2016年山東大學(xué)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試《翻譯英語》真題及詳解

PAGEPAGE12016年山東大學(xué)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試《翻譯英語》真題(總分：100.00，做題時間：90分鐘)一、Vocabulary(總題數(shù)：20，分?jǐn)?shù)：40.00)1.Hefeltthattheuninspiringroutineofofficeworkwastoo______forsomeoneofhistalentandcreativity.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.prosaic√B.insatiableC.exactingD.enthralling【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)空前的uninspiringroutineofofficework(讓人提不起精神的辦公室日常工作)可知，他覺得工作過于平淡乏味，故答案為prosaic(平淡無奇的，乏味的)。insatiable意為"貪得無厭的，不能滿足的"；exacting意為"要求嚴(yán)格的，要求高的"；enthralling意為"迷人的，非常有趣的"。2.Themuseumarrangedthefossilsin______order,placingtheolderfossilsdatingfromtheLateIceAgeonthefirstfloorandthemorerecentfossilsonthesecondfloor.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.alphabeticalB.chronological√C.randomD.arbitrary【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)空后的theolder…onthefirstfloor和themorerecent…onthesecondfloor可知，博物館是把化石按一定時間或年代順序排列的，故答案為chronological(按時間先后順序排列的，按年代先后順序排列的)。alphabetical意為"按字母順序的"。random意為"任意的，隨機(jī)的"。arbitrary意為"隨意的，任意的；專斷的，武斷的，專制的"。句意為：博物館將化石按年代順序排列，把發(fā)現(xiàn)于冰川時代晚期的古老化石放在第一層，把發(fā)現(xiàn)于更近時期的化石放在第二層。3.Withtheevolutionofwings,insectswereableto______tothefarecologicalcorners,acrossdesertsandbodiesofwater,toreachnewfoodsourcesandinhabitawidervarietyofpromisingenvironmentalniches.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.relateB.disperse√C.transgressD.revert【解析】本題考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)空后的thefarecologicalcoiners(遠(yuǎn)方的生態(tài)角落)和deserts(沙漠)，bodiesofwater(水域)，newfoodsources(新的食物源)判斷，昆蟲能夠到達(dá)這些地方，只有disperse(分散，驅(qū)散)符合語義，故為答案。relate意為"有關(guān)聯(lián)；認(rèn)同"。transgress意為"違背，違反(社會規(guī)范或道德準(zhǔn)則)"。revert意為"恢復(fù)，回復(fù)(到以前的狀態(tài)、制度或行為)"。4.HavingrecentlymissedoutontheMatisseretrospective,whichhastakenParisandNewYorkbystorm,andonthetourofgreatpaintingsfromPhiladelphia'sBarnescollection,Londonisbecoming______inthecompetitiontoshowblockbusterinternationalartexhibitions.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.atrend-setterB.analso-ran√C.aworld-beaterD.amecca【解析】本題考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)題意"因最近已錯過轟動巴黎和紐約的馬蒂斯回顧展以及來自費城巴尼斯收藏的偉大畫作巡回展，倫敦正在……"可知，答案為analso-ran(失敗者，落選者)。trend-setter意為"領(lǐng)導(dǎo)新潮流的人"；world-beater意為"舉世無雙的人(或物)，天下無敵的人(或物)"；mecca，意為"眾人向往之地"。5.Whatmost______themagazine'scriticsisthemannerinwhichitseditorialopinionsareexpressedtoooftenasifonlyanidiotcouldseethingsanyotherway.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.beliesB.impedesC.riles√D.placates【解析】本題考查動詞辨析。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，inwhich引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞themanner，從句中說明了編者表達(dá)觀點的頻率太頻繁，就好像只有白癡才有其他的見解一樣，這種方式應(yīng)是激怒該雜志評論員的原因，故答案為[C]rile(激怒，使非常生氣)。belie意為"掩飾，遮掩；顯示……不真實"。