新概念2知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

PAGE新概念2知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)第一部分、時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)一、一般過去時(shí)；一、定義。1.表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和明確的過去時(shí)間狀語連用，如：yesterday,lastweek,threedaysago,in1998,justnow等，或與由when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。2.也可以表示過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常或反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。句子中常帶有everyday,often,usually,always,sometimes等時(shí)間狀語。例：WhenIworkedinthecompany,Igotupearlyeverymorning.在那家公司上班時(shí)，我每天早晨都起得很早。Inthepastfewyearssheusuallywenttouringduringhersummerholidays.在過去的幾年里，每逢暑假她總是出去旅游。二、一般過去時(shí)態(tài)句子結(jié)構(gòu)1．Be動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)態(tài)在沒有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句子中使用be動(dòng)詞，amis的過去式為was;are的過去式為were.如：Iwaslateyesterday.Weweren'tlateyesterday.Shewasn'tateacherthreeyearsago.Wereyouillyesterday?Weretheyonceyourclassmates？Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasn't.Whowereyourbestfriendsinyourprimaryschool?2.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)態(tài)肯定句要使用動(dòng)詞的過去式，否定句和疑問句要使用助動(dòng)詞do和does的過去式did.如：Iwenthomeatnineo'clockyesterday.Ididn'tgohomeyesterday.Hedidn'ttellmeaboutyou.Didyougohomeyesterday?Yes,Idid.No,Ididn't.Whendidyoufinishyourhomeworklastnight/thedaybeforeyesterday?3.助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式如下：shall―should（將要）用于第一人稱單數(shù)will―would（將要）用于所有人稱can―could（能，會(huì)）may―might（可以）must―must（必須）haveto―hadto（不得不）助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)態(tài)要使用他們的過去式，后面的動(dòng)詞還使用原形。如：Ihadtodomyhomeworkyesterday.(昨天我不得不做作業(yè)。)三、一般過去時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞變化形式一般過去時(shí)態(tài)由動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞的過去式是在動(dòng)詞原形后加上ed構(gòu)成。這類動(dòng)詞稱為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。1）一般情況下在詞尾直接加ed。如：play―playedwork―worked2）以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞只加d.如：likelikedlove―loved3）以輔音字母+Y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變Y為I，再加ed.如：study―studiedcarry―carried4）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，要雙寫最后這個(gè)輔音字母，再加ed.如：stop―stopped5）不以ed結(jié)尾的過去式，稱為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,如：write（寫）--wrotego-wentdo-didhave-hadsee-sawtake-tookmake-madecome-camebuy-bought技巧：巧記一般過去時(shí)：【一巧】時(shí)間狀語（即標(biāo)志詞）巧。一般過去時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，恰巧與表示過去的一些時(shí)間狀語連用?！径伞啃问角?。它與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣，形式多樣：當(dāng)主語是第一人稱單數(shù)或第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用was；主語是第二人稱或其他人稱復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用were。例如：Iwasintheclassroomyesterdaymorning．昨天早上我在教室里。HewasatschoollastTuesday．上周二他在學(xué)校。Theywereoverthereamomentago．剛才他們?cè)谀沁??！救伞糠穸ň浣Y(jié)構(gòu)巧。與動(dòng)詞be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣，它在動(dòng)詞后面加not即可變成否定句，并且was,were與not可以縮寫成wasn't,weren't。即：主語＋wasn't／weren't＋表語＋其他。例如：Iwasnot(＝wasn't)hereyesterday．昨天我不在這兒。Myparentswerenot(＝weren't)athomelastSunday．上周日我父母不在家?！舅那伞恳蓡柧涫角伞０褀as,were提到句首，句末用問號(hào)即可變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?。即：Was(Were)＋主語＋表語＋其他？這恰巧與動(dòng)詞be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問句式相似。