北京市西城區(qū)2021-2022學年高三上學期期末考試英語試卷 附解析

北京市西城區(qū)2021—2022學年度第一學期期末試卷高三英語本試卷共13頁，共100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘?？忌鷦毡卦诖痤}卡指定區(qū)域作答，在試卷上作答無效?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分：知識運用（共兩節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。Therearealotofhomelesspeopleintheworld.But___1___therearealsoalotofgivingpeoplewhoarewillingtohelpout.Oneladyinparticular,KarineGombeaufromParis,France,isoneofthesepeople.Gombeau,42yearsold,wasonvacationwithherhusbandandtheir15-year-oldsoninNewYork.TheywerenearGrandCentralStationinManhattanwhenshe___2___ahomelessman,wearingaskicap,digging___3___thegarbage.Whatwashedoing?Hewaslookingforhisnext___4___.Beingthekind-heartedpersonsheis,shedecidedtohelpthismanout.Shehadjustfinishedeatingpizzawithherfamilyandhadsomeextra,soshechosetogiveittotheman.Sheeven___5___forthepizzabeingcold.Shewentonwithherlifethinkingthat___6___wasoutoftheordinaryuntilacoupleofdayslater,atherhotel,aladycamerunninguptoherwithanewspaper.Gombeauwasvery___7___toseeherpictureinitalongwithastory.Shesuddenly___8___thatthehomelessmanshehadgiventhepizzatowasactuallyafamousactor.Oddlyenough,hewasfilmingamovieinGrandCentralStationwhenshe___9___gotinvolved.However,theactordidn’tevenbreakcharacter,saying“thankyou”whenGombeaugavehimthepizza.Thatwaswhyshethoughthewasahomelessperson!Gombeausaidthather___10___togivethepoormanthepizzawasbecauseshewassadtoseesomanyhomelesspeoplelivingonthestreetsofNewYork.1.A.normally B.luckily C.naturally D.gradually2.A.stopped B.recognized C.remembered D.spotted3.A.through B.for C.around D.over4.A.cap B.bottle C.meal D.newspaper5.A.answered B.complained C.joked D.apologized6.A.something B.nothing C.anything D.everything7.A.surprised B.delighted C.satisfied D.disappointed8.A.admitted B.claimed C.explained D.realized9.A.mysteriously B.secretly C.mistakenly D.proudly10.A.courage B.decision C.opportunity D.promise【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.C5.D6.B7.A8.D9.C10.B【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。主要講述了一位女士幫助了一個無家可歸的男人，不料最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)對方實際上是正在拍攝電影的著名演員?！?題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：但幸運的是，也有很多樂于幫助的人。A.normally通常；B.luckily幸運地；C.naturally自然地；D.gradually逐漸地。根據(jù)下文“therearealsoalotofgivingpeoplewhoarewillingtohelpout.”可知，幸運的是，也有很多樂于幫助的人。故選B項?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：當她看到一個無家可歸的男人戴著滑雪帽在翻垃圾時，他們正在曼哈頓的格蘭德中央車站附近。A.stopped停止；B.recognized認出；C.remembered記?。籇.spotted看到。根據(jù)下文“ahomelessman,wearingaskicap,digging___3___thegarbage.”可知，此處表示她看到一個無家可歸的男人。故選D項?！?題詳解】考查介詞詞義辨析。句意：當她看到一個無家可歸的男人戴著滑雪帽在翻垃圾時，他們正在曼哈頓的格蘭德中央車站附近。A.through從一端到另一端；B.for為了；C.around圍繞；D.over在……上面。根據(jù)語境，此處表示一個無家可歸的男人在翻垃圾，digthroughthegarbage表示“翻垃圾”。故選A項。【4題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他正在尋找他的下一頓飯。A.cap帽子；B.bottle瓶子；C.meal一餐，一頓飯；D.newspaper報紙。根據(jù)上文“ahomelessman,wearingaskicap,digging___3___thegarbage”以及常識可知，這個無家可歸的男人在翻垃圾，尋找下一頓飯。故選C項?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她甚至為比薩餅涼了道歉。A.answered回答；B.complained抱怨；C.joked開玩笑；D.apologized道歉。根據(jù)下文“forthepizzabeingcold”可知，她因為披薩涼了向那個無家可歸男人道歉。故選D項?！?題詳解】考查代詞詞義辨析。