基于控制器顯示液晶的物理電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

基于控制器顯示液晶的物理電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)顧益飛陳相璋李松（重慶交通大學(xué)信息科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院，重慶南岸400074）摘要液晶顯示器是一種功耗低的顯示器。它的使用非常廣泛，比如電子表，計(jì)算器，數(shù)碼相機(jī)，計(jì)算機(jī)的的顯示器，液晶電視等。液晶顯示器以其優(yōu)越的性能，越來越受到各方面的重視，液晶顯示器也越來越多的應(yīng)用于眾多領(lǐng)域。液晶顯示模塊是一種集成度比較高的顯示組件，它將液晶顯示器，控制器，PCB電路板，背光源和外部連接端口等組裝在一起，可以方便的使用于需要液晶的場(chǎng)合。關(guān)鍵詞液晶顯示器;液晶顯示模塊;集成度比較高;方便使用1實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康牧私?1單片機(jī)的基本外圍電路設(shè)計(jì),學(xué)會(huì)使用12864液晶顯示模塊，用物理的科學(xué)方法分析實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象。并了解應(yīng)用物理學(xué)的微型控制計(jì)算機(jī)的功能。2實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容應(yīng)用物理電子元器件設(shè)計(jì)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)電路使用STC89C52，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)12864液晶顯示模塊的漢字、圖形動(dòng)態(tài)顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)器材與儀器：89C52一塊，12864液晶顯示模塊一塊，10k電阻一個(gè)，10k可變電阻一個(gè)，30pF電容兩個(gè)，10pF電容一個(gè)，開關(guān)按鈕一個(gè)，插針一個(gè)，萬用表，直流穩(wěn)壓電源器，示波器，烙鐵，焊錫等。3實(shí)驗(yàn)原理3.1液晶的物理特性液晶的物理特性是：當(dāng)通電時(shí)導(dǎo)通，排列變的有秩序，使光線容易通過；不電時(shí)排列混亂，阻止光線通過。讓液晶如閘門般地阻隔或讓光線穿透。3.2單色液晶顯示器的原理LCD技術(shù)是把液晶灌入兩個(gè)列有細(xì)槽的平面之間。這兩個(gè)平面上的槽互相垂直。也就是說，若一個(gè)平面上的分子南北向排列，則另一平面上的分子?xùn)|西向排列，而位于兩個(gè)平面之間的分子被強(qiáng)迫進(jìn)入一種90度扭轉(zhuǎn)的狀態(tài)。由于光線順著分子的排列方向傳播，所以光線經(jīng)過液晶時(shí)也被扭轉(zhuǎn)90度。但當(dāng)液晶上加一個(gè)電壓時(shí)，分子便會(huì)重新垂直排列，使光線能直射出去，而不發(fā)生任何扭轉(zhuǎn)。LCD是依賴極化濾光器(片)和光線本身。自然光線是朝四面八方隨機(jī)發(fā)散的。極化濾光器實(shí)際是一系列越來越細(xì)的平行線。這些線形成一張網(wǎng)，阻斷不與這些線平行的所有光線。極化濾光器的線正好與第一個(gè)垂直，所以能完全阻斷那些已經(jīng)極化的光線。只有兩個(gè)濾光器的線完全平行，或者光線本身已扭轉(zhuǎn)到與第二個(gè)極化濾光器相匹配，光線才得以穿透。LCD正是由這樣兩個(gè)相互垂直的極化濾光器構(gòu)成，所以在正常情況下應(yīng)該阻斷所有試圖穿透的光線。但是，由于兩個(gè)濾光器之間充滿了扭曲液晶，所以在光線穿出第一個(gè)濾光器后，會(huì)被液晶分子扭轉(zhuǎn)90度，最后從第二個(gè)濾光器中穿出。另一方面，若為液晶加一個(gè)電壓，分子又會(huì)重新排列并完全平行，使光線不再扭轉(zhuǎn)，所以正好被第二個(gè)濾光器擋住?？傊?，加電將光線阻斷，不加電則使光線射出。當(dāng)然也可以改變LCD中的液晶排列，使光線在加電時(shí)射出，而不加電時(shí)被阻斷。3.3傳統(tǒng)的點(diǎn)陣獲取法

在點(diǎn)陣式液晶中顯示圖像，首先要獲得圖像的點(diǎn)陣值。最傳統(tǒng)、最簡單直接的點(diǎn)陣獲取方法就是坐標(biāo)掃描法。其基本步驟為：將圖像置于坐標(biāo)系中，根據(jù)坐標(biāo)格上象素的存在與否決定該點(diǎn)值為1還是0；然后將每八個(gè)象素值拼成一個(gè)字節(jié)，從而得到該圖像的點(diǎn)陣數(shù)據(jù)。下圖為一個(gè)燈泡圖像掃描成16×16點(diǎn)陣的示意。

3.4液晶模塊介紹選用點(diǎn)陣模型液晶模塊的液晶顯示器，不僅可以顯示字符，而且可以顯示連續(xù)，完整的圖形。這種液晶模塊是行，列控制型的?？刂破魇且壕?qū)動(dòng)器與計(jì)算機(jī)或單片機(jī)的接口，它以最簡單的方式受控于計(jì)算機(jī)或單片機(jī)。這種液晶模塊具有自己的一套專用指令，并具有自己的字符發(fā)生器CGROM。3.5液晶模塊與MCU的接口介紹3.5.13.5.23.5.33.5.43.6硬件部分STC89CSTC89C52C52外圍電路LCM模塊LCD外圍電路3.6.13.6.2STC89C52內(nèi)部含有一個(gè)振蕩器，可以作為CPU的時(shí)鐘源，也可以由外部振蕩器輸入時(shí)鐘信號(hào)，作為CPU的時(shí)鐘源。這里采用片內(nèi)振蕩源，在XTAL1和XTAL2之間連接一個(gè)12MHz的適應(yīng)晶體以及兩個(gè)陶瓷電容，構(gòu)成并聯(lián)諧振電路3.6.3單片機(jī)的硬件復(fù)位方法很多，其基本特點(diǎn)是在RST引腳輸入兩個(gè)以上機(jī)器周期的高電平便可以實(shí)現(xiàn)硬件復(fù)位。