例如：Wereyouathomethedaybeforeyesterday﹖前天你在家嗎？Wasshelatethismorning﹖今天早上她遲到了嗎？更巧的是疑問句的答語也相似，肯定回答用“Yes,主語＋was／were．”；否定回答用“No,主語＋wasn't／weren't．”。例如：—WereWeiHuaandHanMeiherejustnow﹖剛才魏華和韓梅在這兒?jiǎn)幔俊猋es,theywere．(No,theyweren't．)是的，她們?cè)?。（不，她們不在。）練?xí)一、用be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1．I______anEnglishteachernow.2．She_______happyyesterday.3．They_______gladtoseeeachotherlastmonth.4．HelenandNancy________goodfriends.5．Thelittledog_______twoyearsoldthisyear.6．Look,there________lotsofgrapeshere.7．Today_______thesecondofJune.Yesterday______thefirstofJune.It_____Children'sDay.二、用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.I______(watch)acartoononSaturday.2.Herfather_______(read)anewspaperlastnight.3.We_________tozooyesterday,we_____tothepark.(go)4.______you_______(visit)yourrelativeslastSpringFestival?5.______he_______(fly)akiteonSunday?Yes,he______.6.Jim_______(pull)upcarrotslastNationalDayholiday.7.I____________(sweep)theflooryesterday.8.What______she_______(find)inthegardenlastmorning?She__________(find)abeautifulbutterfly.1.He_________(live)inWuxitwoyearsago.2.Thecat________(eat)abirdlastnight.3.We_______(have)apartylastHalloween.4.Nancy________(pick)uporangesonthefarmlastweek.5.I________(make)amodelshipwithMikeyesterday.6.They________(play)chessintheclassroomlastPElesson.7.Mymother_______(cook)anicefoodlastSpringFestival.8.Thegirls________(sing)and_______(dance)attheparty.9.It______(be)Ben'sbirthdaylastFriday.10.Weall______(have)agoodtimelastnight.11.He________(jump)highonlastSportsDay.二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一．句型：Eg:Ihavefinishedmyhomework.Hehasn’twateredtheflowers.Havetheywatchedthefilm?Yes,theyhave.No,theyhaven’t.二．用法1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果Eg.Ihavespentallofmymoney(sofar).(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了.)Jimhas(just/already)come.(含義：吉姆現(xiàn)在在這兒)Myfatherhasgonetowork.(含義是:我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒)2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過去時(shí)的句子）連用.①for+時(shí)段②since+過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從……以來）③since+時(shí)段+ago④since+從句（過去時(shí)）⑤Itis+時(shí)段+since+從句（過去時(shí)）E.g.Maryhasbeenillforthreedays.Ihavelivedheresince1998.三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)這種含義:*以already,just和yet為標(biāo)志Hehasalreadygotherhelp.他已得到她的幫助。Hehasjustseenthefilm.他剛剛看過這場(chǎng)電影。Hehasn'tcomebackyet.他還沒有回來。*以ever和never為標(biāo)志ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的一部電影。HehasneverbeentoBeijing.他從沒有到過北京。*以動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志HesayshehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.他說他已經(jīng)去過美國三次了。*以sofar（到目前為止）為標(biāo)+beforeHehasgottoBeijingsofar.到目前為止他已到了北京。注意：1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago等;2)不能與when連用3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用.四、過去分詞變法小結(jié)1、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。(1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ed”。e.g.workworkedworked(2)、以“e”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“d”。e.g.livelivedlived,(3)、以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將"y"變?yōu)?i"，再加“ed”。studystudiedstudied,crycriedcried(4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ed”。