過去分詞作定語相當于一個被動態(tài)的定語從句，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語所表示動作之前

過去分詞作表語: cf. Thewindowisbroken.(系表)Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.(被動)過去分詞作前置定語(修飾語): ① 來自及物動詞的過去分詞作前置修飾語通常帶有被動意義和完成意義；而能作上述用法的現在分詞有的來自及物動詞，有的來自不及物動詞，通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義，如

frozenfoodafreezingwind afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

aboredtravelleraboringjourney arecordedtalkarecordingmachine ② 有些過去分詞通常不能單獨作前置修飾語，但若加前綴un-或者構成符合形容詞后便可作作前置修飾語，如

uninvitedguests badly-builthouse

anundeterminedboundary highly-developedindustry

來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少用作前置修飾語，如果能作前置修飾語則其僅表示完成意義，而無被動意義，如

aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretired fallenleaves=leavesthathavefallen 過去分詞作后置修飾語相當于一個縮略的定語從句，如

Oneofthehouses(whichwere)wreckedbythestormbelongedtomygrandfather.過去分詞作補語: ① 許多現在分詞、過去分詞已被形容詞化

-ed與-ing型形容詞的區(qū)別:前者用于描述人的感受，后者用于修飾引發(fā)該感受的人或事 ② 古英語遺留下來的過去分詞問題參見第一章 ③ 能以過去分詞作賓補的動詞主要分成以下三類: a) see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺、心理狀態(tài)的詞，如

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

IsawTomseatedonthebench.(=sitting) b) make,get,have,keep等表致使含義的詞，如

Ihavemyhaircuteverytenday. Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.

注意havesth.done結構中，have有三種不同含義，試比較

Wehadtheproblemssolved.(使，有意行為)

Shehadherarmbrokeninanaccident.(遭受，非有意行為)

Ihavenotanymoneyleft.(有)

注意have的一些結構: eq\o\ac(○,1) have…do/doing/done此處have作使、讓，have的主語多為人，如

I’mgoingtohaveyouwriteanarticle.

Theyhavethecarwaitingforusatthegate./Iwon’thaveyoutalkingsomuchnow!

You’dbetterhaveyourlegexamined.8 eq\o\ac(○,2) have…todo/tobedone此處have作有解釋，如

Westillhavealotofproblemtosolve.

Ihavemanydocumentstobetyped.8 c) like,want,wish,order等表希望、要求含義的詞，如

Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.過去分詞可在句中作狀語，表示多種意義，茲各舉一例如下，一般都可轉換為對應從句 時間狀語 Onceappointedsupremecommander,hetookthesternmeasuresexpectedofhim. 原因狀語 Deeplymoved,hethankedheragainandagain. 條件狀語 United,westand;divided,wefall. 讓步狀語 Beatenbythepoliceandsenttojail,Gandhiinventedtheprincipleofnonviolentresistance. 表伴隨 HewenttoBeijingthatyear,disguisedasamerchant. 過去分詞還可以帶從屬連詞when,although,though,asif,if,evenif,once,unless,until等，如

Thedictionarywilllooknicewhenprinted.

Thoughsurrounded,theguerillaswerenotdiscouraged.

Oncepublished,thebookcausedaremarkablestir.

上述結構可視作一個省略主語+be的從句，注意主語一致問題

也可作獨立結構，如

Myworkdone,wewenthomestraightaway.

有時也可由介詞with引出，如

Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.獨立(主格)結構(建議理解)——帶主語的分詞結構

① n./pron.+現在分詞，如

Mr.Libeingaseniorteacher,weallrespecthim.

② n./pron.+過去分詞，如

Theirworkdone,theworkersleftthefactory.

獨立結構作狀語類似于with結構，有時可交替使用綜述非謂語動詞的邏輯主語: ① 作表語、賓語、狀語時，其邏輯主語即句子主語，如

Hiswishistoliveinaflat. ② 作定語時，其邏輯主語即被修飾詞，如

ToysmadeinChinaareverypopular. ③ 作賓補時，其邏輯主語即該句賓語，如

Manyparentsurgetheirchildrentoattendextraclassesinholiday. ④ 若非謂語動詞需自己獨立的主語 a) 不定式可使用for/ofsb.注意of僅用于表示人物性格、特點的形容詞后 b) 動名詞作主語則可用名詞所有格或物主代詞，如Hiscominglatemademeangry.

