新高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練07 應(yīng)用文體類閱讀理解(原卷版)

高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練（新高考）07應(yīng)用文體類閱讀理解【命題意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來(lái)講，考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力，具體地說(shuō)，就是通過(guò)閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉咳珖?guó)高考英語(yǔ)考試說(shuō)明明確指出，要求考生讀懂一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料，例如公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中的簡(jiǎn)短文章，這說(shuō)明了應(yīng)用文文體在高考英語(yǔ)中的重要性。這個(gè)特點(diǎn)在歷年高考試題中有明顯的印證，不管是全國(guó)高考卷，還是省區(qū)高考卷中基本每年都涉及應(yīng)用文文體的考查，這充分體現(xiàn)了＂為用而學(xué)，學(xué)以致用＂的新課程理念。因此，考生很有必要認(rèn)真研讀閱讀理解中應(yīng)用文的特征和命題特點(diǎn)，并掌握一定的解題方法。本文擬結(jié)合近年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷閱讀理解中所涉及的應(yīng)用文文體，幫助考生提高閱讀理解的解題能力。應(yīng)用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文體，通常以實(shí)用性為目的、以真實(shí)性為基礎(chǔ)、以時(shí)效性為根本、以規(guī)范性為準(zhǔn)則。該文體一般可分為兩大類：一類是說(shuō)明性應(yīng)用文，包括廣告、啟事、海報(bào)、守則、公告、指南、個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷、備忘錄、摘要等；另一類是敘述性應(yīng)用文，如書信、日記、便條、報(bào)告、請(qǐng)?zhí)?。目的都是向讀者傳輸信息。高考試題主要涉及宣傳廣告、公告類應(yīng)用文，偶爾也會(huì)有書信類文章出現(xiàn)。從近三年高考全國(guó)卷閱讀理解中應(yīng)用文的話題分布情況可知，前一類是應(yīng)用文命題的首選題材，其中包括廣告、海報(bào)和指南等。在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中應(yīng)用文體的考查主要有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1.就文體特點(diǎn)而言，應(yīng)用文主要是為了向讀者傳遞信息，措辭簡(jiǎn)潔明了，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，和所述問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)的文字不會(huì)出現(xiàn)。例如很多文章沒(méi)有標(biāo)題，甚至通篇沒(méi)有一個(gè)完整的句子，而是用詞、數(shù)字、縮寫、短語(yǔ)等來(lái)替代。3.就形式特點(diǎn)而言，標(biāo)題醒目，重點(diǎn)突出，條理清晰，常用粗體字或各類項(xiàng)目符號(hào)使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更鮮明。4.就語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，文章充斥大量冗長(zhǎng)而生僻的專有名詞，如人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名、組織名、書籍名、作品名等等，而且沒(méi)有漢語(yǔ)注釋?？s略詞、祈使句、省略句多。5.在行文方式方面，應(yīng)用文的每種文體都有固定的格式。敘述性應(yīng)用文采用一般記敘文的寫作方法，無(wú)特別之處；說(shuō)明性應(yīng)用文的行文呈排列式，即以小標(biāo)題為單位逐一下行排列。6.就命題特點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，高考英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文的設(shè)問(wèn)一般是按照文章段落的順序依次設(shè)置，主要考查考生提取信息和處理信息的能力，既考查對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的選取、排除、類比、綜合，又注重推理判斷題的考查，題目設(shè)置相對(duì)容易。具體講來(lái)主要有四大類：(1)細(xì)節(jié)理解題，即要求考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。這一題型常見的命題方式有事實(shí)認(rèn)定題、圖形辨認(rèn)題、數(shù)字運(yùn)算題等。(2)推理判斷題。這類題主要考查考生根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)分析語(yǔ)篇的邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。(3)主旨大意題。該類題主要考查考生對(duì)所讀材料中心思想的概括.其考查形式有很多，如概括標(biāo)題、主題、中心思想等。(4)詞義猜測(cè)題，即要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測(cè)生詞的詞義?！镜梅忠c(diǎn)】考生必須掌握應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)用文閱讀的一些常見技巧或方法，這樣有利于快速、準(zhǔn)確地答題。1.夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)盡量多積累一些非考綱單詞和一些常見的縮寫詞語(yǔ)，由于應(yīng)用文中常常出現(xiàn)大量的縮寫詞和一些生詞，這就要求同學(xué)們平時(shí)要在老師的指導(dǎo)下，有意識(shí)地盡量多積累一些非考綱單詞和一些常見的縮寫詞語(yǔ)。例如：表時(shí)間，路程，數(shù)量：am=morning，pm=afternoon，Mon=Monday，Jan.=January，hr=hour，hrs=hours，P.W.=perweek，ml=mile，doz=dozen，Max=maximum，Min=minimum表通信和影視設(shè)備：Te1.=telephonenumber，Ph.=phone表媒體：VOA=VoiceofAmerica，BBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporation表學(xué)歷、職業(yè)：MA=MasterofArts，BSdegree=bachelor’sdegree(學(xué)士學(xué)位)，prof.