stopstoppedstopped,dropdropped--dropped2、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：AAA型E.g.letletletcutcutcutAAB型E.g.beatbeatbeatenABA型E.g.becomebecamebecomerunranrunABB型E.g.bringbroughtbroughtfeelfeltfeltABC型E.g.beginbeganbegundrivedrovedriven五、易混知識(shí)辨析1、hasgone(to),hasbeen(to)的區(qū)別Have/Hasgone(to):去了(現(xiàn)在不在說話現(xiàn)場(chǎng))Whereisyourfather？HehasgonetoShanghai.Have/Hasbeen(to):去過（已不在去過的地方）MyfatherhasbeentoShanghai.2、since和for的區(qū)別since后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如1993，lastterm,yesterday,thetimeIgottherefor后接一段時(shí)間，表示“長(zhǎng)達(dá)多久”，如tenyears,awhile,twodays等。Exercise:1、用since和for填空1.JimhasbeeninIreland______Monday.2.JillhasbeeninIreland______threedays.3.HisaunthaslivedinAustralia______15days.4.Maryisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere______7o'clock.5.Indiahasbeenanindependentcountry______1974.6.Thebusislate.They'vebeenwaiting______20minutes.7.Nobodylivesinthosehouses.Theyhavebeenempty______manyyears.8.Mikehasbeenill______alongtime.Hehasbeeninhospital______October.Keys：1.since2.for3.for4.since5.since6.for7.for8.since2、單項(xiàng)選擇1.-Wherehaveyou_____,Kate?-I've______tothebank.A.gone,goneB.been,beenC.gone,beenD.been,gone2、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyears.Ａ.iswritingＢ.waswritingＣ.wroteＤ.haswritten3、—Ourcountry______alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.Ａ.haschanged;wellＢ.changed;goodＣ.haschanged;betterＤ.changed;better4、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.Ａ.was;studyingＢ.will;studyＣ.has;studiedＤ.are;studying5、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.Ａ.knowＢ.hadknownＣ.haveknownＤ.knew6、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.Ａ.Did;do;finishedＢ.Have;done;finishedＣ.Have;done;havefinishedＤ.will;do;finish7、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.Ａ.joinedＢ.hasjoinedＣ.wasinＤ.hasbeenin8、MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.Ａ.hasgoneＢ.wentＣ.willgoＤ.hasbeen3、填空。1.I____already____(see)thefilm.I________(see)itlastweek.2._____he____(finish)hisworktoday?Notyet.3.Myfather____just____(come)backfromwork.Heistirednow.4.Where’sLiMing?He__________(go)totheteacher’soffice.5.I__________(work)heresinceI______(move)herein1999.6.SofarI_______________(make)quiteafewfriendshere.7.Howlong________theWangs______________(stay)here?Fortwoweeks.8.I________just___________(finish)myhomework.9.____you______(find)yoursciencebookyet?10.I'velostmypen._________you________(see)itanywhere?三、一般將來時(shí)一、用法.“will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的一般將來時(shí)，其被動(dòng)形式為“will/shall+be+過去分詞”。(1)表示單純的將來。如：Hereldersisterwillbethirtyyearsoldnextmonth.下個(gè)月她姐姐就30歲了。(2)表示在說話時(shí)決定要去做某事。如：Wearereallylost.I’llstoptoasksomeonetheway.我們真的迷路了。我要停下來問問路。(3)用于“祈使句+連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”固定句式中。如：Gostraightonandyou’llseeachurch.Youwon’tmissit.直走你就會(huì)看到一座教堂，你不會(huì)錯(cuò)過的。二．一般將來時(shí)的句型(have/hasdone)1.肯定句：Theworkerswillbuildanewschoolherenextyear.2.否定句：Hewon’tplayfootballwithyoubeforehefinisheshiswork.3.疑問句：Willyoubebackintenminutes?4.特殊疑問句：Wherewillyougonextweek?三、注意事項(xiàng)1.用“begoingto＋動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的一般將來時(shí)。(1)人作主語時(shí)表示打算，“有計(jì)劃要做”。如：Mydaughterisgoingtobeadoctorwhenshegrowsup.我女兒打算長(zhǎng)大后當(dāng)醫(yī)生。(2)物作主語時(shí)表示目前有跡象表明將要發(fā)生某事，“有……的趨勢(shì)（如天氣變化）”。如：Lookattheblackclouds.It’sgoingtorain.看那些烏云，要下雨了。(3).在含有條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句一般不用be