句意：她繼續(xù)她的生活，認為沒有什么是不尋常的，直到幾天后，在她的酒店里，一位女士拿著一份報紙向她跑來。A.something某些東西；B.nothing沒有什么；C.anything任何東西；D.everything每件事。根據(jù)下文“Gombeauwasvery___7___toseeherpictureinitalongwithastory.”可知，貢博看到報紙上有她的照片和故事時很驚訝，所以此處表示她認為沒有什么是不同尋常的。故選B項。【7題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：貢博很驚訝地看到里面有她的照片和一個故事。A.surprised驚訝的；B.delighted高興的；C.satisfied滿意的；D.disappointed失望的。根據(jù)上文“Shewentonwithherlifethinkingthat___6___wasoutoftheordinary”可知，貢博繼續(xù)她的生活，認為沒有什么是不尋常的，所以此處表示看到照片和故事時，她很驚訝。故選A項?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她突然意識到，她給予比薩餅的那個無家可歸的人實際上是一位著名的演員。A.admitted承認；B.claimed主張；C.explained解釋；D.realized意識到。根據(jù)下文“thatthehomelessmanshehadgiventhepizzatowasactuallyafamousactor”可知，此時貢博才意識到那個無家可歸的男人實際上是一位著名的演員。故選D項。【9題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：奇怪的是，他正在大中央車站拍電影時，突然她錯誤地參與進去了。A.mysteriously神秘地；B.secretly秘密地；C.mistakenly錯誤地；D.proudly驕傲地。根據(jù)上文“hewasfilmingamovieinGrandCentralStation”可知，這位男士正在拍電影，貢博以為他真的是無家可歸的人，送了披薩給他，錯誤地參與了電影拍攝。故選C項?！?0題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：貢博說，她之所以決定給這個可憐的人比薩，是因為看到這么多無家可歸的人生活在紐約街頭，她感到很難過。A.courage勇氣；B.decision決定；C.opportunity機會；D.promise諾言。根據(jù)上文“Shehadjustfinishedeatingpizzawithherfamilyandhadsomeextra,soshechosetogiveittotheman.”可知，貢博選擇送披薩給這個無家可歸的人，這是她自己做出的決定。故選B項。第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Tanniwasborn___11___anillness,whichmadeherunabletomovehermusclesnormally.Tanniwasinterestedinsports,butwhenshe___12___(grow)upshedidn’tseemanydisabledathletesontelevision.Thenseveralyearslater,whilewatchingtheLondonwheelchairmarathon,shesawanathletesheknew.Shedreamedthatshewouldbeonthestartingline,___13___(compete)inthemarathontoo.Finallyherdreamcametrue.Shewasnotonlyonthestartingline,butalsothewinneratthefinishline.Tannibelievesyou’llneverknowwhatyoucando___14___youtry.【答案】11.with12.wasgrowing13.competing14.unless【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。主要講述了因病不能正?；顒蛹∪獾奶鼓?，對體育很感興趣，最終實現(xiàn)了夢想，參加了馬拉松比賽?！?1題詳解】考查介詞。句意：坦尼生來就患有疾病，這使她無法正?；顒蛹∪?。根據(jù)句意，空處應填介詞with，構成短語bebornwith表示“與生俱來，生而具有”，符合題意。故填with。【12題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：坦尼對體育很感興趣，但在她成長的過程中，她在電視上看不到很多殘疾人運動員。結(jié)合語境，此處表示“在坦尼成長的過程中”，表示過去在某一段時間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生或進行的動作，應用過去進行時，主語she是第三人稱單數(shù)，be動詞應用was。故填wasgrowing?！?3題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：她夢想自己能站在起跑線上，參加馬拉松比賽。分析句子，空處作非謂語動詞，compete與邏輯主語she之間是主動關系，應用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。故填competing。【14題詳解】考查連詞。句意：坦尼相信，除非你嘗試，否則你永遠不會知道自己能做什么。分析句子，空處引導條件狀語從句，表示“除非”，應用連詞unless。故填unless。B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Whentravellingabroadweareexpectedtorespectthesocialcustomsoftheplaceswevisit.Inconservativecountries,forexample,wearingappropriateclothesisawayofshowingweare___15___(respect)andopen-minded.Evenifwearebehindthewallsofahoteltheentiretime,thestaffarelocals,andshould___16___(treat)accordingly.Rememberweareguestsintheirhome,andwhilewe___17___(visit)foreignlandsmanytimeswiththisinmind,westillfallshortoccasionally.【答案】15.respectful16.betreated17.havevisited【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是在國外旅行時，我們應該尊重我們所訪問的地方的社會習俗?！?5題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：例如，在保守的國家，穿著合適的衣服是一種顯示我們尊重和開放的方式?？