impede意為"阻礙，妨礙，阻止"；placate意為"使平靜，安撫，撫慰"。6.Despitehercompassionatenature,thenewnomineetotheSupremeCourtwassingle-mindedand______inherstrictadherencetotheletterofthelaw.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.mercifulB.uncompromising√C.dilatoryD.vindictive【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)空格前的single-minded(一心一意的，專心致志的)和空格后的herstrictadherencetotheletterofthelaw(她嚴(yán)格遵守法律條文)可知，空格處所填詞意思應(yīng)與single-minded相近，故[B]uncompromising(不讓步的，不妥協(xié)的，堅定的)符合語義，為答案。merciful意為"仁慈的，寬大的"；dilatory意為"拖延的，拖拉的，延誤的"；vindictive意為"報復(fù)(性)的，懷恨在心的"。7.Althoughhegenerallyobservedtheadage"Lookbeforeyouleap,"inthisinstancehewas______actinginanunconsideredfashion.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.charyofB.impervioustoC.precipitatein√D.hesitantabout【解析】本題考查形容詞短語辨析。根據(jù)空前的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞although，以及l(fā)ookbeforeyouleap(三思而后行)可知，本空所填短語應(yīng)表示與"Lookbeforeyouleap"相反的意思，故答案為precipitatein。precipitate意為"(行動或決定)倉促的，貿(mào)然的，突然的"。becharyof意為"對……小心的，對……謹(jǐn)慎的"。beimperviousto意為"不受……的影響；對……無動于衷"。beprecipitatein意為"草率做……；倉促做……"。behesitantabout意為"對做……遲疑不決"。8.Surroundedbyaretinueofsycophantswhoinvariably______hersinging,Callasweariedoftheconstantadulationandlongedforhonestcriticism.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.orchestratedB.thwartedC.assailedD.extolled√【解析】本題考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)空前的sycophants(諂媚者，拍馬屁者)，以及空后的constantadulation(不斷的奉承)和longedforhonestcriticism(渴望得到誠懇的批評)可知，空格處所填詞應(yīng)表示"夸獎，贊美"之意，故答案為extolled(贊美，頌揚，吹捧)。orchestrate意為"將(樂曲)編配成管弦樂曲"；thwart意為"阻撓，阻礙"；assail意為"強(qiáng)烈指責(zé)"。9.Thereisnothing______orprovisionalaboutMoore'searlycriticalpronouncements;shedealsconfidentlywithwhatwerethenradicalnewdevelopmentsinpoetry.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.tentative√B.positiveC.dogmaticD.shallow【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)空后的orprovisionalabout可知，空格處應(yīng)填與provisional(臨時的，暫時的，暫定的)意義相近的詞，故答案為tentative((協(xié)議、計劃、安排等)暫行的，臨時的，試探性的)。positive意為"確實的，明確的"；dogmatic意為"教條的，武斷的"；shallow意為"(指人、作品、思想等)膚淺的，淺薄的"。10.She______thechancetospendawholedaywithherfather.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.jumpedonB.jumpedat√C.jumpedwithD.jumpedup【解析】本題考查動詞短語辨析。根據(jù)空后的thechance可知，此處應(yīng)表示接受機(jī)會，故答案為jumpedat(迫不及待地接受(機(jī)會)，欣然應(yīng)承(建議或機(jī)會))。jumpon意為"突然襲擊，毫不猶豫地批評"；jumpwith意為"與……一致"；jumpup意為"迅速上升"。11.Shepointedoutthathisresumewas______becauseitmerelyrecordedhispreviouspositionsandfailedtohighlightthespecificskillshehadmasteredineachjob.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.disinterestedB.inadequate√C.conclusiveD.obligatory【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)原因狀語從句中"他的簡歷只是記錄了他之前的職位，并沒有突出他在每一份工作中的特殊技能"可知，他的簡歷是不充分的，故答案為inadequate(不充分的，不足的；不能勝任的)。disinterested意為"公正的，無私的；不感興趣的，不關(guān)心的，冷漠的"。conclusive意為"確定的，毫無疑問的，不容置疑的"。