血液循環(huán)課件

匯報(bào)人：xxx20xx-03-16血液循環(huán)ppt課件目錄血液循環(huán)概述心臟結(jié)構(gòu)與功能血管系統(tǒng)及其調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制血液成分及其運(yùn)輸功能血液循環(huán)過程詳解血液循環(huán)障礙及疾病舉例01血液循環(huán)概述血液循環(huán)是指血液在心泵的作用下，循一定方向在心臟和血管系統(tǒng)中周而復(fù)始地流動(dòng)。定義運(yùn)輸氧氣、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和激素等至全身各器官zu織，同時(shí)將二氧化碳和其他代謝產(chǎn)物運(yùn)走，保證機(jī)體新陳代謝的正常進(jìn)行。功能血液循環(huán)定義與功能心泵，推動(dòng)血液流動(dòng)，由心肌zu織構(gòu)成，具有節(jié)律性收縮和舒張功能。心臟血管血液包括動(dòng)脈、靜脈和毛細(xì)血管，是血液流動(dòng)的管道，具有彈性，可隨心臟收縮和舒張而相應(yīng)變化。在心臟和血管中流動(dòng)的液體zu織，由血漿和血細(xì)胞組成，具有運(yùn)輸、調(diào)節(jié)、防御和凝血等功能。030201血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)組成以下附贈(zèng)各項(xiàng)管理制度英文版（不需要可刪）急救藥品、器材管理制度:1.Rescuedrugsandequipmentshouldbe"fivefixed"(fixedquantityandvariety,designatedplacement,designatedpersonstorage,regulardisinfectionandsterilization,regularinspectionandmaintenance)and"twotimely"(timelyinspectionandmaintenance,timelyreceiptandsupplementation).Theitemisclearlymarkedandcannotbeusedarbitrarily.2.Thenecessaryrescueequipmentiscomplete,ingoodperformance,andinstandbycondition.3.Therescuedrugsarecomplete,withcleardruglabelsandnodiscoloration,deterioration,expiration,ordamage.Theyshouldbeplacedandusedintheorderofdrugexpirationdates(fromrighttoleft).4.Emergencydrugsanditemsforeachdepartment'srescuevehicleshallbeuniformlyequippedaccordingtorequirements.Specializedemergencydrugsanditemsmustbereviewedandapprovedbythedepartmentdirectortodeterminethetype,quantity,specifications,anddosagetobeequipped.Rescuevehiclesmustbeplacedindesignatedlocationsandmanagedbydesignatedpersonneltoensuresafetyandeaseofuse.5.Afterusingrescuedrugsandequipment,theyshouldbefullyreplenishedwithin24hours.Iftheycannotbereplenishedduetospecialreasons,theyshouldbenotedonthehandoverregistrationformandreportedtotheheadnurseforcoordinationandresolutiontoensuretimelyuseduringpatientrescue.6.Thereisaregistrationbookfortheprovisionofdrugsandequipment.Ensureconsistencybetweenaccountsandmaterials,andhandoverbetweenshifts.7.Managementofsealedrescuevehicles:Beforesealing,theheadnurse(ornurseincharge)andanothernurseshallcountthedrugsandequipmentaccordingtotheregistrationbookofdrugandequipmentequipment,verifytheiraccuracy,andsealthemwithaseal.Twopeopleshallsignandfillinthesealingtime.Nurseschecktheconditionofthesealsoncepershiftandcompletethehandover.Theresponsiblenursescheckonceaweek,andtheheadnurseandresponsiblenursesopenthesealsandinspectthedrugsandequipmentintheambulanceonceamonth,withrecordskept.8.Nonsealedrescuevehiclemanagement:Eachshiftshallcountthedrugsandequipmentaccordingtotheregistrationbookandcompletethehandover.Theresponsiblenurseshallinspectonceaweek,andtheheadnurseshallinspectonceeverytwoweeksandkeeprecords,ensuringthattheaccountsmatchthematerials.護(hù)理文書書寫制度:

