專(zhuān)題08.第八章句子的成分及結(jié)構(gòu)（初高區(qū)別及銜接）（學(xué)生版）-2021-2022學(xué)年英語(yǔ)初升高銜接大串講（人教版2019）

第八章句子的成分及結(jié)構(gòu)初中知識(shí)回顧初中階段，我們學(xué)習(xí)的基本句子成分包括：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)；我們學(xué)習(xí)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)主要是主謂賓和主系表；我們學(xué)習(xí)的句子類(lèi)型主要是簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句。回顧一：句子的基本成分1.主語(yǔ)：一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事。例如：Heisastudent.2.謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。例如：Helikesreading.3.表語(yǔ)：用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，一般位于系動(dòng)詞之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：Sheisagirl.4.賓語(yǔ)：表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：Helikesbooks.5.定語(yǔ)：修飾，限制，描述或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句。例如：Thisisaninterestingbook.6.狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征。狀語(yǔ)一般由副詞充當(dāng)。例如：Herunsfast.回顧二：句子的基本句型句子的基本句型：1.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)；2.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)；3.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。例如：l.Whocares'?主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)2.IloveChina.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)3.IamaChinese.主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)回顧三：句子的類(lèi)型1.簡(jiǎn)單句：含有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)的句子。例如：HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.2.并列句：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，且句子之間有并列連詞and/but等或用分號(hào)連接。例如：Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.高中知識(shí)銜接知識(shí)一：句子中的其他成分1.主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等充當(dāng)。例如：(1)Onethirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.數(shù)詞(2)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure..不定式(3)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth..動(dòng)名詞(4)Therichshouldhelpthepoor..名詞化的形容詞(5)WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.主語(yǔ)從句2.(1)簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。例如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno'clock.(2)復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。例如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.3.系動(dòng)詞用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)特征和身份等。(1)狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be動(dòng)詞，例如：Heisateacher.(2)持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,remain,stay,stand。例如：Healwayskeepsilentatmeeting.(3)感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste。例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.(4)變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有bee.grow,turn,fall,get,go,e,run。例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.除此之外，還有prove,turnout,appear,seem等。Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess4.雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Hegavemeabookyesterday.5.從情況、時(shí)間、處所、方式、條件、對(duì)象、肯定、否定、范圍和程度等方面對(duì)謂語(yǔ)中心進(jìn)行修飾或限制，可以構(gòu)成狀語(yǔ)成分。狀語(yǔ)一般由副詞充當(dāng)，也可由名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、從句等充當(dāng)。例如：(1)Lighttravelsmostquickly.副詞及副詞性短語(yǔ)(2)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.介詞短語(yǔ)(3)Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.不定式(4)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.分詞短語(yǔ)(5)Waitaminute.名詞(6)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.從句9種狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下：(l)Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(2)Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.原因狀語(yǔ)(3)Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.條件狀語(yǔ)(4)Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(5)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式狀語(yǔ)(6)Inordertocatchupwithothers,Imustworkharder.目的狀語(yǔ)(7)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)(8)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.讓步狀語(yǔ)(9)Iamtallerthanheis.比較狀語(yǔ)6.同位語(yǔ)是對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ擅~、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，例如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.7.插入語(yǔ)是對(duì)一句話(huà)做一些附加的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ衪obehonest(誠(chéng)實(shí)地說(shuō))，Ithink(我認(rèn)為)等，例如：Tobehonest,Idon'tquiteagreewithyou.知識(shí)二：句子的基本句型1.句子的基本句型4：主+謂+間賓+直賓。有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人（間接賓語(yǔ)）；一個(gè)指物（直接賓語(yǔ)）。例如：(1)Sheorderedherselfanewdress.(2)Hebroughtyouadictionary.(3)Ishowedhimmypictures.(4)Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.(5)Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.2.句子的基本句型5：主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)。此句型的句子的特點(diǎn)是，動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。例如：(1)Theypaintedthedoorgreen.(2)Thissetthemthinking.(3)Theyfoundthehousedeserted.(4)Heaskedmetoebacksoon.(5)Isawthemgettingonthebus.知識(shí)三：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)從句或一個(gè)主句和多個(gè)從句的句子，且從句用從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句都是復(fù)合句。例如：TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句思考總結(jié)句子的成分和結(jié)構(gòu)，是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中一個(gè)重要卻往往被忽視的部分。在高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，教師在分析長(zhǎng)難句的時(shí)候，很多學(xué)生茫然不知所措，正是因?yàn)閷?duì)于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)不了解造成的。在初中階段，英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)重視對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單英語(yǔ)知識(shí)和語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)，而到了高中階段則側(cè)重于培養(yǎng)綜合能力。這就需要我們把學(xué)到的知識(shí)靈活運(yùn)用到對(duì)語(yǔ)言、文章的理解中，不斷提高分析判斷能力、邏輯思維能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。而分析判斷能力的基礎(chǔ)，就在于閱讀中點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴的積累。隨堂練習(xí)

練習(xí)一：指出下列句子劃線(xiàn)部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobeeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.練習(xí)二：分析下列句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：1.ThisisanEnglishChinesedictionary.

2.Thedinnersmellsgood.

3.Hefellinlove.

4.Whoknowstheanswer?