obligatory意為"(按照規(guī)定或法律)必須履行的，強(qiáng)制性的；習(xí)慣性的，禮節(jié)性的"。12.Becauseitwasalreadyknownthatretrovirusescouldcausecancerinanimals,itseemedonly______tosearchforsimilarcancer-causingvirusesinhumanbeings.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.culpableB.charitableC.hypotheticalD.logical√【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。分析句意可知，"已證實逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒能夠讓動物致癌"，那么"尋找類似使人致癌的病毒"應(yīng)該是順理成章的，故答案為logical((結(jié)論或結(jié)果)邏輯上必然的，順理成章的)。culpable意為"應(yīng)受責(zé)備的，難辭其咎的"。charitable意為"仁慈的，寬容的；慈善的"。hypothetical意為"假設(shè)的，假定的"。13.Her______isalwaysasourceofirritation;sheneverusesasinglewordwhenshecansubstitutealongclauseorphraseinitsplace.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.frivolityB.verbosity√C.ambivalenceD.cogency【解析】本題考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)冒號后的內(nèi)容"她從不用一個字代替長句或短語"判斷，應(yīng)該是她說話過于嘮叨，故答案為verbosity，意為"冗長，噦唆，嘮叨"。frivolity意為"輕浮的舉止，無聊的活動"。ambivalence意為"搖擺，猶豫；矛盾情緒，矛盾心理"。cogency意為"(理論、議論等的)說服力，中肯切題"。14.Itisfutiletotrytodestroypestscompletelywithchemicalpoisons,foraseachnewchemicalpesticideisintroduced,theinsectsgraduallybecome______toit.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.drawnB.vulnerableC.resistant√D.indifferent【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。逗號前的句子提到"試圖用化學(xué)毒藥完全清除害蟲是徒勞的"，由此推斷，每次使用新的化學(xué)殺蟲劑，昆蟲都會逐漸產(chǎn)生抗體，這也是無法根除的原因，故答案為resistant(抵抗的，抗……的，耐……的)。drawn意為"(人或人臉)清瘦的，憔悴的"。vulnerable意為"易感染(某種疾病)的，易患病的；脆弱的；易受影響的"。indifferent意為"冷漠的，不關(guān)心的，不積極的；(水平或質(zhì)量)一般的，平庸的"。15.Ms.Onorarelygivesinterviewsbecauseshebelievesthenewsmediahave______herandtreatedherbadly.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.publicizedB.misrepresented√C.eulogizedD.acclaimed【解析】本題考查動詞辨析。根據(jù)"小野女士很少接受采訪，因為她認(rèn)為新聞媒體對她不好"推斷，新聞媒體對她報道不實，四個選項中只有misrepresented(誤述，對……做不準(zhǔn)確的敘述，歪曲)符合語義，故為答案。publicize意為"宣傳，宣揚，推廣"；eulogize意為"歌頌，贊美"；acclaim意為"稱贊，贊揚"。16.Totemcraftsmanshipreachedits______inthe19thcentury,whentheintroductionofmetaltoolsenabledcarverstoexecutemoresophisticateddesigns.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.apex√B.conclusionC.antithesisD.reward【解析】本題考查名詞辨析。主語Totemcraftsmanship(圖騰技藝)表示物，后面的定語從句"金屬工具的推行讓雕刻師能夠完成更復(fù)雜的設(shè)計"，由此推斷，應(yīng)表示這門技藝達(dá)到了頂峰，故答案為apex(頂峰)。conclusion意為"結(jié)論，推論"，reachaconclusion意為"得出結(jié)論"。antithesis意為"對比，對照；對立面"。reward意為"報答；獎賞；報酬"。17.Asdelicateand______asinsectbodiesare,itisremarkablethatovertheagesenoughofthemhave______,preservedinamber,forscientiststotraceinsectevolution.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.beautiful;disappearedB.fragile;survived√C.impervious;multipliedD.refined;awakened【解析】本題考查形容詞和動詞辨析。第一空根據(jù)空前的and可知，空格處所填詞應(yīng)表示和delicate(嬌弱的；纖細(xì)的)含義相近的詞。四個選項中，只有[B]項中的fragile(虛弱的；脆弱的)符合語義。第二空根據(jù)后面的scientiststotraceinsectevolution(科學(xué)家追溯昆蟲的進(jìn)化)判斷，只有存活下來的昆蟲才能供科學(xué)家研究，故本空只能填survived(活下來，幸存，繼續(xù)存在)，故答案為[B]項。