提示:EQ\O(him,×)此處不可使用him

動名詞作賓語則可用名詞賓格/賓格代詞或名詞所有格/物主代詞，如

Canyouimaginemy/meeatingthesethingswithintenminutes? c) 獨立(主格)結構 考前鞏固I. Correcterrors,ifany,inthefollowingsentences.OnlythesentencesinEnglishneedrevising.Payspecialattentiontowhatyou’velearntinthischapter.It’snecessaryofyoutolearnsomeEnglish.Themedicinecan’thelpgettingridofyourcold.Tomstoppedlistening,buttherewasnosound.Hesuggestedustowatchamovie.9Theyweremadeworkdayandnight.9Wedon’thavepapertowrite.Themeetingbeingheldnextmonthissuretobeagreatsuccess.Seeingfromthehill,thetownlooksmagnificent.HowoftenIhaveregrettednottotakehisadvice!Idon’tknowhowtodo.I’mconfusing.Shecandoeverythingexcepttocook.Heisaleaderlovingbythepeople.Hefeltitanhonortotakingpartinthework.Rememberpostingtheletteronyourwayhome,David.Ineedmytelevisionrepairing.Tomfailingintheexammademeunhappy.Onceseen,Idon’twanttoseeitagain.(這看過一遍就不想看第二遍了)Whynotaskingyourparentsforhelp?Heistobeblamed.Turningtotheleft,andyouwillfindthezoo.II. Addtowherenecessary.Ratherthan_____runtheriskoflosingeverythingtheyacceptedhisterm.Icoulddonothingbut_____pretend_____knownothing.Whynot_____urgehim_____reconsiderhisdecision?Mr.Joneswasmade_____answerinnumerablequestions.Whydon’tgetyourwife_____explainittoyou?Helpthegirlinfrontofyou_____carrythebaskets.Herwholelifehadbeenspentinlisteningtootherpeople_____talk.Shehadnochoicebut_____obey.WhatcanIdothenexcept_____watchthem_____carryyouaway?Areyouwillingtoletyourwife_____becontrolledbydestiny?III. Puttheverbsinbracketsintothecorrectforms,choosingamongtheinfinitive,thegerund,thepresentparticipleandthepastparticiple.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsidered_____(go)away.Thecriminaleventhreatened_____(murder)thepresident.Practise_____(put)thetipofyourtonguebetweenyourteethandblowing:Youwillpronounceperfectth’s!Ican’thelp_____(wonder)whetherweshouldrisk_____(go)withoutraincoats.Don’ttellmeyoualwaysescape_____(fine)becauseyouhaveaveryfastsportscar!Timdecided_____(put)brokenglassontopofhiswall_____(prevent)boys_____(climb)overit.Thedoctoradvised_____(stay)longerinhospital.Weallappreciateyour_____(want)_____(help)usinourdifficulties.Thewitnessdenied_____(see)theaccusedman.Michaelhasdelayed_____(write)tohertilltoday.Ididn’tmean_____(eat)anythingbutthecakeslookedsogoodthatIcouldn’tresist____(try)one.Mostpeopleprefer_____(spend)moneyto_____(earn)it.Wedon’tallow_____(smoke)inthelectureroom.Thisproblemneeds_____(lookinto).Ilove_____(lie)onmybackandstaringatthesky.10Hepermitted_____(arrive)latewithanexcuse.10Iwishhewouldstop_____(pretend)tobeanexpertonByzantineArt.Iremember_____(allow)them_____(play)inmygardenwithoutfirst_____(ask)forpermission.Doyouwishyourbreakfast_____(bring)toyourroom,madam?Idon’twantthatkindofthing_____(keep)happening.I’mnotgoingtohaveyou_____(mixup)withthissortofbusiness.Don’tforgettohavehim_____(come).Icaughttheboys_____(steal)applesfrommygarden.Canyougettheclock_____(go)again?Thelecturersoongotus_____(think).I’llgetthebook_____(send)toyounextmail.Youshouldmakeyourviews_____(know).I’llleaveyou_____(settle)allthebusiness.It’sbettertoleavesomething_____(unsay).Hekeptthem_____(work)allday.HereafterIwantyoutokeepme_____(inform)ofhowthingsaregoingwithyou.Ifeltagreatweight_____(takeoff)mymindbythispromise.Isawtheman_____(knockdown)andthedriver_____(drive)away.Therentyouasksoundsreasonableforthesizeofthecottage.Howwouldyoulikeit_____(pay)?Iwon’thaveanything_____(say)againsthimbehindhisback.IV. Completethesentencesbyusingthepresentorthepastparticipleformoftheverbinbrackets.Mrs.Allisonwillcharmeveryoneattheparty.Sheisa_____(charm)woman.Hassomethingtroubledyou?Didyoureceivesome_____(trouble)news?Willyour_____(increase)salaryenableyoutobuyanewcar?Didyoutrytoencourageyourson?Didyougivehimany_____(encourage)advice?The_____(fall)snowwasfrozenhard.Dickjumpedoutofthewayofthe_____(approach)train.Weneedanothercopyofthe_____(sign)contract.The_____(return)packagehadnostampsonit.Sheilaisthe_____(adopt)daughterofawell-knownbanker.TheChieffeltthoroughlylostinthe_____(crowd)streetsofLondon.V. Combinethefollowingsentencesbyusingsuitablenon-predicativeverbs.Iknewthathewaspoor.Iofferedtopayhisfare.Hefoundnooneathome.Heleftthehouseinabadtemper.Hewasexhaustedbyhiswork.Hethrewhimselfonhisbed.Shedidn’twanttohearthestoryagain.Shehadhearditallbefore.Sheenteredtheroomsuddenly.Shefoundthemsmoking.Sheaskedmetohelpher.Sherealizedthatshecouldn’tmoveitalone.*VI. Combineeachgroupofsentencesintoasinglesentencebyusingclauses,non-predicativeverbsorboth.TommyhasenteredakeyuniversityinShanghai.