=professor，Dr.=doctor，VIP=veryimportantpersons表國(guó)家、組織、地點(diǎn)：theUSA=theUnitedStatesofAmerica，thePRC=thePeople’sRepublicofChina，WTO=WorldTradeOrganization，co.=company，Add(r).=address，Sta=Station，Mt=Mountain表方向：s=south，n=north，w=west，e=east其他：Lid=Limited，P=page，pop=popular，Xmas=Christmas，info=information，ad=advertisement，vs=versus，PC=personalcomputer等等。2.宜采用＂題干定位法＂應(yīng)用文閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一點(diǎn)提問(wèn)，以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，考生完全沒(méi)有必要從頭到尾全部仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o(wú)效信息。做此類題時(shí)，宜采用＂題干定位法＂，即先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問(wèn)題要求，按照題目順序依次有針對(duì)性地結(jié)合題干關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位答案范圍，閱讀相關(guān)部分，快速尋找有效信息，再把原文和選項(xiàng)相比較。當(dāng)問(wèn)題與材料相同的時(shí)候，對(duì)號(hào)入座；如果問(wèn)題與原文不同，則可以同義替換、歸納事實(shí)等。要注意根據(jù)所提問(wèn)題采用尋讀、跳讀的方法，這樣往往可以達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。3.補(bǔ)全成分法省略詞和省略句在應(yīng)用文閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn)，對(duì)于影響語(yǔ)境理解的省略情況，我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語(yǔ)境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全，從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。例如：Driverwanted.根據(jù)文意，可將該句補(bǔ)充為＂Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司機(jī)。)＂。4.排除法排除法在應(yīng)用文閱讀中也應(yīng)用得較多，即排除與文章內(nèi)容不一致的錯(cuò)誤信息，從而確定正確選項(xiàng)。【真題再現(xiàn)】【2020·新高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ（山東），A】POETRYCHALLENGEWriteapoemabouthowcourage,determination,andstrengthhavehelpedyoufacechallengesinyourlife.Prizes3GrandPrizes:TriptoWashington,D.C.foreachofthreewinners,aparentandoneotherpersonofthewinner’schoice.Tripincludesround-tripairtickets,hotelstayfortwonights,andtoursoftheNationalAirandSpaceMuseumandtheofficeofNationalGeographicWorld.6FirstPrizes:ThebookSkyPioneer:APhotobiographyofAmeliaEarhartsignedbyauthorCorinneSzaboandpilotLindaFinch.50HonorableMentions:Judgeswillchooseupto50honorablementionwinnerswhowilleachreceiveaT-shirtinmemoryofEarhart’sfinalflight.RulesFollowallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.■Writeapoemusing100wordsorfewer.Yourpoemcanbeanyformat,anynumberoflines.■Writebyhandortypeonasinglesheetofpaper.Youmayuseboththefrontandbackofthepaper.■Onthesamesheetofpaper,writeortypeyourname,address,telephonenumber,andbirthdate.■MailyourentrytousbyOctober31thisyear.1.Howmanypeoplecaneachgrandprizewinnertakeonthefreetrip?A.Two. B.Three. C.Four. D.Six.2.Whatwilleachofthehonorablementionwinnersget?A.Aplaneticket. B.AbookbyCorinneSzabo.C.AspecialT-shirt. D.AphotoofAmeliaEarhart.3.Whichofthefollowingwillresultindisqualification?A.Typingyourpoemout. B.Writingapoemof120words.C.Usingbothsidesofthepaper. D.MailingyourentryonOctober30.【答案】1.A2.C3.B【解析】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。本文是一篇詩(shī)歌大賽的征稿啟事。文章就參賽作品的內(nèi)容、獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)、參賽規(guī)則等做了介紹。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Prizes部分中第一段中的”TriptoWashington,D.C.foreachofthreewinners,aparentandoneotherpersonofthewinner'schoice”可知，每位獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)叨伎梢詭б幻议L(zhǎng)和另一名由獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)哌x擇的人員。因此，每位獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)呖梢詭蓚€(gè)人。故選A。