醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)感染病

IntroductiontoinfectiousdiseasesGangXINDepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunologyterms單擊此處添加小標(biāo)題單擊此處添加小標(biāo)題單擊此處添加小標(biāo)題添加標(biāo)題InfectiologyInfectionInfectiousdiseasesInfectiologist打開(kāi)率35%25%20%10%Infectiousdiseasesarecausedbypathogenicmicroorganisms,suchasbacteria,viruses,parasitesorfungi;thediseasecanbespreaddirectlyorindirectly,formonepersontoanother.InfectiousdiseasesCommunicablediseasesWoundinfectionlunginfectionpathogenhostOutlinePathogenHostPathogenesisofinfectionClassificationofinfectionClinicalmanifestationsLaboratorydiagnosisofinfectiousdiseasesTreatmentandpreventionpathogenTypesofpathogens添加標(biāo)題karuo-,nutorcellnucleus添加標(biāo)題eu-,Good;well;true添加標(biāo)題pro-,before添加標(biāo)題TypesofpathogensSubcelluar添加標(biāo)題Prokaryotic添加標(biāo)題Viruses,prion添加標(biāo)題Bacterial,chlamydiae,rickettsiae,mycoplasmas添加標(biāo)題Eukaryotic添加標(biāo)題Protozoa,fungi,helminthes,arthropods添加標(biāo)題prionAprionisaninfectiousagentcomposedofproteininamisfoldedformDisease:BovinespongiformencephalopathyMadcowdisease(MCD)VirusesThetermvirion(pluralvirions)isalsousedtorefertoasingle,stableinfectiveviralparticlethatisreleasedfromthecellandisfullycapableofinfectingothercellsofthesametypeAvirusisasmallinfectiousagentthatcanreplicateonlyinsidethelivingcellsoforganisms.Bacteria

(singular:bacterium)chlamydiaechlamyd-,mantle(acloak)Chlamydiainfectionchlamydiaconjunctivitisortrachomarickettsiaerickets,vitaminDdeficiencyThegenusRickettsiaisnamedafterH.T.Ricketts(1871–1910),whostudiedRockyMountainspottedfever,andeventuallydiedoftyphusafterstudyingthatdisease.Disease:spottedfever,typhusandscrubtyphusTickhemolymphcellsinfectedwithR.rickettsii.FromtheCDC.SymptomsofScrubtyphusfeverheadachemusclepaincoughgastrointestinalsymptomshemorrhagingandintravascularcoagulation.maculopapularrash,eschar（焦痂）,splenomegalyandlymphadenopathiesaretypicalsigns.Mycoplasmamykes(fungus)andplasma(formed)SpirochetesyphilisSaddlenoseFungi

(singular:fungus)Tinea(=ringworm

)ofskinTineapedisTineamanusTineacrurisGroupofextremelysmallsinglecell(unicellular)oracellularorganismsthatarefoundinmoistsoilorwater.Theytendtoexistasparasites,livingoffotherlifeforms.Protos(First)andzoon(animal)protozoa

(singular:protozoon)helminthsHelmins=wormhelminthsareworm-likeorganisms(Parasiticworms)thatliveandfeedofflivinghosts,receivingnourishmentandprotectionwhiledisruptingtheirhosts'nutrientabsorption,causingweaknessanddisease.Hookwormsattachedtotheintestinalmucosa.arthropodsGreekarthron,"joint",andpodós"foot",whichtogethermean"jointedfeet”CulexMosquitoAedesMosquitoTicksPathogenfactorsvirulencepathogenicityistheabilityofapathogentoproduceaninfectiousdiseaseinanorganism.Thevirulencefactorsofbacteria

MethodsbywhichbacteriacausediseaseAdhesionColonizationInvasionImmuneresponseinhibitorsToxins12345Thevirulencefactorsofbacteria

Adhesion.Manybacteriamustfirstbindtohostcellsurfaces..Colonization.Somevirulentbacteriaproducespecialproteinsthatallowthemtocolonizepartsofthehostbody.Invasion.Somevirulentbacteriaproduceproteinsthateitherdisrupthostcellmembranesorstimulateendocytosisintohostcells.Thesevirulencefactorsallowthebacteriatoenterhostcellsandfacilitateentryintothebodyacrossepithelialtissuelayersatthebodysurface.Immuneresponseinhibitors.Manybacteriaproducevirulencefactorsthatinhibitthehost'simmunesystemdefenses.Toxins.Manyvirulencefactorsareproteinsmadebybacteriathatpoisonhostcellsandcausetissuedamage.MethodsbywhichbacteriacausediseaseMinimuminfectivedoseinvasionminimumlethaldose

(MLD)thesmallestamountoftoxinthatwillkillanexperimentalanimal.medianinfectivedose

