高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法單選歸納總結(jié)

2014高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法單選歸納一、冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.有個(gè)男孩在等你。3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事—Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?—Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn't______Mr.Smithhere.A.不填B.aC.theD.oneThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.（活雷鋒）6用于固定詞組中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9用于抽象名詞具體化的名詞前success(抽象名詞)→asuccess(具體化)成功的人或事afailure失敗的人或事ashame帶來(lái)恥辱的人或事apity可惜或遺憾的事amust必需必備的事agoodknowledgeof精通掌握某一方面的知識(shí)II.定冠詞的用法1表示某一類人或物InmanyplacesinChina,___bicycleisstill___popularmeansoftransportation.A.a;theB./;aC.the;aD.the;the2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于演奏樂(lè)器playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對(duì)比上文的不定冠詞用法5）—Couldyoutellmethewayto____Johnsons,please?

—Sorry,wedon’thave____Johnsonhereinthevillage.

A.the;the B.the;a C./;the D.the;/7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990’s(二十世紀(jì)九十年代)11用于表示度量單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.不用冠詞（又名零冠詞）的用法1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5表示球類，棋類等運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby______seainsteadofdrivingacross______continent.A.the;the B.不填；the C.the;不填 D.不填；不填7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.二、名詞和主謂一致I.名詞的種類專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞特別注意名詞類別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換個(gè)體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例句意義名詞性質(zhì)①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower花兒個(gè)體名詞開(kāi)花抽象名詞①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名詞年輕人個(gè)體名詞①Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.②—HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?—Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名詞成功的事個(gè)體名詞物質(zhì)名詞與個(gè)體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例句意義名詞性質(zhì)①Ironisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.鐵物質(zhì)名詞熨斗個(gè)體名詞①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物質(zhì)名詞玻璃杯個(gè)體名詞①Iboughtachickenthismorning②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken小雞個(gè)體名詞雞肉物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞與個(gè)體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動(dòng)詞（如：have等）連用，表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作①—I’dlike______informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.—Well,youcouldhave____wordwiththemanager.HemightbehelpfulA.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,a②Theysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.消息（抽象名詞）A.aB.anC./D.the③Couldwehavewordbeforeyougotothemeeting?話（個(gè)體名詞）A.aB.anC./D.the類例：haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(進(jìn)步)/makeanearlystart(早點(diǎn)出發(fā))/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲)/giveatry表示知識(shí)和時(shí)間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示其中的一部分①M(fèi)anypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin____internationaltradetoday.A.a,/B.the,anC.the,theD./,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道實(shí)際情況)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供關(guān)于中國(guó)更為翔實(shí)的知識(shí))haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速記的知識(shí))②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave______atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime③ismoney.A.ThetimeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來(lái)表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果。這時(shí)名詞前往往有形容詞修飾①Oh,John._____yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.HowpleasantsurpriseC.WhatapleasantsurpriseD.Whatpleasantsurprise②ShelookedupwhenIshouted.A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.insurpriseD.insomesurprise其它例子：Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise③Itis_____workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.A.sounusualB.suchunusualC.suchanunusualD.soanunusualII.名詞的數(shù)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關(guān)語(yǔ)法書）。英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請(qǐng)看下表規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊(duì)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件報(bào)紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservantsIII.主謂一致規(guī)則情況舉例語(yǔ)法一致原則以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.由連接詞and或both…and連接起來(lái)的主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。但若所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)就用單數(shù)形式。由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。either,neither,each,every或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some,anyno,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。.LucyandLilyaretwinsThewriterandartisthascome.Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.Eachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusismatter若noneof后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。Noneofthesugarwasleft.Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.在定語(yǔ)從句里，關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.