這里采用的復(fù)位電路，既可以上電復(fù)位，也可以手動(dòng)復(fù)位。開關(guān)斷開時(shí)RST為低電平，當(dāng)開關(guān)閉合時(shí)RST獲得高電平，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)單片機(jī)的手動(dòng)復(fù)位。3.6.4液晶模塊部分(圖中通過可變電阻來調(diào)節(jié)液晶對(duì)比度)4軟件部分4.1總體設(shè)計(jì)使用c語言實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)液晶的定位文字，圖形動(dòng)態(tài)顯示4.2流程圖開始LCD啟動(dòng)等待開始LCD啟動(dòng)等待初始化閃爍清屏左移顯示圖形延時(shí)閃爍清屏顯示四行中文延時(shí)閃爍延時(shí)5小結(jié)5.1本實(shí)驗(yàn)詳細(xì)的介紹了基本控制電路及液晶顯示模塊，并對(duì)一款常用的LCD驅(qū)動(dòng)控制器的指令和功能進(jìn)行了介紹。近年來，液晶顯示模塊應(yīng)用越來越廣泛，因此此實(shí)驗(yàn)非常有實(shí)際價(jià)值，不但熟悉了基本控制電路的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，還對(duì)液晶模塊有了深刻的了解，并熟悉了對(duì)其控制。5.2創(chuàng)新性5.2.1液晶模塊外圍電路的設(shè)計(jì)，引入了變阻電阻來調(diào)節(jié)液晶的對(duì)比度，使調(diào)節(jié)液晶5.2.25.2.3使用C語言編寫閃爍函數(shù)，顯示字符串函數(shù)，顯示圖像函數(shù)等，并通過89C52不斷地對(duì)液晶寫指令和數(shù)據(jù)，使其達(dá)到了循環(huán)5.2.4通過親手設(shè)計(jì)電路和焊接電路，并對(duì)單片機(jī)進(jìn)行編程，通過液晶模塊顯示出來。5.2.5#ifndef__LCD12864_H__#define__LCD12864_H__sbitLCD_RS=P1^0;//定義引腳sbitLCD_RW=P1^1;sbitLCD_E=P1^2;sbitPSB=P1^3; //使用8位并行接口，PSB=1#defineLCD_DataP0#defineBusy0x80//用于檢測(cè)LCD狀態(tài)字中的Busy標(biāo)識(shí)/*================================函數(shù)聲明==============================*//*寫數(shù)據(jù)*/voidWriteDataLCD(unsignedcharWDLCD);/*寫指令*/voidWriteCommandLCD(unsignedcharWCLCD,BuysC);/*檢測(cè)忙*/unsignedcharReadStatusLCD(void);/*初始化*/voidLCDInit(void);/*清屏*/voidLCDClear(void);/*屏幕閃動(dòng)*/voidLCDFlash(void);/*顯示一串字符*/voidDisplayListChar(unsignedcharX,unsignedcharY,unsignedcharcode*DData);/*顯示圖形*/voidDisplayImage(unsignedcharcode*DData);/*延時(shí)5ms*/voidDelay5Ms(void);/*延時(shí)400ms*/voidDelay400Ms(void);/*================================函數(shù)聲明==============================*///寫數(shù)據(jù)voidWriteDataLCD(unsignedcharWDLCD){ReadStatusLCD();//檢測(cè)忙LCD_RS=1;LCD_RW=0;LCD_Data=WDLCD;LCD_E=1;LCD_E=1;LCD_E=1;LCD_E=0;}//寫指令voidWriteCommandLCD(unsignedcharWCLCD,BuysC)//BuysC為0時(shí)忽略忙檢測(cè){if(BuysC)ReadStatusLCD();//根據(jù)需要檢測(cè)忙LCD_RS=0;LCD_RW=0;LCD_Data=WCLCD;LCD_E=1;LCD_E=1;LCD_E=1;LCD_E=0;}//讀狀態(tài)unsignedcharReadStatusLCD(void){LCD_Data=0xFF;LCD_RS=0;LCD_RW=1;LCD_E=1;while(LCD_Data&Busy);//檢測(cè)忙信號(hào)LCD_E=0;return(LCD_Data);}voidLCDInit(void)//LCM初始化{WriteCommandLCD(0x30,1);//顯示模式設(shè)置,開始要求每次檢測(cè)忙信號(hào)WriteCommandLCD(0x01,1);//顯示清屏WriteCommandLCD(0x06,1);//顯示光標(biāo)移動(dòng)設(shè)置WriteCommandLCD(0x0C,1);//顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置}voidLCDClear(void)//清屏{WriteCommandLCD(0x01,1);//顯示清屏WriteCommandLCD(0x34,1);//顯示光標(biāo)移動(dòng)設(shè)置WriteCommandLCD(0x30,1);//顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置}voidLCDFlash(void) //閃爍效果{WriteCommandLCD(0x08,1);//顯示清屏Delay400Ms();WriteCommandLCD(0x0c,1);//顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置Delay400Ms();WriteCommandLCD(0x08,1);//顯示清屏Delay400Ms();WriteCommandLCD(0x0c,1);//顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置Delay400Ms();}//按指定位置顯示一串字符voidDisplayListChar(unsignedcharX,unsignedcharY,unsignedcharcode*DData){unsignedcharListLength,X2;ListLength=0;X2=X;if(Y<1) Y=1;if(Y>4) Y=4;X&=0x0F;//限制X不能大于16，Y在1-4之內(nèi)switch(Y){ case1:X2|=0X80;break; //根據(jù)行數(shù)來選擇相應(yīng)地址 case2:X2|=0X90;break; case3:X2|=0X88;break; case4:X2|=0X98;break; }WriteCommandLCD(X2,1);//發(fā)送地址碼while(DData[ListLength]>=0x20)//若到達(dá)字串尾則退出{if(X<=0x0F)//X坐標(biāo)應(yīng)小于0xF{WriteDataLCD(DData[ListLength]);//ListLength++; X++; Delay5Ms();}}}voidDisplayImage(unsignedcharcode*DData){ unsignedcharx,y,i; unsignedinttmp=0; for(i=0;i<9;){ //分兩屏，上半屏和下半屏 for(x=0;x<32;x++){ //32行 WriteCommandLCD(0x34,1); WriteCommandLCD((0x80+x),1);//列地址 WriteCommandLCD((0x80+i),1); //行地址，下半屏，即第三行地址0X88 WriteCommandLCD(0x30,1); for(y=0;y<16;y++) WriteDataLCD(DData[tmp+y]);//讀取數(shù)據(jù)寫入LCD tmp+=16; } i+=8; } WriteCommandLCD(0x36,1); //擴(kuò)充功能設(shè)定 WriteCommandLCD(0x30,1);}//5ms延時(shí)voidDelay5Ms(void){unsignedintTempCyc=5552;while(TempCyc--);}//400ms延時(shí)voidDelay400Ms(void){unsignedcharTempCycA=5;unsignedintTempCycB;while(TempCycA--){TempCycB=7269;while(TempCycB--);};}#endif#include<reg52.h>#include"lcd12864.h"codeunsignedchara[]={"重慶交通大學(xué)"};codeunsignedcharb[]={"大學(xué)物理創(chuàng)新實(shí)驗(yàn)"};codeunsignedcharc[]={"信息學(xué)院電子3班"};codeunsignedchard[]={"TEL};codeunsignedchartmp[]={0xff,0xfe,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x7f,0x7f,0xff,0xe9,0x6e,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x70,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x77,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x70,0x07,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x77,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xe0,0x80,0x00,0x00,0xe6,0x1e,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x07,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x01,0xe8,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0xff,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x07,0xf7,0xff,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x01,0xff,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x0f,0xff,0xff,0xf8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6f,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x1f,0xf7,0xff,0xf0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x7f,0xe9,0x69,0x96,0x97,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x0f,0xf8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x7f,0xf6,