going

to，而常用will（第一人稱用shall）。從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí)：如：The

football

match

will

be

put

off

if

it

rains

tomorrow.

如果明天下雨，足球賽將被推遲舉行。(4).在時(shí)間、條件或讓步狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。如：Theywillgohomeforthewintervacationassoonastheyfinishtheirexams.他們一考完試就回家過寒假。Exercise()1.He_______abletocomeonFridaybecausehefailsinhisexam.A.willbenotB.willnotbeC.isgoingtobeD.isn’tgoingbe()2.–When________again?--Whenhe____________,I’llletyouknow.A.hecomes;comesB.willhecome;willcomeC.hecomes;willhecomeD.willhecome;comes()3.DoyouthinkTom______________hisuncleifhearrives?A.calledB.callsC.willcallD.iscalling()4.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilit_______.A.willstopB.stopsC.shallstopD.isstopped()5.We________beginourlessonsifyou_________ready.A.will;willbeB.shall;WillgetC.will;getD./;are()6.I’lltellheraboutitassoonasshe___________back.A.shallcomeB.willcomeC.comesD.isgoingtocome()7.It’sSaturdaytomorrow.I’mgladwe______anyclasses.SoamI.I’llgofishing.Wouldyouliketogowithme?A.haven’thadB.won’thaveC.don’thaveD.wouldn’thave()8.She________himalovelydogonhisnextbirthday.A.givesB.gaveC.willgivingD.isgoingtogive()9.Ifit________tomorrow,we’llhaveapicnic.A.isn’trainB.won’trainC.doesn’trainD.doesn’tfine()10.We________thehomeworkthiswaynexttime.A.doB.willdoC.goingtodoD.willdoing()11.Thedayaftertomorrowhe________avolleyballmatch.A.willwatchingB.watchesC.iswatchingD.isgoingtowatch()12.There__________ameetingtomorrowafternoon.A.willbegoingtoB.willgoingtobeC.isgoingtobeD.willgotobe()13.________aconcertnextSaturday?A.TherewillbeB.WilltherebeC.TherecanbeD.Thereare()14Iftheycome,we________ameeting.A.haveB.willhaveC.hadD.wouldhavetobe()15.They________anEnglisheveningnextSunday.A.arehavingB.aregoingtohaveC.willhavingD.isgoingtohave(

)16.

Charlie________herenextmonth.A.isn’tworking

B.doesn’tworkingC.isn’tgoingtoworking

D.won’twork(

)17.

He________verybusythisweek,he________freenextweek.A.willbe;is

B.is;isC.willbe;willbe

D.is;willbe(

)18.