(他的一家)HisfamilyarewatchingTV.（他的家人）Classfourisonthethirdfloor.（四班）ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.（四班的學(xué)生）由alotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外，還有anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復(fù)數(shù)），但thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number而定（用單數(shù)）。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.邏輯意義一致原則What,who,which,any,more,all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.表示時(shí)間重量長(zhǎng)度價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoodear.如強(qiáng)調(diào)這類詞的復(fù)數(shù)意義，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.若英語(yǔ)是書名名格言劇名報(bào)名國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“oneandahalf”后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。Idon’tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the)pairof等量詞修飾時(shí)（clothes被asuitof修飾）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若表示某一類東西時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.Thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.就近/遠(yuǎn)一致原則當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,whetheror連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致,即就近一致。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.Neithertheynorheiswhollyright.Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?therebe句型中be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致，即就近一致。Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.主語(yǔ)后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,alongwith,including,inadditionto等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要跟主語(yǔ)一致，即就遠(yuǎn)一致。Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.Awomanwithababywasonthebus.NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit.三、代詞I.代詞可以分為以下八大類1人稱代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them形容詞性物主代詞my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性物主代詞mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs2反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves3指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some4疑問(wèn)代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever5關(guān)系代詞/連接代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as6不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittleother/another,all/both,neither/either7相互代詞eachother,oneanotherII.不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)類別區(qū)別例句one,some，any和itone可以泛指人或者事（東西），其復(fù)數(shù)為ones①We’vebeenlookingatthehousesbuthaven’tfound___welikeyet.A.oneB.ones C.itD.them②Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreserious_______thanmobilephonesdo.A.oneB.ones C.itD.thosesome可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等—Yourcoffeesmellsgreat!—It’sfromMexico．Wouldyoulike________?A.itB.someC.thisD.1ittlesome和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)①Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.②—WhichofthethreewaysshallItaketothevillage?—________wayasyouplease.A.EachB.EveryC.AnyD.Eitherone指同類中的一個(gè)，it指代同一種類的東西。此外it還可以作形式主語(yǔ)、形式賓語(yǔ)和用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中?！猅hereisstillacopyofthebookinthelibrary.Willyougoandborrow?—No,I’dratherbuyinthebookstore.A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itsome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句①There’s________cookingoilinthehouse.Wouldyougotothecornerstoreandget________.A.1ittle,someB.1ittle,anyC.alittle,someD.alittle,any②Wehadthreesetsofgardentoolsandweseemedtohavenousefor________.A.noneB.eitherC.anyD.each③Hedoesn’thave_________furnitureinhisroom--justanolddesk.A.anyB.manyC.someD.mucheach和everyeach強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上①Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.Each(ofus)hasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.②Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.none和nono等于notany，作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以①Thereisnowaterinthebottle.②Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.③Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為theothers①Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract.A.anotherB.theotherC.neitherD.each②Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”①Wehadapicniclasttermanditwasalotoffun，solet’shave______onethismonth．A．theotherB．someC．a(chǎn)notherD．other②Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.③Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.either和neither前者意思為：兩者都（兩者中任何一方都）；后者意思為：兩者都①—Doyouwantteaorcoffee? —______,Ireallydon'tmind.A.noneB.neitherC.eitherD.all②ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishinafamily,inwhich_____oftheparentsspokethelanguage.A.noneB.neitherC.bothD.each四、形容詞和副詞I.形容詞1.形容詞的位置：形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況下后置1修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)后置theonlypersonawake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)abridge50meterslong5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith7enough修飾名詞時(shí)可以前置也可以后置，但修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)要后置______totakehisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.(NMET2000)A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbreavestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.Studentsenoughbrave注意：多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序熟記口訣就可以順利解題：限定描繪大長(zhǎng)高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國(guó)籍跟材料，作用類別往后靠。規(guī)則：限定語(yǔ)（The、A）+描繪性形容詞+size（?。?shape（形狀）+age（年齡、時(shí)間）+color（顏色）+origin（國(guó)籍、來(lái)源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名詞。▲This________girlisLinda’scousin.(05北京卷)A.prettylittleSpanishB.SpanishlittleprettyC.SpanishprettylittleD.littleprettySpanish2.復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過(guò)去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過(guò)去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-year3.形容詞（短語(yǔ)）作伴隨狀語(yǔ)Ashelookedatthegoat,itrolledover,dead.當(dāng)他看著山羊的時(shí)候，山羊翻了個(gè)身，死了。Afraidofdifficulties,theyprefertotaketheeasyroad.由于害怕困難，他們寧愿走好走的路。II.副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5頻度副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地點(diǎn)副詞here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑問(wèn)副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7連接副詞how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8關(guān)系副詞when,where,whyIII.形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。項(xiàng)目例句同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…Sheisastallashermother.Iamnotas/sogoodaplayerasyouare.雙方比較，表示一方超過(guò)另一方時(shí)，用“比較級(jí)（+than）”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。要注意題干中將比較的另一方陰藏起來(lái)的情況。Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.Ihaveneverseensuchamoreinterestingfilm(thanthisone).表示一方不及另一方時(shí)，用“l(fā)ess+原級(jí)+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“themore…themore…”句型Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.我從來(lái)沒(méi)有度過(guò)這樣令人煩惱的一天。（意為：我度過(guò)了最為令人煩惱的一天。）倍數(shù)的表達(dá)表達(dá)法一：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大（高）/這座新樓比那座舊樓大（高）三倍。表達(dá)法二：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大/亞洲比歐洲大三倍。表達(dá)法三：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。用times表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上，兩倍可以用twice或double.注意：1.可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal；2.表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect，superior,junior等。五、動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)動(dòng)詞的分類行為動(dòng)詞（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）①及物動(dòng)詞（帶賓語(yǔ)）：study,develop;②不及物動(dòng)詞（不帶賓語(yǔ)）work,swim,go,come③狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞（相對(duì)靜止）contain,exist,own,prefer,belong④動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞：延續(xù)性（work,stay）；非延續(xù)性（marry,go,come）連系動(dòng)詞（漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有這種詞類）助動(dòng)詞（與動(dòng)詞原形或分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)）be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的構(gòu)成方式及其注意點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞+副詞所構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分及物的和不及物的兩類Pleaseturneverylightinthehouseoff.請(qǐng)把房子里的每一盞燈都關(guān)掉。（及物）Harryturnedupafterthepartywheneveryonehadleft.晚會(huì)后，人們都已離去，哈里出現(xiàn)了。（不及物）注意：①如果賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，就應(yīng)避免把副詞同動(dòng)詞分開(kāi)Sheturnedoffallthelightswhichhadbeenlefton.她關(guān)掉了所有還在亮著的燈。②如果賓語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間Shegavethemaway.她送掉了它們。=3\*GB3③同一動(dòng)詞和不同副詞搭配時(shí)，意義上有很大的差異ringback回電話ringoff掛斷電話ringup打電話putaway放好puton穿，上演putup掛起，舉起。=4\*GB3④不同動(dòng)詞和同一副詞搭配時(shí)，在意義上有很大的差異breakout發(fā)生，爆炸carryout進(jìn)行，開(kāi)展goout熄滅handout分發(fā)letout放出lookout當(dāng)心sellout賣完setout出發(fā),takeout取出workout算出動(dòng)詞+介詞(及物)I'mlookingformyglasses.我在找我的眼鏡。注意：①當(dāng)它跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能把介詞放在賓語(yǔ)后面。②同一動(dòng)詞和不同介詞搭配時(shí)，意義上有很大的差異。lookafter照料，lookat看，lookfor尋找動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.我盼望不久就見(jiàn)到你。注：“動(dòng)詞+介詞”、“動(dòng)詞+名詞+副詞”、“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”，這三種搭配都是及物的，如變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不可漏掉介詞。Inthiswaybothgrainandvegetablecanbewelllookedafter.(不能漏掉after)這樣一來(lái)，糧食和蔬菜都能兼顧了。考點(diǎn)聚焦及解題點(diǎn)撥(單個(gè)動(dòng)詞)同義詞近義詞辨析從三個(gè)方面考慮：詞的恰切含義、搭配（與介詞、名詞或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配）和用法（是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞）系動(dòng)詞的用法狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞be持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest表象系動(dòng)詞seem,appear感官/感覺(jué)系動(dòng)詞look,smell,taste,sound,feel變化系動(dòng)詞become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come終止系動(dòng)詞prove,turnout解答這類試題的關(guān)鍵首先是弄清題意，然后是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，由此可判斷出該動(dòng)詞是否用作系動(dòng)詞，最后確定所要填入的答案。特別關(guān)注：gohungry,cometrue,turnwriter接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞givesb.sth=givesth.tosbbuysb.sth.=buysth.forsb但是我們只能說(shuō)：suggeststh.tosb.explainsth.tosb.readsth.tosb.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析熟記?？嫉亩陶Z(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的意義容易被我們忽視的知識(shí)點(diǎn)sell,write,wash,wear等詞的主動(dòng)形式后跟副詞表示被動(dòng)意義happen,occur,takeplace,breakout,comeout,belongto等無(wú)被動(dòng)形式六、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1.