(ID50)theamountofpathogenicmicroorganismsthatwillcauseinfectionin50percentofthetestsubjects.infectivedose

thatamountofpathogenicorganismsthatwillcauseinfectioninsusceptiblesubjects.HostfactorssusceptibilitydispositionImmunesystemAntibody,immunoglobulinIcebergconceptofinfectionInfectiousdiseasespectrumIfalargenumberofindividualsareequallyexposedtoaninfectiousagent,theydonotallrespondinthesamemanner.Infact,theremaybeabroadrangeofresponses:SomedonotbecomeinfectedatallSomebecomeinfectedbutdevelopnosymptomsSomebecomeinfectedanddevelopmildormoderatesymptomsSomebecomeinfectedanddevelopseveresymptomsSomedieasaresultoftheirinfectionPathogenesisofinfectionClinicalmanifestationsofinfectiousdiseasesOrgansystem-basedNon-specificFeverAnorexiaFatigueMuscleachesSkinrashLossofappetiteastateofphysicaland/ormentalweaknessMaryMallonwasanasymptomaticcarrieroftyphoidfever.Overthecourseofhercareerasacook,sheinfected53people,threeofwhomdied.Host-PathogenInteractions:SymbioticRelationshipsMutualismCommensalismParasitismNeutralismAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichbothspeciesbenefitAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneorganismderivesbenefitandtheotherisunharmedAsymbioticrelationshipinwhichonespecies,theparasite,benefitsattheexpenseoftheother,thehostThestateofbeingneutral;neutralityprefix,avariantofsyn-beforeb,p,andm=Together

=Life;livingorganismairborneinfection

dropletinfectionvector-borneinfectionwaterborneinfectionbloodborneinfectionModeofinfectionSneezingcanspreadthefluvirustootherpeople.airborneinfection

onethatiscontractedbyinhalationofmicroorganismsorsporessuspendedinaironwaterdropletsordustparticles.dropletinfection

infectionduetoinhalationofrespiratorypathogenssuspendedonliquidparticlesexhaledbysomeonealreadyinfected(dropletnuclei).vector-borneinfectioninfectioncausedbymicroorganismstransmittedfromonehosttoanotherbyacarrier,suchasamosquito,louse,fly,ortick.waterborneinfectioninfectionbymicroorganismstransmittedinwater.Classificationofinfections1TypeofthepathogenDegreeofinvolvementBacterial,viral,fungal,parasiticLocal/focal,generalizedManneracquiredCommunity,hospital/nosocomialClassificationofinfections2Autoinfectionvs.cross-infectionTypeofoccurrenceSuperinfectionvs.reinfectionOpportunisticinfectionEndogenousvs.exogenoussepsisaninfectioncausedbyaninfectiousagentthatisalreadypresentinthebody,buthaspreviouslybeeninapparentordormant.aninfectionthatdevelopsfrombacterianormallyoutsidethebodythathavegainedaccesstothebodyaninfectioncausedbyadiseaseagentthatisalreadypresentinthebody

aninfectionbyanorganismthatdoesnotordinarilycausediseasebutbecomespathogenicundercertaincircumstances(e.g.,impairedimmuneresponses).thetransmissionofacommunicablediseasefromonepersontoanotherbecauseofapoorbarrierprotectionaninfectionfollowingapreviousinfection,especiallywhencausedbymicroorganismsthathavebecomeresistanttotheantibioticsusedearlierasecondinfectionbythesamemicroorganism,eitherafterrecoveryorduringtheoriginalinfection12345678abacterialinfectioninthebloodstreamorbodytissuesCross-infection01Exogenousinfection02Endogenousinfection03Opportunisticinfection04Reinfection05Superinfection06Autoinfection07Sepsis08LaboratorydiagnosisofinfectiousdiseasesproceduresGoldstandardtestMicroscopyandStainingproceduresCultureandsensitivitySerologictestStainingproceduresUrinalysisandfecalysisSpecimensmear(blood,stool)GramStainingZeihl-NeelsonstainKOH(potassiumhydroxide)testforfungiGramstain

astainingprocedureinwhichmicroorganismsarestainedwithcrystalviolet,treatedwithstrongiodinesolution,decolorizedwithethanol,andcounterstainedwithacontrastingdye;thoseretainingthestainaregram-positive,andthoselosingthestainbutstainingwiththecounterstainaregram-negative.單擊此處添加小標(biāo)題GramStainingTheZiehl-Neelsenstain,alsoknownastheacid-faststain,wasfirstdescribedbytwoGermandoctors;FranzZiehl(1859-1926),abacteriologistandFriedrichNeelsen(1854-1898),apathologist.Itisaspecialbacteriological