There________adolphinshowinthezootomorrowevening.A.was

B.isgoingtohaveC.willhave

D.isgoingtobe四、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)一、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成將來進(jìn)行時(shí)是由"shall/will+be+現(xiàn)在分詞"構(gòu)成的。E.g.Don'tphonemebetween8:00and10:00.We'llbehavingclassesthen.二、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法①將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:表示在將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,intwodays,tomorrowevening等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用例如：I'llbetakingmyholidaysoon.我不久就去度假了。②將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法表示原因、結(jié)果或猜測(cè)。例如：Pleasecometomorrowafternoon,TomorrowmorningI'llbehavingameeting.請(qǐng)你明天下午來吧。我明天上午有個(gè)會(huì)。(表原因)Stopthechildorhewillbefallingover.抓住那個(gè)孩子，要不他會(huì)掉下去的。(表結(jié)果)Youwillbemakingamistake.你會(huì)出錯(cuò)的。(表推測(cè))B.用在問句中，表示委婉禮貌。Whenshallwebemeetingagain?我們什么時(shí)候再見面？C.表示稍后一點(diǎn)兒的安排。ThestudentsarestudyingUnit3thisweek,andnextweekthey'llbestudyingUnit4.這周學(xué)生們學(xué)第三單元，下周他們將學(xué)第四單元?！咀⒁狻吭跁r(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Becarefulwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.過馬路時(shí)要當(dāng)心。Exercise將來進(jìn)行時(shí)練習(xí)1.What____you_____thistimetomorrow?Awill…doBwill…h(huán)avedoneCwill…bedoneDwill…bedoing2.Thestreetlights____onwhennightfalls.AwillhavegoneBwillhavebeengoingCwillbegoingDwillbegone3.Joe____thepianoinafewminutes.AshallbeplayedBwillhavebeenplayingCshallbeplayingDwillhaveplayed4.I____mygrandmotheratthreethisafternoon.AshallbevisitingBshallhavevisitedCshallbevisitingDwillvisit5.“Canyouattendthepartytonight?”“No,_____thebossaboutsomethingurgent.”AIseeBIshallhaveseenCI’llbeseeingDIcansee【將來進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)的比較】?jī)烧叨急硎緦淼男袨椋谟梅ㄉ嫌兴鶇^(qū)別：(1)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間里正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；而一般將來時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Shewon’tbehavingameetinginherofficeat8:00tomorrow.明天8點(diǎn)她不在辦公室開會(huì)。Whatwillyoudoatfivetomorrowafternoon?明天下午五點(diǎn)你將干什么？(2)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來表示說話人設(shè)想已經(jīng)安排好的事；而一般將來時(shí)表示臨時(shí)決定。如：WewillbetakingourholidayattheseasideinJuly.七月份我們要去海邊度假。－DidyoutellJuliaabouttheresult?你告訴朱莉婭結(jié)果了嗎？－Oh,no.Iwillcallhernow.噢，沒有。我現(xiàn)在就告訴她。(3)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不表示個(gè)人意愿。如：Theywillbemeetingusatthestation.他們會(huì)在車站接我們的。(4)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)比一般將來時(shí)在語氣上要委婉客氣。如：Whenwillyoufinishtheseletters?你什么時(shí)候會(huì)處理完這些信件？WhenshallIbeexpectingyouthisevening?今天晚上我?guī)c(diǎn)等你？五、過去完成時(shí)一、過去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)概念：過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去（past-in-the-past）”。|||>那時(shí)以前那時(shí)現(xiàn)在構(gòu)成：過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中had通用于各種人稱。E.g.Theyhadalreadyhadbreakfastbeforetheyarrivedatthehotel.二、過去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)1.由時(shí)間狀語來判定一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：（1）by+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.（2）bytheendof+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.（3）before+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.2.由“過去的過去”來判定。過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：（1）賓語從句中當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如：Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.（2）狀語從句中在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如：WhenIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.注意：before,after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于before和after本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如：Wheredidyoustudybeforeyoucamehere?Afterheclosedthedoor,helefttheclassroom.（3）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"

Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.3.根據(jù)上、下文來判定。ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn'tseeneachothersincehewenttoBeijing.三、過去完成時(shí)的主要用法1.過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如：WhenIwokeup,ithadstoppedraining.我醒來時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”）2.過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如：Hetoldmethathehadwrittenanewbook.(hadwritten發(fā)生在told之前)3.過去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與already，yet，still，just，before，never等時(shí)間副詞及by，before，until等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如：BeforeshecametoChina,GracehadtaughtEnglishinamiddleschoolforaboutfiveyears.Peterhadcollectedmorethan300Chinesestampsbythetimehewasten.4.過去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如：Bytheendoflastyear,hehadworkedinthefactoryfortwentyyears.（hadworked已有了20年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能）四、易混時(shí)態(tài)辨析1、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞have(has)+過去分詞”；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。試比較：Ihavelearned1000Englishwordssofar.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語單詞。Ihadlearned1000Englishwordstillthen.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語單詞?！狪'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.對(duì)不起，讓你久等了?！狾h,notatall.Ihavebeenhereonlyafewminutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）—Johnreturnedhomeyesterday.約翰昨天回到家的?！猈herehadhebeen?他去哪兒了？（答語中使用過去完成時(shí)是指約翰在returnedhome之前去了哪些地方，即“過去的過去”）2、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1）.時(shí)間狀語不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較：Theyhadarrivedatthestationbytenyesterday.Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.2）.在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。如：Shewasveryhappy.Herwholefamilywerepleasedwithher,too.Shehadjustwonthefirstinthecompositioncompetition.3）.當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and或but連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)；另外，在before，after，assoonas引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。如：Heenteredtheroom,turnedonthelightandreadaneveningpaper.I(had)calledherbeforeIlefttheoffice.例題解析：1.He______inShanghaiUniversityforfouryearsbeforehe______Beijing.A.studied,hadgoneB.hadstudied,wentC.hasstudied,goesD.hadstudied,hadgone解析："他去北京之前在上大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了4年"。在上海學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在去北京之前，因此第一個(gè)空應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。此題選B。2.Marysaiditwasatleastfiveyearssincehe______agooddrink.A.enjoyedB.wasenjoyingC.hadenjoyedD.wouldenjoy解析：Itwas+時(shí)間段+since引導(dǎo)的從句中用過去完成時(shí)。應(yīng)選C。3.XiaoPeisaidshe______Hainanfor3months.A.hasbeeninB.hadbeeninC.hadbeentoD.hadgoneto解析："小培說她去了海南三個(gè)月"。havebeento和havegoneto都是短暫性的動(dòng)詞短語。所以適應(yīng)表示狀態(tài)的havebeenin.應(yīng)選B.第二部分、直接引語與間接引語直接引語：直接引用別人的原話，一般要加引號(hào)。間接引語：用自己的話應(yīng)用別人的話，不用引號(hào)。間接引語的三要素：1）引導(dǎo)詞2）語序3）時(shí)態(tài)（及人稱的變化）間接引語:四種情況主句從句(語序):主+謂+賓+...1陳述句(句號(hào))that(可省略)2一般疑問句(問號(hào))if/whether(…ornot)引導(dǎo)詞3特殊疑問句(問號(hào))特殊疑問詞(what/how開頭)緊記:特殊疑問詞+todosth.4祈使句/請(qǐng)求ask/tellsb.(not)todosth.時(shí)態(tài)：主句:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)從句:任何時(shí)態(tài)主句:一般過去時(shí)從句:過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)主句:真理(無論什么時(shí)態(tài))從句:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)圖表解析分類連接詞例句注意事項(xiàng)補(bǔ)充說明當(dāng)直接引語為“陳述句”時(shí)連接詞：that（口語中常常省略）Hesays,“Iwillgototheparktomorrow.”--Hesays(that)hewillgototheparktomorrow.Hesaid,“Iwillgototheparktomorrow.”--Hesaid(that)hewouldgototheparktomorrow.Hesaidtome,“youcanhelpher.”--Hesaidtome(that)Icouldhelpher..1.連接詞：that2.人稱：1主，2賓，3不變3.時(shí)態(tài)。1.黑體部分是連接詞。斜體部分為間接引語部分。2.間接引語部分均為陳述語序。3.間接引語部分實(shí)際上是賓語從句，連接詞之間的叫主句。4.當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，間接引語部分與直接引語的時(shí)態(tài)相同。5.當(dāng)主句是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，間接引語部分變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。當(dāng)直接引語是“一般疑問句”時(shí)。連接詞：if或者whether.可譯為：是否Heaskedme,“Areyougoodatmath?’HeaskedmeifIwasgoodatmath.HeaskedAmy,“Doyouloveme?”HeaskedAmywhethershelovedhim.Heasksme,“Isshereading?”Heasksmeifsheisreading.1.連接詞：if,whether2.語序：改為“陳述語序”。

（去掉：Do,Does,Did

改變Are,Is,Will,Can…位置）3.人稱：1主，2賓，3不變4.時(shí)態(tài)。當(dāng)直接引語為“特殊疑問句”時(shí)。連接詞：直接引語中的特殊疑問詞。

Heaskedhiswife,“Howareyou?”Heaskedhiswifehowshewas.Heaskedme,“Whatcolordoyoulike?”HeaskedmewhatcolorIliked.Heasksme,“wherewillshego3dayslater.”Heasksmewhereshewillgo3dayslater.1.連接詞：特殊疑問詞2.語序：改為“陳述語序”。（去掉：Do,Does,Did