1.Nursingstaffstrictlyfollowthelatestrequirementswhenwritingnursingmedicalrecords.2.Thecontentofnursingrecordsshouldbeobjective,truthful,accurate,timely,complete,andstandardized.3.Allnursingdocumentsshouldbewrittenwithablueblackorcarboninkpen.4.AllnursingdocumentsshouldbewritteninArabicnumeralsfordateandtime,withdatesinyears,months,anddays,usinga24-hoursystem,specifictominutes.5.WritingshoulduseChinese,medicalterminology,andcommonlyusedforeignlanguageabbreviations;Completerecorditems;Thetextisneat,thehandwritingisclear,andthelayoutisclean;Accurateexpression,fluentsentences,simpleandconcise:correctformatandpunctuation,notypos.6.Whenerrorsoccurduringthewritingprocess,doublelinethemonthewrongwords,keeptheoriginalrecordclearanddistinguishable,signthemodifier,indicatethemodificationtime,continuetowritethecorrectcontent,anddonotusescraping,sticking,paintingorothermethodstocoveruporremovetheoriginalhandwriting.Eachpageshouldbemodifiednomorethantwotimes,otherwisetheoriginalrecorderwillpromptlycopyagain(exceptformodificationsmadebysuperiors).7.Nursingrecordswrittenbyinternnurses,probationarynurses,orunregisterednursesshouldbereviewedandsignedbynurseswithlegalprofessionalqualificationsinthismedicalinstitution.8.Furthertrainingnursescanonlywritenursingdocumentsafterbeingrecognizedbythemedicalinstitutionreceivingthetrainingfortheirworkability.9.Superiornursingstaffhavetheresponsibilitytoreviewandmodifythewrittenrecordsofsubordinatenursingstaff.Whenmakingmodifications,reddoublelinesshouldbeusedtomarkerrors,writethemodifiedcontent,signandindicatethemodificationtime.10.Temperaturerecords,medicalorders,patientcarerecords,andsurgicalinventoryrecordsshouldbearchivedontime.維持生命活動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體功能防御功能凝血功能血液循環(huán)生理意義血液循環(huán)為機(jī)體各器官zu織提供氧氣和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，維持正常的生命活動(dòng)。血液中的白細(xì)胞和抗體等具有防御功能，可抵御病原微生物的入侵，保護(hù)機(jī)體健康。通過運(yùn)輸激素等調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)，調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的代謝、生長、發(fā)育和免疫等功能。當(dāng)機(jī)體受到損傷時(shí)，血液可在損傷部位凝固，起到止血作用。02心臟結(jié)構(gòu)與功能心臟位于胸腔中部，稍偏左下方，夾在兩側(cè)肺臟之間，前方正對(duì)胸骨體和第2-6肋軟骨，后方平對(duì)第5-8胸椎。心臟外形像桃子，大小約和成年人的拳頭相似，有左心房、左心室、右心房、右心室四個(gè)腔，其中左心室內(nèi)壁是最厚的。心臟位置及形態(tài)形態(tài)位置內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)心臟由心肌構(gòu)成，左心房、左心室、右心房、右心室四個(gè)腔組成，其中左心室內(nèi)壁是最厚的，這四個(gè)腔分別是體循環(huán)，肺循環(huán)的必經(jīng)之路。