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Prizes部分中第三段”50HonorableMentions:Judgeswillchooseupto50honorablementionwinners,whowilleachreceiveaT-shirtinmemoryofEarhart'sfinalflight”可知，每位優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)叨紝@得一件紀(jì)念埃爾哈特最后一次飛行的T恤。故選C。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一部分中的”Followallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.Writeapoemusing100wordsorfewer”可知，所寫的詩(shī)字?jǐn)?shù)不能超過(guò)100字。否則，將會(huì)被取消資格。故結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，B選項(xiàng)(寫一首120字的詩(shī))是會(huì)被取消資格的。故選B?！绢}型演練】1AdmissiontoAngkorAngkorpassAdmissiontotheAngkorArchaeologicalParkisthroughtheAngkorpass.Thispassisneededtovisitanyofthetempleswithinthepark.Itisvalid(有效的)forallmonumentsinthearea,exceptforBengMealeaandPhnomKulen.Besuretohaveavalidpass,andticketsareregularlycheckedatmostofthemonumentsandatthecheckpoints.WheretobuytheAngkorpassThemainticketsalesofficeistheAngkorConservationAreaticketboothonCharlesdeGaulleroad.AllAngkorpassesareavailablehere.Ticketboothsareopendailyfrom5a.m.to5:30p.m.Hotels,guesthouses,shopsetc.arenotauthorizedtosellAngkorpasses.TypesofpassesPassesforseveraldurationsareavailable:◆1dayatUS$37◆3daysatUS$62◆7daysatUS$72The3-dayticketisvalidforany3dayswithinaweek,the7-dayticketforany7dayswithinamonth.Admissionforchildrenyoungerthan12isfree.PricesarequotedinUSDollars,butcanalsobepaidinCambodianRiel,ThaiBahtorEuro.Theinformationboardattheticketboothsliststrictrules:◆Passesarenotrefundable.◆Passesarenottransferable.Thepasscontainsaphotothatistakenwithawebcamattheticketoffice.◆Passesarenotvalidaftertheirvaliditydate.Passeshavevalidityfromandtodateprintedonthem.Ticketsboughtbefore5p.m,arevalidthesameday.Itisnotpossibletobuyaone-daypassforthenextday.Ticketsboughtafter5p.m.arevalidthesamedayuntilsunsetandthenextday.Makesurethepassisnotstampedorholesaren'tpunched(打孔)intoit,whichinvalidatesit,1.WherecantheAngkorpassbepurchased?A.Atthecheckpoints. B.Attheticketbooths.C.Inthehotels. D.Intheshops.2.Howmuchshouldacouplewithan8-year-oldpayfora3-daytriptoAngkor?A.US$74. B.US$124.C.US$144. D.US$62.3.WhatdoweknowabouttheAngkorpass?A.Itincludesaccesstoallsites.B.ItmustbepaidinUSDollars.C.Itcanbetransferredtoothers.D.Stampedticketsareinvalid.2Fourthingsthatyoucan'tmissinMacaoMacaoTowerAJHackettBungeeJumpTheMacaoTower,338meterstall,istheworld's10thhighesttower,withavarietyofactivities,suchasgambling,eatingandentertainment.Oneoftheacclaimedactivitiesisthebungeejump.TheAJHackettMacaoTowerBungeeJumpis233metershigh,makingitthehighestcommercialbungeejumpintheworld.Raiseyourarmsandoffyougo!Ifyouarenotdaringenoughtojumpthatheight,youcantrytheskywalkonthe57thfloorit'sstillremarkable.GrabbingatraditionalPortuguesedinnerMacaowascolonizedbyPortugalbefore1999.Asaresult,PortuguesecultureisdeeplyimmersedintomanycomersofMacao.ManyPortuguesesettledandopenedPortugueserestaurantsinthespecialadministrativeregion,buttheflavorismoreadaptabletoChinesepeople.MarkingattheRuinsofSt.PaulTheRuinsofSt.PaulisthesignaturelandmarkofMacao.TheruinsconsistoftheSt.Paul'sCollegeandtheChurchofSt.Paul,builtin1583.However,afterthreeintensefiresin1595,1601and1835,thechurchwasseriouslydamaged.Itisbeyondbeliefthatafterthevigorouscyclesofrebuildingandfires,thehugesurfaceandthefrontstairwayremainunburned.VisitingamuseumMacao,asatinycitywithonlyanareaof30.5squarekilometers,has23eye-catchingmuseums.Duetoitsuniquehistory,bothEasternandWesternhistoricalsitescanbefound.Manyofthemarepreservedforculturalheritage,touristspotsormuseums,suchastheGrandPrixMuseum,MaritimeMuseumandWineMuseum.4.Whichactivitywillbepopularwithadventurousvisitors?A.GoingBungeeJumping.B.GrabbingatraditionalPortuguesedinner.C.MarkingattheRuinsofSt.Paul.D.Visitingamuseum.5.WhatisincredibleabouttheRuinsofSt.Paul?A.Ithasauniqueculture.B.ItservesasasymbolofMacao.C.Itpartlystaysundamagedafterfiercefires.D.Itisacombinationofacollegeandachurch.6.Whatdo"'GrabbingatraditionalPortuguesedinner"and"Visitingamuseum"haveincommon?A.Takingaselfieinit.B.Findinghistoricalsites.C.Enjoyingabreathtakingexperience.D.Feelingbotheasternandwesterncultures.3TravelinEuropeInsteadofSantorini,TinosSantorinihasbeenstrugglingwithovertourismforyears,avictimofitsownsuccessaftertheisland,andtheGreekgovernment,soughttoluretouristsbackfollowingan8-yearfinancialcrisisNowthisidyllicdestinationhasreachedasaturationpoint.AmoreauthenticGreece—theonethatSantoriniofferedbeforethecrowds—canbefoundintheCycladichavenofTinos.Withitsownenchantingsunsetsandruggedcharm,thisunder-the-radargemisanalluringalternative.InsteadofAmsterdam,DelftandTheHagueIn2017Amsterdamwasvisitedby19millionpeople,twomillionmorethanliveintheentirecountry.Thecityhasaparticularproblemwithtouristsonatightbudget—manyarrivingvialow-costairlinesfromBritain,France,Germanyandbeyond,andstayingatAirbnbs,inhostelsorintheircarsand,spendingmuchoftheirtimepartyinginthered-lightdistrict.Therethecrowdsgetsodensethatonweekendsummernightsrescueworkersoftencan’tgettopeoplewhofallsickorfaint.Anothertwodestinationscanbeeasilycombined:Delftand,about10milesaway,TheHague,theseatofDutchgovernment.Bothareidealforvisitorslookingforgreatmuseums,canals,wildNorthSeabeaches—andnocrowds.InsteadofBarcelona,ValenciaForalessfreneticdoseofcosmopolitanMediterraneancharm,head220milesdownthecoasttoValencia,Spain’sthird-largestcity,with800,000residentsandbarely2millionvisitorsperyear.FoundedasaretirementcommunityforRomansoldiers,ithasmanyofthesameattributesasBarcelona—bothwereancientwalledcities—withasprawling,mazelikecenterfilledwithGothic,Romanesque,RenaissanceandBaroquearchitecture.AllstyleswerecombinedinValencia’sCathedral,builtbetweenthe13thand18thcenturies;architecturalpuristsshouldnotmissthe15th-centurySilkExchange,aUNESCOWorldHeritageSiteandastunningreminderofthecity’smercantileimportance.7.WhatcanwelearnfromSantorini?A.Itisstillthepopularplace.B.Itisanattractivechoice.C.Itwillwintouristsback.D.Itsufferedovertourism.8.InAmsterdam,thecrowdsaresodensethat.A.thestreetsarebustlingwithnoiseandexcitement.B.somepeoplecan’tbetreatedintime.C.morevisitorswillbedisturbed.D.manypeoplefallsickorfaint.9.What’stheauthor’spurposetowritethispassage?A.Recommendsomebetterplacestovisit.B.Introducesomenewplacestovisit.C.Criticizesomecrowdedplaces.D.Blametheimpropertourism.4Four-DayRwandaGorillaTrekking(徒步旅行)Thisfour-daytravelwilltakeyouforgorillatrekkingofMountainGorillasinVolcanoesNationalParkinRwanda,the“l(fā)andofathousandhills".GorillatrekkinginRwandaisoneofthehighlighttravelexperiencesinAfrica.Day1:PickufromKigaliAirport--TransfertoKigaliSerenaTodayuponyourarrivalatKigaliInternationalAirport,youwillbewarmlywelcomedandtransferredbyroadtoyourhotel，Youwillrelaxatthehotelfortherestofthetime.JourneyTime:10minutesAccommodation:KigaliSerenaMealPlan:NotincludedDay2:KigaliCityTours-TransfertoVolcanoesNationalParkTodayafterbreakfast,youwillgoforaguidedcitytourofKigali,oneofthesafestandcleanestcapitalcitiesinAfrica.Thetourwillstartfromthefirstmodernbuildingthatthecitywasfoundedon,duringwhichyoucanlearnaboutthecountry'shistory.Afterthecitytour,youwillbeginthejourneynorthwardstoVolcanoesNationalPark.BisateLodge(旅館)isRwanda'sfirstrealcomfortlodge.ActivitiesatthelodgeincludeBindwatchingandparticipatinginthereforestationprogramme.JourneyTime;3hoursAccommodation:BisateLodgeMealPlan:AllfoodDay3:GorillaTrekking-VisitTwinLakesTodayafterbreakfast,yourguidewilltransferyoutoVolcanoesNationalParkheadquarterstostartyourgorillatrekking.YouwilltrekthroughfoothillsoftheVirunga,enjoyinggreatviewsfromallangles.Uponseeingwherethemountaingorillasare,youwillstaywiththemforanhourastheygoabouttheirday-to-daylife-playing,feeding,touchingamongothers.Comingfacetofacewiththeseendangeredmountaingorillasisanexperienceyouwillneverforget.PS:Wehighlyrecommendthatyouhireservicesofawaiterwhocarriesyourbackpackduringthegorillatrekking.Itcosts15USdollarsperwaiter.Accommodation:BisateLodgeMealPlan:AllmealsDay4:DepartureTodayafterbreakfast,youwillbetransferredbacktoKigaliInternationalAirportforyouronwardjourney.10.WhatcantouristsdoatBisateLodge?A.Visitamodembuilding. B.TourKigaliwithaguide,C.LearthehistoryofRwanda. D.Dosomebirdwatching.11.Whatcantouristsdowithgorillaswhilehiking?A.Meetgorillasfacetoface. B.Feedgorillaswithsnacks.C.Playwithgorillasforanhour. D.Followthefootprintsofgorillas.12.WhatisstronglyadvisedfortouristsonDay3?A.Exploringthevolcanoes, B.Employingaporterforhelp.C.Catchingamountaingorilla. D.Leavingthebackpackinthehotel.5Portugal’smostbeautifulseasidedestinationsThelongcoastlineofPortugalisextraordinarilydiverse.WindyourwayalongitandyouwillfindtruePortugal,itshistory,itsheartanditssoul.CascaisOriginallyalittlewhitewashedfishingvillage,Cascaisbecameasummerresidenceforwealthynoblemeninthelate19thcentury.Itisnowabusy,moderntown,butalongitsshoreline,itstillhaspalatialvillas(富麗堂皇的別墅),manyofwhichhavebeenturnedintohotels,anditsprettytownsquareandoldstreetshavekepttheircharacter.ComportaThislittlevillagehas,untilrecently,beenasecretoftheexperts.Withhotelsnowstartingtoopen,thelocalsmakethemostofitbeforethecrowdscome.Bluewaterswashsuch-picture-perfectwhitesandsthatit’shardtobelieveyou’reinEurope:walkthebeachatsunset,orweaveyourwayonhorsebackthroughthegreenricefieldsbeforeamealofthefreshestoffishontheseashore.ZambujeiradoMarStandingbetweenthefierceAtlanticandtheplainsoftheAlentejo,thelittlefishingvillageofZambujeiradoMarhasoneoftheregionsmostbeautifulbeaches,backedbyhighrockcliffs.ForfivedaysinAugust,oneofPortugal’sbiggestyouthmusicfestivals,MEOSudoeste,isheldhere.Datesfor2020areAugust4-8.LagosWhite-washedLagosmanagestomaintainitscharacterandcharmwhileofferingalivelynightlifeforlocalsandtourists.Animportantnavalcentreinthe15thcentury,LagoswasalsocapitaloftheAlgarvefrom1576-1756.Extensivelydamagedinthe1755earthquake,thetownnowconsistsofmostly18thand19th-centurybuildings.VisitSantoAntonioChurchforitsblueandwhitetilesandgilded(鍍金的)woodwork.13.Whichplaceisstilladestinationfullofmysteries?A.Lagos. B.Comporta.C.Cascais. D.ZambujeiradoMar.14.WhatisspecialaboutZambujeiradoMar?A.Itisaremotevillage. B.ItfacesthePacificOcean.C.Ithostsamusicfestival. D.Itliesonhighrockcliffs.15.WhenweremostoftheconstructionsinLagosbuilt?A.14-15thcenturies. B.15-16thcenturies.C.16-17thcenturies. D.18-19thcenturies.6TheMasterGardenerFoundationAimTheMasterGardenerFoundationprovidesfreeinformationtothepubliconenvironmentallysafegardeningpracticesandwaterconservation.Theinformationisresearch-baseda