18.Unfortunately,thecurrentBroadwayseasonofferssome______farethatsoundsmarkedlylikeimitationsofprevioushits.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.epicB.radicalC.formulaic√D.incongruous【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)空后的"聽起來明顯是對之前的熱點的模仿"可知，沒有變化或新意的，即是程式化的，故答案為formulaic(程式化的，俗套的，非獨創(chuàng)的)。epic意為"史詩般的；壯麗的，宏大的"。radical意為"根本的，基本的；激進(jìn)的"。incongruous意為"不相稱的，不和諧的"。19.Forthosewhoadmirerealism,LouisMalle'srecentfilmsucceedsbecauseitconsciouslyshunsthestuffoflegendandtells______storyasitmightactuallyunfoldwithfalliblepeopleinearthlytime.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.aderivativeB.anantiquatedC.anunembellished√D.anethereal【解析】本題考查形容詞辨析。根據(jù)空前的admirerealism(欣賞現(xiàn)實主義)和shunsthestuffoflegend(刻意避開坊間傳奇的那些事兒)判斷，空格處應(yīng)填與realism相近、與legend相反含義的詞，故答案為unembellished(未裝飾的，未修飾的)。derivative意為"模仿他人的，缺乏創(chuàng)意的"；antiquated意為"過時的，陳舊的，老式的"；ethereal意為"縹緲的，超凡的"。這三項均不符合語義，故排除。20.Crabeaterseal,thecommonnameofLobodoncar-cinophagus,isa______,sincetheanimal'sstapledietisnotcrabs,butkrill.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.pseudonymB.misnomer√C.delusionD.digression【解析】本題考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)空格后的"因為食蟹海豹(crabeaterseal)的基本食物不是螃蟹，而是磷蝦"判斷，"crabeaterseal"這個名稱屬于用詞不當(dāng)，故答案為[B]項misnomer(用詞不當(dāng)，使用不當(dāng)?shù)拿Q，誤稱)。pseudonym意為"假名，筆名"；delusion意為"錯覺，謬見，妄想"；digression意為"離題，偏離主題"。二、ReadingComprehension(總題數(shù)：4，分?jǐn)?shù)：30.00)Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers'intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.（分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）(1).Accordingtothepassage,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTto______.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.speedupthecreationofasolutiontoaproblemB.identifyaproblemC.bringtogetherdisparatefactsD.stipulatecleargoals√【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的seniormanagersuseintuition將本題出處定位于第三段。本段第二句指出，高級管理者至少通過五種明確的方式利用直覺。下文分別指出這五種方式：一是高級管理者會直覺地察覺何時會存在問題；二是高級管理者依賴于直覺來快速完成熟知的行為模式；三是高級管理者利用直覺將孤立的數(shù)據(jù)和行為整合成一幅完整的影像；四是高級管理者利用直覺來檢驗更為理性分析的結(jié)果；五是高級管理者利用直覺來繞開深入的分析，快速得到一種貌似可信的解決方法。[A]項、[B]項和[C]項都屬于這五種方式，故答案為[D]項。(2).Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe"writersonmanagement"mentionedinParagraph2?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.B.Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.C.Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.D.Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.√【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段指出，好幾代的管理學(xué)作者早就注意到實踐當(dāng)中一些管理者對直覺的依賴很強(qiáng)。不過總的來說，這些作者并未理解直覺是什么。有些人將它視為理性的對立面；有些人則認(rèn)為它是反復(fù)無常的一個借口。由此可知，一些"管理學(xué)作者"對管理者所利用的直覺認(rèn)識不足，故答案為[D]項。(3).Whichofthefollowingbestexemplifies"an'Aha!'experience"inparagraphthreeasitispresentedinthepassage?