崭裉幱眯稳菰~作表語，根據(jù)語境，句子表示“穿著合適的衣服是一種顯示我們尊重和開放的方式”，空格處意為“尊敬的”，即respectful，故填respectful?！?6題詳解】考查語態(tài)。句意：即使我們一直躲在酒店的墻后面，員工也是本地人，應該得到相應的待遇。主語thestaff和謂語動詞treat是被動關系，員工是被相應地對待，should是情態(tài)動詞，用情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)shouldbedone，因此空格處是betreated，故填betreated?！?7題詳解】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：記住，我們是他們國家的客人，雖然我們多次懷著這一想法訪問外國，但我們?nèi)匀慌紶枙兴啡薄Ｓ伞癿anytimes”可知，句子表示“我們已經(jīng)多次訪問外國”，句子用現(xiàn)在完成時，主語we是復數(shù)，因此空格處是havevisited，故填havevisited。C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Intheearlydaysofspacetravel,scientistssentanimalsintospacetolearnabouttheconditionshumansmightface.Bystudyinganimals,theywereabletounderstand___18___itwasliketolivewithoutEarth’sgravityandatmosphere.Theanimalswereusedtotestspecially___19___(design)equipmentthatwouldlaterbeusedforhumanspaceflight.Animals___20___survivedaspaceflightprovidedinformationabouthowweightlessnesswouldaffecthumans,whatspaceshipdesignswouldbethesafest,andhowwellaspacesuitwouldwork.【答案】18.what19.designed20.that##which【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了動物對于太空研究的作用?！?8題詳解】考查賓語從句。句意：通過研究動物，他們能夠理解沒有地球引力和大氣層的生活是什么樣的。分析句子，空處引導從句作動詞understand的賓語，從句中缺少介詞like的賓語，應用what引導，指代“他們能夠理解的事情”。故填what。【19題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：這些動物被用來測試專門設計的設備，這些設備之后將用于人類太空飛行。分析句子，空處作定語修飾名詞equipment，design與邏輯主語equipment之間是被動關系，應用過去分詞形式。故填designed。【20題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：在太空飛行中幸存下來的動物提供了有關失重將如何影響人類、什么樣的太空船設計最安全以及宇航服能起多大作用等信息。分析句子，空處引導限定性定語從句，修飾先行詞Animals，先行詞指物，定語從句中缺少主語，應用that/which引導。故填that或which。第二部分：閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。A“No,”MamaLilsaiditplainandsimple.“Iain’tneverheardofnogirlstobedoingthat.Bebe,youneedtobegettingyourselfarealsummerjob,somethingcivilized.”I’dbeenlivingwithMamaLilsinceIwassix,whenmyownmamaanddaddywerekilledinanapartmentbuildingfire.LillianJohnswasmymom’smother.EverybodyonourstreetcalledherMamaLilandthatwaswhatIcalledhertoo.IhadbeenbuttingheadswithhereversinceIcouldremember.AndtheolderIgot,themoreatoddswewereandthemoreconflictsweexperienced.ForweeksI’dbeenaskingMamaLiltoletmejointheyouthrenovation(修繕)team.ItwasagroupofkidswhohadbeenchosenbycityofficialstoworkwithengineerstohelprepairtheBrooklynBridge.Theprojectwouldlastthesummerandpaygoodmoney.Itwouldhelpmegettocollege,whereIwantedtostudyengineering.ButforMamaLil,thethingthatmadeherthemoststubbornthistime,wasexactlymydreamofbecominganengineer.Insomerespects,MamaLilwasright.Itwastruethatthereweren’tmanyblackwomenengineers.ButIwantedtobuildbridgesmorethananything.“Letmego,MamaLil,”Ibeggedsoftly.MamaLilsatasstillasastatue.“MamaLil,”Isaidcarefully,“ifyoudon’tsignthebridgeprojectpermissionform,Iwillsignitmyself.Nobodywillknowthedifference.”Thenextmorning,MamaLil’seyeslookedred-tired.“I’mgoingtothebridge,”Isaidfirmly.“Iknow,Bebe,”shesaid.Fromherhousedresspocket,shetookoutapenandsignedtheform.“Bebe,thatbridgeisluckytohaveyou,”shesaid.IhuggedMamaLilgoodandhard,smilingbig,rightather.