改變Are,Is,Will,Can…位置）3.人稱：1主，2賓，3不變4.時(shí)態(tài)。當(dāng)直接引語為“祈使句”時(shí)沒有連接詞。用:ask(tell)sb.todosth改寫。或tell(ask)sb.nottodosth.改寫HesaidtoAmy,“Becareful!”--HeaskedAmytobecareful.Heshouted,“Lily,Closethedoor.”--HetoldLilytoclosethedoor.Hesaidtome,“Don’tbelate.”--Heaskedmenottobelate.1.不用連接詞2.不改變時(shí)態(tài)。3.無須考慮語序4.人稱：1主，2賓，3不變1.斜體部分為間接引語部分。2.間接引語部分是動(dòng)詞不定式，在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。Exercise()1)Doyouknow____________.Awhathe’slookingforB)whatishelookingforC)whatdoeshelookforD)hisislookingfor()2)I’mnotsure__________.Awhatishisname.B)whathisnameis.C)hisnameiswhatD)what’shisname()3)Idon’tknow_________.AwheredoesheliveB)wheredidheliveC)wherehelivesD)heliveswhere()4)Ididn’tknow______________.AwhatshesaidB)whatdidshesayC)whatshespokeD)whatwasshespeaking()5)Idon’tknow__________.AwhenhewillcomebackB)whenwillhecomebackC)whendoeshecomebackD)whendidhecomeback按要求轉(zhuǎn)換句子：陳述句1)Shesays,”Iamateacher.”Shesays2)Shesaid,”Iamateacher.”Shesaid一般疑問句1)“AreyoufromJapan?”hesaystome.He()me2)“AreyoufromJapan?”hesaidtome.He()me特殊疑問句3)“Whendoesthetrainarrive?”Pleasetellme.Pleasetellme4)“Whendoesthetrainarrive?”Pleasetoldme.Pleasetoldme祈使句/請(qǐng)求1)“Don’tmakeanynoise.”MothersaystoTom.Mother()Tom2)“openthewindow.”MrLisaidtome.MrLi()me3)“Wouldyouliketoshowmeyourbook?”Katesaystome.Kate()me__________________第三部分、被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、語態(tài)概述英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。英語的語態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。例如：manypeoplespeakEnglish.謂語：speak的動(dòng)作是由主語manypeople來執(zhí)行的。被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng)。例如：Englishisspokenbymanypeople.主語English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。例如：Heopenedthedoor.他開了門。(主動(dòng)句)Thedoorwasopened.門被開了。(被動(dòng)句)二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。不及物動(dòng)詞本身沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。及物動(dòng)詞本身意義不完整，后必須帶賓語，有些還可以帶雙賓。不及物動(dòng)詞本身意義完整，不需要帶賓語，如帶賓語必須通過介詞。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的?，F(xiàn)以eat為例說明被動(dòng)語態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am／is／are＋eaten一般過去時(shí)：was／were＋eaten一般將來時(shí)：willbe＋eatenam/is/are+goingtobeeaten現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am／is／arebeing＋eaten現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have／hasbeen＋eaten歌訣是：被動(dòng)語態(tài)be字變，過去分詞跟后面。三、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。例如：somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)Thisbookwaspublishedin1981.這本書出版于1981年。（沒有必要或說出出版者）(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：Thewindowwasbrokenbymike.窗戶是邁克打破的。ThisbookwaswrittenbyLunxun.這本書是他寫的。Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。歌訣：誰做的動(dòng)作不知道，說出誰做的沒有必要；動(dòng)作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)運(yùn)用到。四、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法(1)把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。(2)把謂語變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過去分詞)(根據(jù)被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來決定be的形式)。(3)把主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：Allthepeoplelaughedathim.Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople.Theymakethebikesinthefactory.Thebikesaremadebytheminthefactory.歌訣是：賓變主，主變賓，by短語后面跟。謂語動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，be后“過分”來使用。五、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。歌訣是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過分”。例如：wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.--Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Wemustfinishthisworksoon.--Thisworkmustbedonesoon.六、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)需要注意的幾個(gè)問題.（1）時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。Ihaverepairedmycomputer.Mycomputerhasbeenrepaired.