5.Shesmiledherthanks.

6.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.

7.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.

8.Hebroughtyouadictionary.

9.Theyappointedhimthemanager.

10.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.

11.Thissetthemthinking.

12.Isawthemgettingonthebus.

13.Whocares?

14.Itdoesn’tmatter.

15.Everythinglooksdifferent.

16.Hegrowstallandstrong.

17.Theyareshortofmoney.

18.Heenjoysreading.

19.Hesaid"Goodmorning."

20.Ishowedhimmypictures.

練習(xí)三1.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang'e4(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPoleAitkenbasin.

2.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowers(carry)specialsignificance.

3.(2020全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ)Often,onlyasmallpartofamuseum'scollection(be)ondisplay.Mostofitisstoredawayorusedforresearch.

4.(2020浙江)Agriculturegavepeopletheirfirstexperienceofthepoweroftechnology(change)lives.

四單句填空1.The(disappear)ofdinosaursisnotnecessarilycausedbyastronomicalincidents.

2.Inthe1950sintheUSA,mostfamilies(have)justonephoneathome,andwirelessphoneshadn'tbeeninventedyet.

3.Icannotcontrolmybodywell.Mylegsbee(pain).

4.Susanmadeitcleartomethatshewished(make)anewlifeforherself.

5.Igotonthebusandfoundaseatneartheback,andthenInoticedaman(sit)atthefront.

6.Althoughbirdsuse(they)feathersforflight,someoftheirfeathersareforotherpurposes.

7.IwasdrivingdowntoLondonwhenI(sudden)foundthatIwasonthewrongroad.

8.Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbeliefyouarebetterthananyoneelseinthesportsfield.

9.Thereisnodoubtthatdoingexercise(be)beneficialtoourhealth.

10.Ifoundthetestdifficult,butItriedhardtodoit;suddenlyMary,mybestfriend,(ask)metolethercopymyanswers.

練習(xí)五Ⅰ.分析下列的句子成分并嘗試翻譯1.(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ閱讀B)Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.分析:句子的主干是結(jié)構(gòu)。其中Whatyouneed是語(yǔ);is是語(yǔ);agreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes是語(yǔ),其中wholetsyoumakemistakes是從句。

2.(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ閱讀D)Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.分析:Dr.Prinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences是句;Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed是as引導(dǎo)的從句,使用了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

3.(2019天津閱讀B)Byopeninganovel,IcanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworldwhereIamnowanewcharacter.分析:第一個(gè)I是主句的語(yǔ);canleave和enter是句子的語(yǔ);myburdens和awonderful、mysteriousworldwhereIamnowanewcharacter是句子的語(yǔ),其中wonderful、mysterious和whereIamnowanewcharacter作語(yǔ)修飾world。

4.(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ閱讀A)ThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworldfamouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.分析:Thissmallgroupbiketour是句子的語(yǔ);is是句子的語(yǔ);fantastic和toseetheworldfamouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.作語(yǔ)修飾way,其中withbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.作語(yǔ)修飾cherrytrees。

5.(2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ閱讀A)KnowledgeableguideswillentertainyouwiththemostinterestingstoriesaboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks.分析:Knowledgeableguides作句子的語(yǔ);willentertain作句子的語(yǔ);withthemostinterestingstoriesaboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks作語(yǔ),其中介詞短語(yǔ)aboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks作語(yǔ)修飾stories。

Ⅱ.完成下列句子1.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)我非常崇拜我的爸爸。2.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)我的父親是一個(gè)老師,他非常熱愛(ài)他的工作和他的學(xué)生。3.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)我們開(kāi)車(chē)離開(kāi)了學(xué)校。農(nóng)場(chǎng)離我們學(xué)校大約2公里遠(yuǎn)。4.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)通過(guò)這次活動(dòng),我們知道了農(nóng)民有多辛苦和糧食有多珍貴。

5.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)當(dāng)我在學(xué)習(xí)中遇到問(wèn)題時(shí),爸爸會(huì)耐心地聽(tīng)我說(shuō),鼓勵(lì)我勇敢克服困難。六語(yǔ)法填空閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。AChinahasbeethefirstcountrytolandaspacecraftonthefarsideofthemoon.TheunmannedChang'e4probe(探測(cè)器)—thename1(inspire)byanancientChinesemoongoddess—2(touch)downlastweekintheSouthPoleAitkenbasin.3(land)onthemoon'sfarsideisextremelychallenging.Becausethemoon'sbodyblocksdirectradiomunicationwithaprobe,Chinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspot4itcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular5(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環(huán)形山),moreso6thefamiliarnearside.ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang'e47(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPoleAitkenbasin.“Thisreallyexcitesscientists,”CarlePieters,ascientistatBrownUniversity,says,“becauseit8(mean)wehavethechancetoobtaininformationabouthowthemoon9(construct).”Dataaboutthemoon'sposition,suchashowmuchiceandothertreasuresitcontains,couldhelpChinadecide10itsplansforafuturelunar(月球的)basearepractical.

BUsingsocialmediatoomuchandpostingmanyselfies(自拍)1(cause)ariseinnarcissism(自戀)sincethesocialmediabecamepopular,accordingtoanewlypublishedstudy.Narcissismiswhensomeone