…Ahead,inthedistance,stoodtheBrooklynBridge.Thiswasthebestspottoseethebridge.I’dcometothiscornerandstudiedthebridgeamilliontimes.Andoneveryoneofthosetimes,IwastakenwithwhatI’dcometocallBrooklynBelle.Atnight,Bellewasdressedintinylight.Onacloudlessnightlikethisone,shewasasightlikenootherinthewholecity.Jeweledinlight.Beautiful.IhaddrawnBelleinthehigh-noonlight,atsunset,onsnowydays,andonfoggytwilightmornings...Iwasproudofmydrawings,butwitheachpagetheyshowedasadtruthaboutBelle:Sheneededrepair.Thatbridgerenovationprojectneededme;andIneededit,inmorewaysthanIcouldcount.21.MamaLilrefusedtosignthepermissionformmainlybecause______.A.shehadbecomestubborninheroldageB.shewouldn’tallowBebetohaveasummerjobC.shethoughtthebridgeprojectwastoodangerousD.shedidn’tsupportBebe’sdesiretobeanengineer22.Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?A.Bebelostherparentsinthebridgeproject.B.Bebelikedtodrawthebridgeonwintermornings.C.BebeandMamaLiloftengotintoargumentswitheachother.D.BebecalledhergrandmaMamaLilbecauseshewashermom’smother.23.Bymentioningthename“BrooklynBelle”，theauthorintendstohelpreaders______.A.recallthehistoryofthebridgeBappreciatethebridge’sbeautyC.ignorethedamagetothebridgeD.imaginethebridge’sfuturelook24.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethethemeofthisstory?A.Dreamsknownocolororgender.B.Eldersalwaysmakethebestdecisions.C.Conflictusuallyresolvesitselfintheend.D.Pridewinsoutbutmakesthingsmoredifficult.【答案】21.D22.C23.B24.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講的是作者想要參加修復布魯克林大橋的項目，作者的外婆不允許作者當工程師，因為當時黑人女性工程師并不多，但是最后她的外婆終于同意了?！?1題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的“ButforMamaLil,thethingthatmadeherthemoststubbornthistime,wasexactlymydreamofbecominganengineer.”（但對MamaLil來說，這次讓她最固執(zhí)的事情，恰恰是我想成為一名工程師的夢想。）可知，MamaLil拒絕在這份同意書上簽字，主要是因為她不支持Bebe想成為一名工程師的愿望，故選D?！?2題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“IhadbeenbuttingheadswithhereversinceIcouldremember.AndtheolderIgot,themoreatoddswewereandthemoreconflictsweexperienced.”（從記事起，我就一直與她作對。隨著年齡的增長，我們之間的矛盾越來越多，我們經(jīng)歷的沖突也越來越多。）可知，Bebe和MamaLil經(jīng)常吵架。故選C?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Andoneveryoneofthosetimes,IwastakenwithwhatI’dcometocallBrooklynBelle.”（每一次，我都被我稱之為BrooklynBelle的東西迷住了。）和倒數(shù)第二段的“Atnight,Bellewasdressedintinylight.Onacloudlessnightlikethisone,shewasasightlikenootherinthewholecity.Jeweledinlight.Beautiful.”（晚上，Belle穿著微弱的燈光。在這樣一個萬里無云的夜晚，她的身影在整個城市里是絕無僅有的。飾有寶石的光。美麗。）可知，通過提到“BrooklynBelle”這個名字，作者想幫助讀者欣賞這座橋的美麗，故選B?！?4題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第四段的“Itwastruethatthereweren’tmanyblackwomenengineers.ButIwantedtobuildbridgesmorethananything.”（的確，當時黑人女性工程師并不多。但我最想做的是修建橋梁。）可知，本文主要講的是作者雖然是黑人，但是卻想當工程師修建橋梁，因此本文的主題是“夢不分膚色和性別”，即Dreamsknownocolororgender，故選A。