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0x0e,0x80,0x01,0xff,0xfe,0xf6,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x70,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xee,0x80,0x07,0xff,0xf7,0xff,0x1f,0xf8,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x77,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xee,0x80,0xff,0xff,0xf0,0x1e,0xff,0xfe,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x77,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xfe,0x81,0xff,0x1f,0xf8,0x01,0xf7,0xe1,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x7f,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0x00,0x81,0xfe,0x1f,0xff,0x00,0x97,0xf0,0x78,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x97,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x79,0xf8,0x68,0x00,0x01,0xff,0xf6,0x97,0xe9,0x6f,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x71,0xfe,0x7e,0x00,0x01,0xff,0xe9,0x69,0x96,0x96,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x1f,0xfe,0x7f,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x1e,0xfe,0x97,0x80,0x01,0x7f,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xee,0x80,0x01,0xf0,0x00,0x00,0x0e,0xf8,0xff,0xe0,0x01,0x77,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xee,0x80,0x00,0xf0,0x00,0x00,0x1e,0xff,0x9f,0xf0,0x01,0x77,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xe0,0x80,0x00,0x60,0x00,0x00,0x1e,0xef,0xf9,0xf0,0x01,0x07,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x16,0xff,0x99,0xf8,0x01,0xff,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x79,0xff,0x79,0xfe,0x01,0xff,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7f,0xf9,0xff,0xfe,0x01,0x00,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x97,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0xe7,0xf9,0x7f,0xef,0x01,0x7f,0xf6,0x97,0xe9,0x6f,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0xef,0xf8,0x07,0x87,0x01,0x7f,0xe9,0x69,0x96,0x96,0x0e,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x1f,0x7f,0x98,0x07,0x01,0x01,0x70,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xfe,0xff,0x90,0x00,0x00,0x81,0x77,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x01,0xf7,0xff,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x77,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x1e,0xff,0xfe,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x01,0x7f,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x7f,0x7f,0xee,0x1f,0xfe,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6f,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x8e,0xff,0xe8,0x1f,0xff,0x00,0x01,0xff,0xe9,0x69,0x96,0x97,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x01,0xf9,0xf9,0xe8,0xff,0xef,0x00,0x01,0xff,0xf6,