功能區(qū)域劃分心臟分為左右心房和左右心室四個(gè)部分，分別負(fù)責(zé)接收和泵出血液，左心房和左心室負(fù)責(zé)將血液泵送至全身，右心房和右心室負(fù)責(zé)將血液回收至心臟。心臟內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及功能區(qū)域劃分心肌細(xì)胞具有自動(dòng)節(jié)律性、傳導(dǎo)性、興奮性和收縮性等特點(diǎn)，其中自動(dòng)節(jié)律性是指心肌細(xì)胞能夠在沒有外來刺激的情況下自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生節(jié)律性興奮和收縮。心肌細(xì)胞特性心肌細(xì)胞的生理功能主要包括泵血功能和內(nèi)分泌功能，泵血功能是指心肌細(xì)胞通過收縮和舒張將血液泵送至全身，內(nèi)分泌功能則是指心肌細(xì)胞能夠分泌一些生物活性物質(zhì)，如心房鈉尿肽等，參與調(diào)節(jié)體液和電解質(zhì)平衡。生理功能心肌細(xì)胞特性與生理功能03血管系統(tǒng)及其調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制動(dòng)脈、靜脈和毛細(xì)血管分類及特點(diǎn)動(dòng)脈負(fù)責(zé)將血液從心臟輸送到全身各zu織器官，管壁較厚且富有彈性，能夠承受較大的壓力。靜脈負(fù)責(zé)將血液從各zu織器官輸送回心臟，管壁較薄且彈性較差，但具有防止血液回流的瓣膜。毛細(xì)血管連接動(dòng)脈和靜脈的微小血管，管壁極薄且僅由單層細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，是血液與zu織細(xì)胞進(jìn)行物質(zhì)交換的主要場(chǎng)所。03外膜由疏松結(jié)締zu織構(gòu)成，含有神經(jīng)纖維和滋養(yǎng)血管，起保護(hù)和營養(yǎng)作用。01內(nèi)膜單層扁平上皮細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，具有抗凝和防止血小板粘附的作用。02中膜由平滑肌、彈性纖維和膠原纖維構(gòu)成，具有收縮和舒張功能，可調(diào)節(jié)血管管徑。血管壁結(jié)構(gòu)與功能神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)通過交感神經(jīng)和副交感神經(jīng)控制血管的收縮和舒張，以調(diào)節(jié)血流量和血壓。體液調(diào)節(jié)激素等化學(xué)物質(zhì)通過血液循環(huán)作用于血管平滑肌，引起血管收縮或舒張，從而調(diào)節(jié)血壓和血流量。例如，腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素可使血管收縮，而一氧化氮和前列環(huán)素則可使血管舒張。神經(jīng)和體液調(diào)節(jié)在血管系統(tǒng)中作用04血液成分及其運(yùn)輸功能正常成年男性每立方毫米血液約含500萬個(gè)紅細(xì)胞，女性略少。紅細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少可能導(dǎo)致貧血，增多則可能由多種疾病引起。紅細(xì)胞數(shù)量成熟的紅細(xì)胞呈雙凹圓盤狀，這種形態(tài)有利于紅細(xì)胞在血管中快速流動(dòng)，同時(shí)也有利于氧氣和二氧化碳的交換。紅細(xì)胞形態(tài)紅細(xì)胞的主要功能是運(yùn)輸氧氣和二氧化碳。此外，紅細(xì)胞還參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)、維持酸堿平衡等生理過程。紅細(xì)胞生理功能紅細(xì)胞數(shù)量、形態(tài)和生理功能白細(xì)胞分類及免疫功能白細(xì)胞分類白細(xì)胞可分為中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞等五類。各類白細(xì)胞在形態(tài)、功能和分布上有所不同。免疫功能白細(xì)胞是機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，它們通過吞噬、sha傷病原體、產(chǎn)生抗體等方式參與免疫應(yīng)答，保護(hù)機(jī)體免受感染。正常血液中每立方毫米含有10萬至30萬個(gè)血小板。血小板數(shù)量減少可能導(dǎo)致出血傾向，增多則可能引發(fā)血栓性疾病。血小板數(shù)量當(dāng)血管受損時(shí)，血小板會(huì)迅速黏附于損傷部位，聚集成團(tuán)形成止血栓子，同時(shí)釋放出生長因子等物質(zhì)促進(jìn)傷口愈合。此外，血小板還參與炎癥反應(yīng)和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等生理過程。止血過程血小板在止血過程中作用05血液循環(huán)過程詳解體循環(huán)途徑血液從左心室出發(fā)，經(jīng)過主動(dòng)脈及各級(jí)分支到達(dá)全身毛細(xì)血管，進(jìn)行物質(zhì)交換后，再經(jīng)各級(jí)靜脈匯集成上、下腔靜脈流回右心房。體循環(huán)特點(diǎn)路程長，流經(jīng)范圍廣，以動(dòng)脈血滋養(yǎng)全身各部，將新鮮的氧氣和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)輸送至全身的zu織和器官，再將其代謝產(chǎn)物經(jīng)靜脈運(yùn)回心臟