常用?？嫉膭?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和用法：（以do為例）名稱構(gòu)成用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/does,(連系動(dòng)詞is/am/are)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。2.主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。I’llgothereafterIfinishmywork.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon’tgothere.3.在以here,there開(kāi)頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Theregoesthebell.鈴響了。Therecomesthebus.汽車來(lái)了。Hereshecomes.她來(lái)了。一般過(guò)去時(shí)did,(連系動(dòng)詞was/were)表達(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/aredoing1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。SheisleavingforBeijing.她要去北京。Heisworkingasateachertomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。MyfatheriscomingtoseemethisSaturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來(lái)看我。3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。TheChangjiang長(zhǎng)江江水滾滾向東流。Thesunisrisingintheeast.太陽(yáng)從東方冉冉升起。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/weredoing1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示）Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.3.用在兩個(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.4.表示過(guò)去將來(lái)動(dòng)作Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/havedone1.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，說(shuō)話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。Ihavefinishedthereport./Shehascleandtheroom.2.表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for...”,“since...”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。HehaslearnedEnglishforsixyears.Theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.3.表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地（人已回來(lái)）”用“have/hasbeento”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來(lái)）”用“have/hasgoneto”?！猈hereisLiHua?－Hehasgonetothereading-room.—SheknowsalotaboutShanghai.－Shehasbeenthere.4.短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。不能說(shuō)：Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.要翻譯“他已參軍已經(jīng)三年了?！笨刹捎芒佟癮go法”Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.②“延續(xù)法”Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.③“since法”Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.過(guò)去完成時(shí)haddone1.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。Hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup.Everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning.2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。Attheageoften,hehadlearned500Englishwords.Hehadbeenillforaweekwhenwelearnedaboutit.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthematch.將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/shallhavedone用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語(yǔ)，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。WewillhavefinishedseniorBook2bytheendofthisterm.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)has/havebeendoing用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（還要繼續(xù)下去）的動(dòng)作。Hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)hadbeendoing表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/shalldois/am/aregoingtodois/am/are（about）todo一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況（詳見(jiàn)下面2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would/shoulddowas/weregoingtodowas/were（about）todo1.相對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻而言即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)HetoldmehewouldgotoBeijing.他告訴我他將去北京。Iwastoldthathewasgoingtoreturnhome.有人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備回家。2.woulddo(表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣)總是,總會(huì),常常

Hewouldsitsilentforhours.他常常接連好幾個(gè)小時(shí)默默地坐著。2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句1be+doing進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?2beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.3beto+動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.4一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.3.容易混淆的時(shí)態(tài)比較項(xiàng)目區(qū)別例句一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或造成的結(jié)果Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.Whatdoyousuppose_______toher?A.washappeningB.happensC.hashappenedD.happened說(shuō)明：說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào)Jane目前的狀況.Mr.Lee,who________asacarpenterforover10years,isnowaveryfamousstatesmaninthiscountry.A.hasworked B.hadworked C.worked D.works(只說(shuō)明他過(guò)去當(dāng)過(guò)木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在)一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Hello,I____youwereinLondon.Howlong_________here?A.don’tknow;wereyouB.hadn’tknown;areyouC.haven’tknown;areD.didn’tknow;haveyoubeen說(shuō)明：didn’tknow強(qiáng)調(diào)見(jiàn)面前不知道Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過(guò)那本書了。（知道那本書的內(nèi)容）著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)—Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.