BHello,everyone!WelcometoanotherepisodeofourshowTeaseYourBrain.Todaywewilltalkaboutbrandlanguage.WhenyouwalkintoStarbucks,theworld’sbiggestcoffeechain,youmayhearacustomerspeakingarapid-fireseriesofdescriptionswhenaskingforadrink—half-caf,black,andforthesizes—tall,grande,ventiandtrenta.Itisaspeciallanguage,sothismorningwehaveinvitedScott,theStarbucksRegionalManagertotalkaboutit.WelcomeScott!Firstofall,canyousaysomethingaboutStarbuckslanguage?Scott:Thanksforinvitingme.OK,sure.Ourcompanyinventedtheserulesinthebooklet,“MakeItYourDrink”.ItonlybelongstoStarbucks.Wehavealsotrainedourbaristas(咖啡師)toreplytocustomersusingStarbucksvocabulary.Thatissofascinating,Scott!IsStarbuckstheonlycompanythatusesbrandlanguage?Scott:No.Manycompaniesusethistechnique.WhenhungryCaliforniansorderamealatIn-N-Out,aburgerchain,theyneedtospecifytheproportionofcheeseslicestopatties:a“tripledouble”meanstwopattiessandwichedbetweenthreeslicesofcheese.Thankyousomuchforyourinsight,Scott.Thispastweek,TeaseYourBrainleftthestudiotoaskpeople’sopinionaboutbrandlanguage.Let’sfindoutwhattheysaid：Amarketingprofessor:InmybookTheLanguageofBranding,Imentionthatbrandlanguageisabrilliantwayofenhancingcustomerloyalty(忠誠).Companiesthatpersuadepeopletousetheirowntermscreate“asenseofbelongingandimprovedloyaltytothebrand”.Italsoenablesemployeestoworkmoreefficiently.Asociologist:Peoplebecomepartofa“speechcommunity”whentheyusespecializedvocabulary,whichcreatesafeelingofsharedvalues.Everytimeacompanygetsaconsumertorefertoitsproductsusingabrandedtermratherthanageneraldescription—whoppers,say,ratherthanburgers—itisdrawingthemintoitsowncommunity.Insodoing,itmakesthemmorelikelytobuyitsproductsinthefuture.OK.Nowlet’slistentowhatacustomerinStarbuckssaid.Iheardyouorderyourcoffeewiththebrandlanguage,“no-whip”.So,whatdoyouthinkofthiskindoflanguage?Acustomer:Ithinkithelpstocreatea“tribe”thatmembersidentifywith.TakeCrossFit,afitnessfirmasanexample.Ithascomeupwithasetofextensivevocabulary—“wod”means“workoutoftheday”.Usingthiskindofdescription,IfeellikeIamintheCrossFitgroup.25.WhichofthefollowingbelongstoStarbuckslanguage?A.Tripledouble. B.Whopper. C.Wod. D.No-whip.26.Starbuckslanguagewasinventedto______.A.modelanewmarketingtoolB.giveitsbaristasasenseofbelongingC.getcustomerstoidentifywiththebrandD.provideaplatformforpeopletosharetheirvalues27.Whatisthepurposeoftheepisodeoftheshow?A.TofeatureStarbucks’popularproducts.B.Toexplorethefunctionofbrandlanguage.C.Tohighlighttheimportanceofbrandinfluence.D.Toadvisemorecompaniestocreatespecialterms.【答案】25.D26.C27.B【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章以星巴克語言為例，說明了品牌語言的功能?！?5題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Iheardyouorderyourcoffeewiththebrandlanguage,“no-whip”.(我聽到你點咖啡用的是品牌語言“不加鮮奶油”)”可知，no-whip屬于星巴克語言。故選D項?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第五段“Imentionthatbrandlanguageisabrilliantwayofenhancingcustomerloyalty(忠誠).Companiesthatpersuadepeopletousetheirowntermscreate“asenseofbelongingandimprovedloyaltytothebrand”.(我提到品牌語言是提高客戶忠誠度的一種極好的方式。說服人們使用自己的術語的公司創(chuàng)造了“歸屬感，提高了對品牌的忠誠度”)”可知，品牌語言是提高客戶的忠誠度的好的方式，使用術語可以創(chuàng)造歸屬感，推測星巴克語言被創(chuàng)造是為了使客戶認同品牌。故選C項?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Todaywewilltalkaboutbrandlanguage.(今天我們將討論品牌語言)”可知，節(jié)目內(nèi)容是為了探討品牌語言的功能。故選B項。CNoonehaseverseenateenageelephanthesitantlysitdownatthefamilydinnertablewithearphonesonandoccasionallygiveone-wordanswerstoquestions.However,itturnsoutthatadolescentelephants(elephantswhicharenolongerchildrenbutnotyetadults)exhibitotherbehaviorsthatparentsofhumanteensmightrecognize.