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x06,0xf7,0xf9,0x87,0xf0,0x01,0xe0,0x01,0x00,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x0f,0x6f,0xf9,0x8f,0xe0,0x00,0xe0,0x01,0x7f,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x1f,0x9f,0x11,0x0f,0x80,0x00,0x70,0x01,0x77,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x7f,0xff,0x71,0xff,0x00,0x01,0x91,0x01,0x77,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xe0,0x80,0x00,0x16,0x7f,0x10,0x1f,0x80,0x00,0xfe,0x01,0x07,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xff,0x80,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x60,0x1f,0xe0,0x00,0x7e,0x01,0xff,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xff,0x80,0x00,0xfe,0xff,0x00,0x1f,0xff,0x80,0x1e,0x01,0xff,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0x00,0x80,0x00,0xff,0xef,0x00,0x0f,0xff,0xf8,0x18,0x01,0x00,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6f,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x96,0xe7,0x00,0x07,0xff,0xfe,0x0e,0x01,0x7f,0xe9,0x69,0x96,0x97,0xfe,0x80,0x01,0xf9,0xe1,0x00,0x00,0xff,0xff,0x08,0x01,0x7f,0xf6,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0x0e,0x80,0x01,0xf9,0xf1,0x00,0x00,0x1f,0xff,0x00,0x01,0x70,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xee,0x80,0x01,0xf9,0xf8,0x00,0x00,0x09,0xff,0x80,0x01,0x77,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xee,0x80,0x01,0xf9,0xf8,0x00,0x00,0x07,0xff,0x80,0x01,0x77,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xfe,0x80,0x01,0x01,0xf8,0x00,0x00,0x01,0xff,0xe0,0x01,0x7f,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0x00,0x80,0x01,0xf9,0x8e,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xff,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x97,0xff,0x80,0x01,0xf9,0xe6,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7f,0xe0,0x01,0xff,0xf6,0x97,0xe9,0x6f,0xff,0x80,0x00,0xfe,0xf0,0x00,0x00,0x06,0x1f,0xe0,0x01,0xff,0xe9,0x69,0x96,0x96,0x00,0x80,0x00,0xf8,0xf8,0x00,0x00,0x07,0xff,0xe0,0x01,0x00,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xfe,0x80,0x00,0x96,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x01,0xff,0x80,0x01,0x7f,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x7f,0xf9,0x60,0x00,0x01,0xff,0x80,0x01,0x77,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xee,0x80,0x00,0x7f,0x78,0x00,0x00,0x18,0xff,0x80,0x01,0x77,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xe0,0x80,0x00,0x79,0x7e,0x7f,0x01,0x10,0xff,0x00,0x01,0x07,0x76,0x97,0xe9,0x6e,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x1f,0x9f,0xfe,0x1e,0x70,0xff,0x00,0x01,0xff,0x69,0x69,0x96,0x96,0xff,0x80,0x00,0x0f,0xef,0xe0,0x78,0x79,0xff,0x00,0x01,0xf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