（2）謂語為動(dòng)詞短語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不能丟掉動(dòng)詞短語的介詞或副詞。Hisbestfriendoftenlooksafterhim.--Heisoftenlookedafterbyhisbestfriend.（3）主動(dòng)語態(tài)中若有雙賓語,將其中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語,另一個(gè)賓語不變。動(dòng)詞make/buy//get用for;動(dòng)詞give//send/lend/take用to)Viviangavemeabook.(雙賓語，人間物直，me為間接賓語，abook為直接賓語)--IwasgivenabookbyVivian.--AbookwasgiventomebyVivian.（直接賓語提前時(shí)，要在間接賓語前加介詞）（4）主動(dòng)語態(tài)若有復(fù)合賓語，（即句子結(jié)構(gòu)為主＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)），將主動(dòng)句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語，賓補(bǔ)不變。TheycallhimLouis.--HeiscalledLouis（5）主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中動(dòng)詞make,have,let(使sb做sth),notice.see.watch,lookat,hear,listento,feel等變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不定式需要加上to.Mr.Leemadehimwashthedishes.--Hewasmadetowashthedishes.（6）主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng).Thepoemreadswell.（7）有些動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)takeplace/happen/cometrue/breakout/belongto等。Allyourdreamswillcometrueifyoutryyourbest.Exercise1)將下列主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句。1.Theteachertoldhimnottowastetimeonplayingcomputergames.?__________________________________________________________________2.IgavemycousinatoyatChristmas.?__________________________________________________________________3.Theyshoulddoitrightnow.?__________________________________________________________________4.TheynamedtheboyJohnson.?__________________________________________________________________5.Themonsterletthelittlegirlcleanthecave.?__________________________________________________________________6.PeopleinthetownlaughatMikeforhisfancydress.?__________________________________________________________________7.Wecan’tdoitinoneday.__________________________________________________________________8.Isawadogcrossingtheroad.__________________________________________________________________9.Youngpeoplemusttakegoodcareofoldpeople___________________________________________________________________10.Theworkersarebuildinganewrailwaybetweenthetwocities.___________________________________________________________________2).選擇正確答案1.Ipromisethatmatterwill_______.A.betakencareB.betakencareofC.takecareD.takecareof2.Nopermissionhas________foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengivenB.givenC.togiveD.begiven3.I_______tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgiven4.Cansuchathing_____happeningagain?A.preventfromB.preventedfromC.bepreventedfromD.topreventfrom5.Anewhouse________atthecorneroftheroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding6.Thisbike________lastyear.A.boughtB.hasbeenboughtC.wasboughtD.hadbeenbought7.Didyouseethehousethat_______byfirelastyear?A.wasdestroyingB.destroyedC.woulddestroyD.wasdestroyed8.It_______whethershewillgetherworkinthehospital.A.hasn’tbeendecidedB.isn’tdecidingC.doesn’tdecideD.hasn’tdecided9.Thepen_______me.Itishers.A.isn’tbelongtoB.wasn’tbelongtoC.doesn’tbelongtoD.didn’tbelongto10.Ican’tusemybikebecauseit_______.A.isrepairingB.isbeingrepairedC.willrepairD.wasrepairing11．-Thewindowisdirty.—Iknow.It_____forweeks.A.hasn’tcleanedB.didn’tcleanC.wasn’tcleanedD.hasn’tbeencleaned12.—Howlong_______atthisjob?—Since1990.A.wereyouemployedB.haveyoubeenemployedC.hadyoubeenemployedD.willyoubeemployed13.Forests______andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut14.Hundredsofjobs_______ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose15.Anewcinema_______here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt第四部分、If條件句(真實(shí)&虛擬)一、概況引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句最常用的連詞是if，常見的if條件狀語從句表示在某條件下，某事很可能發(fā)生，條件是可能存在的，主句中某種情況發(fā)生的概率也是很高的。如：Ifyouaskhim，hewillhelpyou．如果你請(qǐng)他幫忙，他會(huì)幫你的。另外，if從句還表示不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件或根本不可能存在的條件