“They’reinnocent.Theyhavealottolearnandtheymakemistakes,”CynthiaMoss,anelephantexpertinKenyasaid.Thisisparticularlytrueformaleelephants.Theylearnthatiftheyruincrops,theygetbeatenupandthendie.“It’sjustlikeyounghumanmaleswhodrivetoofast,”Mosssaid.BarbaraNatterson,aHarvardbiologistpointedoutthatadolescentanimalsfrequentlyputthemselvesindangerintentionally.Thisbehaviorisseenthroughouttheanimalworld.Theadultsofanyspeciesmayconsidersomeactionsoftheiryounglow-judgmentandhigh-risk;however,theseactionsactuallyserveapurpose.Anexampleisapracticecalled“predator(捕食者)inspection”whichmeansadolescentanimalsapproachpredatorsratherthanrunaway.Thetrade-offforthedangeristhattheycanwatch,smellandlearnaboutthepredator.Theygatherallkindsofinformationthatcankeepthemsaferasadults.Theideathatadolescentsarehard-wiredtotaketheseriskscanhelppeopleunderstandhumanteens’behavior.“Teensseemdriventotrynewthingsandtestboundariesintheirownversionof‘predatorinspection’,”Nattersonsaid.“Theytrytohaveasmanyexperiencesastheycanbeforetheyleavethenest.”Anotherkeyaspectofadolescenceisanincreaseintimespentwanderingingroups.Adolescenceismarkedbyhighlevelsofpeerpressureaswellasnear-disaster.Scientistshavefoundthatadolescentsofallkindsaremorelikelytomakedangerousmoveswhilewithpeers.LaurenceSteinberg,apsychologyprofessoratTempleUniversity,foundsimilaritiesbetweenmiceandhumangroupadolescentbehavior.Hesetuptwoexperiments.Oneinvolvedmice,halfofwhichwereadolescents,drinkingethanol-.spiked(添加乙醇的)water.Theotherinvolvedhumanteensplayingavideogamethatreproduceddrivingconditions.“Wefoundthatinthepresenceofpeers,adolescentmicedrankmorethantheydowhenthey’realone,”Steinbergsaid,“andthattheteenagersinthedrivingstudyalsotookmoreriskswhenotherswerearound.”ThesefindingsfitwithwhatSteinbergsaysisanothermulti-speciesadolescentquality:thedesiretosocialize.“Forthemostpart,adolescents,humanandanimalalike,prefertobewithotheradolescents,”Steinbergsaid.“IfIsayteenagersaresocialanimals,Ithinktheword‘a(chǎn)nimal’isjustasimportantinthatsentenceastheword‘social’.”Whiledoingtheirstudy,bothNattersonandSteinbergwereraisingahumanteenintheirhomes.Theirdesiretounderstandanimalswasdrivenbywantingtounderstandtheirownchildren.Theyhopetheirfindingswillhelppeoplewhoareraisingadolescents.28.AccordingtoNatterson,whatisariskybutvaluableactionforadolescentanimals?A.Watchingenemies’behaviorupclose.B.Observinganadulthuntingalargeanimal.C.Challengingpredatorswithotheradolescents.D.Gatheringinformationwiththehelpofparents.29.Steinberg’sexperimentsfound______.A.adolescentanimalsarelesslikelytogetdrunkwhilewithpeersB.teenagersarenotwillingtobesociableinthepresenceofpeersC.bothadolescentanimalsandhumanteensareaffectedbypeerpressureD.peerpressureismorecommoninadolescentanimalsthaninhumanteens30Whatdoestheunderlinedsentencemean?A.Adolescentanimalslongtosocializewithteenagers.B.Socializingwithpeersisonequalitythatadolescentsshare.C.“Social”isawordthatcanbeinterpretedindifferentways.D.Theimportanceofsocializinghasbeenrealizedbyteenagers.【答案】28.A29.C30.B【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。