—Iamtired.I_______thelivingroomallday.A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted說(shuō)明：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Idon’treallyworkhere.I____untilthenewsecretary_______.A.justhelpout;comesB.havejusthelpedout;willcomeC.amjusthelpingout;comesD.willjusthelpout;hascome說(shuō)明：指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,until引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作—Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!—Oh,I’mterriblysorry._______.A.I’mnotnoticing.B.Iwasn’tnoticing.C.Ihaven’tnoticed.D.Idon’tnotice.說(shuō)明：對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Tom________intothehousewhennoone___________.A.slipped;wasnoticingB.hadslipped;noticedC.slipped;hadnoticedD.wasslipping;noticed說(shuō)明：slip和notice為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），whennoonewasnoticing指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒(méi)有人注意）。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.He______abookaboutChinalastyear,butIdon’tknowifhe______it.A.wrote;hasfinishedB.waswriting;hasfinishedC.waswriting;hadfinishedD.wrote;willfinish說(shuō)明：正確選項(xiàng)為B.從Idon’tknowifhehasfinishedit.推斷，他去年一直在寫。II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/aredone6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeingdone2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/weredone7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasbeendone3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/willbedone8過(guò)去完成時(shí)hadbeendone4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/wouldbedone9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/wouldhavebeendone5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/arebeingdone10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/maybedone注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer.Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語(yǔ)有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型1.常見(jiàn)句式是：主語(yǔ)（受動(dòng)者）＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋（by＋施動(dòng)者）：HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.2.主語(yǔ)＋get＋過(guò)去分詞＋其它成分：Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by＋施動(dòng)者”3.帶有雙賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。Shelentmeabike.被動(dòng)：①Iwaslentabike(byher).②Abikewaslenttome(byher).4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞：Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5.雙重被動(dòng)式：主語(yǔ)＋被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)＋不定式的被動(dòng)式＋其它成分Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。Thisknifecutswell.這把刀好切。Thesebookssellwell.這些書好賣。Thepenwritessmoothly.這支筆寫起來(lái)流暢。Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。Theclothwasheswell.這種布好洗。2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式＋形容詞。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。Theapplestastegood.Theflowersmellswonderful.Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue.Cottonfeelssoft.不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況1.IteachmyselfFrench.不可變?yōu)镸yselfistaughtFrench.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語(yǔ)。2.Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可變?yōu)镋achother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語(yǔ)。3.Helostheart.不可變?yōu)镠eartwaslostbyhim.因?yàn)橄髄oseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought這類動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不能變?yōu)門hesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.因?yàn)橄髏akepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能丟Muchattentionmustbepaidtoyourhandwriting.特別注意以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：EveryminutemustbemadefulluseoftostudyEnglsih.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法功能所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞种髡Z(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)V-ing形式現(xiàn)在分詞△△△△動(dòng)名詞△△△△不定式（todo）△△△△△△過(guò)去分詞(done)△△△△注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過(guò)去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分generallyspeaking一般說(shuō)來(lái)；franklyspeaking坦白地說(shuō)；judgingfrom/by...根據(jù)……來(lái)判斷；considering.../oconsideration考慮到……；totellyouthetruth說(shuō)實(shí)話；seeing...考慮到……；supposing假設(shè)，如果；providing如果；given考慮到，鑒于；providedthat如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化非謂語(yǔ)形式構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)不定式一般式todotobedoneforsb.todosth.或ofsb.todosth.在“to”前加not或never進(jìn)行式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成式tobedoing/完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing/動(dòng)名詞一般式doingbeingdonesb.或sb’sdoing作主語(yǔ)要用sb’sdoing在前加not特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式：sb’snotdoingsb’snothavingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞變化形式相同在前加not在解非謂語(yǔ)習(xí)題時(shí)同學(xué)們遇到最大的困難有兩個(gè)：一是如何判別是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；二是如何選用哪一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及其恰當(dāng)?shù)男问健Ｒ?、謂語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)的比較非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。漢語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用而動(dòng)詞不用作任何形式的變化。如：他明天來(lái)拜訪你。翻譯成英語(yǔ)不是Hewillcomevisityou，而是Hewillcometovisityou.這里就用了不定式tovisit。因此同學(xué)們要特別注意弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。例：Tomsatunderatreeandseeinghisfriend,upinnotime.A.tostandB.standing