Hewasoncepraisedbyhishighschoolteacherforhisdiligence.Thisisagoodspotforpicnic.

Ariverflowsononeside.

Alargetreeprovidesshade.

Wecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.ThetownfolkenviedHorace.

11Horacehadcomeintoasmallfortune.

Withthefortuneheboughtabighouse.

WiththefortunehealsoobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryinBritain.11Hehadgreatlywrongedhisonlydaughter.

Shemightneverforgivehim.

Thisideaalmostdrovehimcrazy.Thestorywritteninplainlanguage.

Itconsistsofthreeparts.

Ithasaninterestingplot.

Theplotcentresroundanoldaristocraticfamily.

Thefamilylivedin17th-centuryFrance.Farabovethewatersofabeautifullakestandfivepavilions.

ThepavilionsareinChinesestyle.

Theystandoverthetopsofthetallpinetrees.

Thepinetreesgrowonthesteepslopesofahill.Theoldmanstoppedfartherdownthestreet.

Heleanedagainstalamp-post.

Helistenedtoasong.

Thesongwascheerful.

Itcameoutfromarestaurant.

Therestaurantwasontheoppositesideofthestreet.Mr.JacobwasTony’sformeremployer.

HehadpromisedTonyahalf-dayjob.

ThejobwouldgiveTony￡20aweek.

Itwasnecessarytobreakthisnewstohisfamily,Tonythought.VII. TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.只喝一杯咖啡就會使我整晚睡不著。(keep)我們對他的不辭而別感到很驚訝。(without)看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗簾并把電視的音量調低了。(turn)你為什么不在網上訂票呢？(Why)要保持身體健康，我們應該每天抽出一定的時間來鍛煉。(health)在寒冷的冬日喝杯熱飲真是愜意。(It)閱讀電子書籍漸漸成為年輕人的新時尚。(trend)請避免經常11點以后睡覺。(avoid)得知他心情不好，我建議他與朋友聊聊天，以去除煩惱。(suggest)今天報紙上的這篇文章值得一看。(worth)你已經使我沒什么可說的了。(leave)做這種實驗值得嗎？(worthwhile)重修這條運河已經給國民經濟帶來許多好處。(bring)看到面前坐著這么多人，他感到很緊張。(feel)我在四川住過許多年，對那里很了解。(familiar)我們開始敲門，以為那就是他的住所。(knock)由于太興奮，他不知說什么好。(know)她坐在那里一聲不響，淚水順著面頰流下來。(with結構) 真題鏈接Choosethebestanswer.Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan_____.12 A.kept B.tobekept C.keeping D.beingkept12_____themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement, A.Thepresidentwillattend B.Thepresidenttoattend

C.Thepresidentattended D.Thepresident’sattendingUnless_____tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference. A.invited B.inviting C.beinginvited D.havinginvitedShewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole_____inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive. A.tohaveplayed B.toplay C.tobeplayed D.tobeplayingHavingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_____whethertheywillenjoyit. A.tosee B.tobeseen C.seeing D.seenTheresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit. A.begins B.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun–Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?

–Thekey_____theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustomers. A.tosolving…making B.tosolving…made C.tosolve…making D.tosolve…madeInordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate-runcompaniesarestriving_____theirproductsmorecompetitive. A.tomake B.making C.tohavemade D.havingmadeQuiteafewpeopleusedtobelievethatdisaster_____ifamirrorwasbroken. A.wassureofstriking B.wassureofhavingstruck

C.wassuretobestruck D.wassuretostrikeThough_____money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity. A.lacked B.lackingof C.lacking D.lackedinDon’tusewords,expressions,orphrases_____onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge. A.beingknown B.havingbeenknown C.tobeknown D.known_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin. A.Exposed B.Havingexposed C.Beingexposed D.AfterbeingexposedPricesofdailygoods_____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices. A.arebought B.bought C.beenbought D.buyingInsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_____foranotherhour. A.waiting B.towait C.wait D.tobewaitingWhen_____,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear. A.completed B.completing C.beingcompleted D.tobecompletedInordertomakeourcitygreen,_____. A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretrees B.manymoretreesneedtoplant

C.ourcityneedsmoretrees D.wemustplantmoretreesWithalotofdifficultproblems_____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime. A.settled B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettled_____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver. A.Havingsuffered B.Suffering C.Tosuffer D.SufferedFindinghercarstolen,_____. A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelp B.theareawassearchingthoroughly

C.itwaslookedforeverywhere D.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelpDoletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_____everything. A.totell B.tobetold C.tobetelling D.tohavebeentold_____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual. A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing–There’saholeinyourbag. –Iknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____.13 A.mend B.mending C.mended D.tobemended13Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead. A.lying B.lie C.lay D.layingTellhim_____thewindow. A.toshutout B.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshutThefurniture_____onOctober15wasseriouslydamagedbecauseofaroadaccident. A.beingdelivered B.havingdelivered

C.havingbeendelivered D.deliveredHehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday. A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breakingIcan’timagine_____th