主要說明實驗證明青少年動物和青少年人類類似，會故意冒險、受到同伴壓力的影響?！?8題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Anexampleisapracticecalled“predator(捕食者)inspection”whichmeansadolescentanimalsapproachpredatorsratherthanrunaway.Thetrade-offforthedangeristhattheycanwatch,smellandlearnaboutthepredator.Theygatherallkindsofinformationthatcankeepthemsaferasadults.”（一個例子是一種稱為“捕食者檢查”的做法，這意味著青少年動物接近捕食者而不是逃跑。危險的代價是它們可以觀察、嗅到和了解捕食者。它們收集各種各樣的信息，使它們成年后更安全。）可知，對于青少年動物來說，接近它們的敵人——捕食者，并觀察捕食者的行為是危險但有價值的。故選A項?！?9題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段““Wefoundthatinthepresenceofpeers,adolescentmicedrankmorethantheydowhenthey’realone,”Steinbergsaid,“andthattheteenagersinthedrivingstudyalsotookmoreriskswhenotherswerearound.””（斯坦伯格說：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在有同齡人在場的情況下，青少年老鼠比它們獨自一人時喝得更多，而且駕駛研究中的青少年在別人在場時也會冒更多的風險?！保┛芍?，青少年動物和人類會受到同伴壓力的影響。故選C項?！?0題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段““Forthemostpart,adolescents,humanandanimalalike,prefertobewithotheradolescents,”Steinbergsaid.”（斯坦伯格說：“在大多數(shù)情況下，青少年，無論是人還是動物，都喜歡和其他青少年在一起?！保┛芍?，斯坦伯格認為青少年的動物和人類都喜歡和其他青少年在一起，動物和人類是類似的，都具有與同齡人交往的特征，劃線句子表示“與同齡人交往是青少年共有的一種特征?！惫蔬xB項。DConsiderthesefacts:ThetennischampionWilliamssistersareagenerationapart,accordingtothePewResearchCenter.Venus,bornin1980,islabelled“GenX”;Serena,bornin1981,isa“millennial”.Meanwhile,DonaldTrumpandMichelleObamabothbelongtothesamegeneration.Theformerwasbornin1946whilethelatterwasbornin1964,makingthemboth“babyboomers”.Beforeyoupushthesediversepersonalitiesintogenerationalstereotypes(刻板印象),letmestopyouthere:Justdon’t.Generationlabels,althoughwidelyadoptedbythepublic,havenobasisinsocialreality.Infact,inonerecentsurvey,mostpeopledidnotidentifythecorrectgenerationforthemselves,evenwhentheywereshownalistofoptions.Thisisnotsurprisingsincethelabelsareforcedbysurveyresearchers,journalistsormarketingfirmsbeforetheidentitiestheyaresupposedtodescribeevenexist.Insteadofaskingpeoplewhichgrouptheyidentifywithandwhy,theyjustdeclarethelabelsandstartmakingpronouncementsaboutthem.That’snothowsocialidentityworks.Thepracticeofnaming“generations”basedonbirthyeargoesbackatleasttothesupposed“l(fā)ost-generation”ofthelate19thcentury.Butasthetraditionslidintoanever-endingcompetitiontobethefirsttoproposethenextnamethatsticks,ithasproducedgraduallydecliningreturnstosocialscienceandthepublicunderstanding.Thesupposedboundariesbetweengenerationsarenomoremeaningfulthanthenamesthey’vebeengiven.Thereisnoresearchidentifyingtheappropriateboundariesbetweengenerations,andthereisnostatisticalbasisforrequiringthesweepingcharactertraits(特征)thatarebelievedtodefinethem.Inonearticleyoumightreadthatmillennialsare“l(fā)iberallions”,“downwardlymobile”,and“distrustful”;eventhoughtheyalso“getalongwellwiththeirparents,respecttheireldersandworkwellwithcolleagues”.Ridiculous,clearly.Butwhat’stheharm?Aren’ttheselabelsjustabitoffunforwriters?Amethodtoattractreadersandawayofcommunicatinggenerationalchange,whichnoonewoulddenyisarealphenomenon?We,inacademicsocialscience,studyandteachsocialchange,butwedon’tstudyandteachtheselabelsbecausetheysimplyaren’treal.Andinsocialscience,realitystillmatters.Worsethanirrelevant,suchbaselesslabelsdrivepeopletowardstereotypingandthoughtlesscharacterjudgment.Measuringanddescribingsocialchangeisessential,anditcanbeusefultoanalyzethehistoricalperiodinwhichpeoplewerebornandraised,butdrawingrandomlinesbetweenbirthyearsandassigningnamestothemdoesn’thelp.Todaytherearelotsofgoodalternativestolabelgenerations.Wecansimplydescribepeoplebythedecadeinwhichtheywerebornanddefinegenerationalgroupsspecificallyrelatedtoaparticularissue—suchas2020schoolkids.Withthearrivalof“GenerationZ”,therehasneverbeenabettertimetogetoffthistrain.31.WhatdothefactslistedinParagraph1imply?A.Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutgenerationlabels.B.Peoplewiththesamegenerationlabelmaynotbeofsimilarage.C.Generationalchangecanbemeasuredbygenerationlabels.D.Generationlabelsarewidelyadoptedbycelebrities.32.Theunderlinedword“sticks”inParagraph4probablymeans______.A.isunderstood B.isanalyzed C.isdescribed D.isaccepted33.Accordingtothepassage,theauthormayagreethat______.A.thegenerationlabelisaharmlessdevicewritersusetoreflectrealityB.generationboundariesaremoremeaningfulthangenerationlabelsC.assigningcharactertraitstoacertaingenerationismisguidedD.journalistsshouldfindalternativewaystojudgecharacter34.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Generationlabels:It’shightimetoretirethemB.Generationlabels:TheongoingdebatewillneverendC.Generationlabels:Whatdotheysayaboutwhoweare?D.Generationlabels:Expandorbridgegenerationaldifferences?【答案】31.B32.D33.C34.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了代際標簽的制定，說明代際標簽具有不可靠性，給一代人貼標簽，有很多好的替代選擇?！?1題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Meanwhile,DonaldTrumpandMichelleObamabothbelongtothesamegeneration.Theformerwasbornin1946whilethelatterwasbornin1964,makingthemboth“babyboomers”.”（同時，唐納德·特朗普和米歇爾·奧巴馬都屬于同一代人。前者出生于1946年，而后者出生于1964年，他們都屬于“嬰兒潮一代”。）可知，具有同一代標簽的人可能年齡不同。故選B項?！?2題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段“Butasthetraditionslidintoanever-endingcompetitiontobethefirsttoproposethenextname”（但是，隨著這一傳統(tǒng)滑向一場無休止的要成為第一個提出下一個名字的競爭，）以及“ithasproducedgraduallydecliningreturnstosocialscienceandthepublicunderstanding.”（社會科學和公眾理解的回報率逐漸下降。）可知，句中thenextname指的是為下一代取的名字，即可以被接受的一個名字，推測劃線單詞表示“接受”，與isaccepted同義。故選D項。【33題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Beforeyoupushthesediversepersonalitiesintogenerationalstereotypes(刻板印象),letmestopyouthere:Justdon’t.”（在你將這些不同的性格推入代際刻板印象之前，讓我在這里阻止你：不要這樣做。）以及第六段“We,inacademicsocialscience,studyandteachsocialchange,butwedon’tstudyandteachtheselabelsbecausetheysimplyaren’treal.Andinsocialscience,realitystillmatters.”（在學術社會科學中，我們研究和教授社會變革，但我們不研究和教授這些標簽，因為它們根本不是真實的。在社會科學中，現(xiàn)實仍然很重要。）可知，作者不同意將不同的性格推入代際刻板印象，認為代際標簽是不真實的，可能同意將性格特征分配給某一代是錯誤的。故選C項。【34題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，文章主要說明了代際標簽的制定以及一些代際標簽制定的發(fā)展，說明了代際標簽具有不可靠性，給一代人貼標簽，有很多好的替代選擇，所以“時代標簽：是時候讓它們退役了”可以作為文章標題。故選A項。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Sometimesinourlifewefacethisproblem:lovedonesaswellasstrangersannoyingus.Athome,we’vehadtoputupwithchildrenscreamingduringonlinemeetings,andfamilymembersonthecomputerallthetime.___35___Kindnessseemslikeadistantmemory.Theabilitytolivepeacefullywithannoyinghousematesorneighborsseemsmoredifficultthanever.___36___Ifwetakekindnessasaskill,makingitadailypractice,itwillcomeeasierovertime.___37___LovingKindnessMeditation(默想)(L