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.Amanagerriskstakinganactionwhoseoutcomeisunpredictabletodiscoverwhethertheactionchangestheproblemathand.B.Amanagerperformswell-learnedandfamiliarbehaviorpatternsincreativeanduncharacteristicwaystosolveaproblem.C.Amanagersuddenlyconnectsseeminglyunrelatedfactsandexperiencestocreateapatternrelevanttotheproblemathand.√D.Amanagerrapidlyidentifiesthemethodologyusedtocompiledatayieldedbysystematicanalysis.【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段第六句指出，直覺的第三種作用就是能將孤立的數(shù)據(jù)和行為整合成一幅完整的影像，這通常會表現(xiàn)為一種"Aha!"式的體驗。"Aha!"在這里表示恍然大悟的。由此可知，"an'Aha!'experience"在這里表示，管理者通過整合孤立的數(shù)據(jù)和行為的方法在意想不到的情況下找出了解決方法，故答案為[C]項。(4).Accordingtothepassage,theclassicalmodelofdecisionanalysisincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.creationofpossiblesolutionstoaproblemB.establishmentofcleargoalstobereachedbythedecisionC.actionundertakeninordertodiscovermoreinformationaboutaproblem√D.comparisonoftheprobableeffectsofdifferentsolutionstoaproblem【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的classical將本題出處定位于第一段第一句。本句指出大多數(shù)成功的高級管理者并不拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的理性處理模式。本句中of后的內(nèi)容是對theclassicalrationalmodel的解釋說明，即傳統(tǒng)的理性處理模式是首先確定目標(biāo)，然后評估問題，想出各種可能性，估計成功率，作出決定，最后再付諸行動。[A]項、[B]項和[D]項都符合傳統(tǒng)的理性處理模式，只有[C]項不符合，故為答案。(5).Thepassageprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.B.Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.√C.Managers'intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.D.Logicalanalysisofaproblemincreasesthenumberofpossiblesolutions.【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出大多數(shù)成功的高級管理者并不拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的理性處理模式，相反，他們依賴于直覺來作出一系列的決定。第三段中主要指出了管理者利用直覺的五種明確方式。而這些直覺是在多年的實踐磨煉和親身體驗所培養(yǎng)出的技能的基礎(chǔ)上形成的。即直覺使管理者能夠更有效地利用自己的經(jīng)驗，故答案為[B]項。Forsometimescientistshavebelievedthatcholesterolplaysamajorroleinheartdiseasebecausepeoplewithfamilialhypercholesterolemia,ageneticdefect,havesixtoeighttimesthenormallevelofcholesterolintheirbloodandtheyinvariablydevelopheartdisease.Thesepeoplelackcell-surfacereceptorsforlow-densitylipoproteins(LDL's),whicharethefundamentalcarriersofbloodcholesteroltothebodycellsthatusecholesterol.Withoutanadequatenumberofcell-surfacereceptorstoremoveLDL'sfromtheblood,thecholesterol-carryingLDL'sremainintheblood,increasingbloodcholesterollevels.ScientistsalsonoticedthatpeoplewithfamilialhypercholesterolemiaappeartoproducemoreLDL'sthannormalindividuals.How,scientistswondered,couldageneticmutationthatcausesaslowdownintheremovalofLDL'sfromthebloodalsoresultinanincreaseinthesynthesisofthischolesterol-carryingprotein?Sincescientistscouldnotexperimentonhumanbodytissue,theirknowledgeoffamilialhypercholesterolemiawasseverelylimited.However,abreakthroughcameinthelaboratoriesofYoshioWatanabeofKobeUniversityinJapanin1980.Watanabenoticedthatamalerabbitinhiscolonyhadtentimesthenormalconcentrationofcholesterolinitsblood.Byappropriatebreeding,Watanabeobtainedastrainofrabbitsthathadveryhighcholesterollevels.Theserabbitsspontaneouslydevelopedheartdisease.Tohissurprise,Watanabefurtherfoundthattherabbits,likehumanswithfamilialhypercholesterolemia,lackedLDLreceptors.Thus,scientistscouldstudytheseWatanaberabbitstogainabetterunderstandingoffamilialhypercholesterolemiainhumans.PriortothebreakthroughatKobeUniversity,itwasknownthatLDL'saresecretedfromtheliverintheformofaprecursor,calledverylow-densitylipoproteins(VLDL's),whichcarrytriglyceridesaswellasrelativelysmallamountsofcholesterol.ThetriglyceridesareremovedfromtheVLDL'sbyfattyandothertissues.Whatremainsisaremnantparticlethatmustberemovedfromtheblood.WhatscientistslearnedbystudyingtheWatanaberabbitsisthattheremovaloftheVLDLremnantrequirestheLDLreceptor.Normally,themajorityoftheVLDLremnantsgototheliverwheretheybindtoLDLreceptorsandaredegraded.IntheWatanaberabbit,duetoalackofLDLreceptorsonlivercells,theVLDLremnantsremaininthebloodandareeventuallyconvertedtoLDL's.TheLDLreceptorsthushaveadualeffectincontrollingLDLlevels.TheyarenecessarytopreventoversynthesisofLDL'sfromVLDLremnantsandtheyarenecessaryforthenormalremovalofLDL'sfromtheblood.Withthisknowledge,scientistsarenowwellonthewaytowarddevelopingdrugsthatdramaticallylowercholesterollevelsinpeopleafflictedwithcertainformsoffamilialhypercholesterolemia.（分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）(1).Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.presentingahypothesisanddescribingcompellingevidenceinsupportofitB.raisingaquestionanddescribinganimportantdiscoverythatledtoananswer√C.showingthatacertaingeneticallycauseddiseasecanbetreatedeffectivelywithdrugsD.explainingwhatcausesthegeneticmutationthatleadstoheartdisease【解析】主旨大意題。第一段大部分內(nèi)容都在解釋心臟病與膽固醇之間的關(guān)系，在最后一句提出問題：科學(xué)家們疑惑，引起血液中低密度脂蛋白去除速度降低的基因突變?nèi)绾问箶y帶膽固醇的蛋白的合成升高?最后一段第四至八句則對這一問題作出了解釋。由此可知，本文作者首先提出了一個問題，然后通過一項實驗室研究結(jié)果對這一問題作出了回答，故答案為[B]項。(2).Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassagesupplyinformationtoanswer?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.Whichbodycellsaretheprimaryusersofcholesterol?B.HowdidscientistsdiscoverthatLDL'saresecretedfromtheliverintheformofaprecursor?C.WhereinthebodyareVLDLremnantsdegraded?√D.Whichbodytissuesproducetriglycerides?【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段第五句指出，通常來講，大部分超低密度脂蛋白殘留物都到達(dá)了肝臟，在那里它們與低密度脂蛋白受體結(jié)合，并被分解，故答案為[C]項。(3).Accordingtothepassage,bystudyingtheWatanaberabbitsscientistslearnedthat______.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.VLDLremnantsareremovedfromthebloodbyLDLreceptorsintheliver√B.LDL'saresecretedfromtheliverintheformofprecursorscalledVLDL'sC.VLDLremnantparticlescontainsmallamountsofcholesterolD.LDLreceptorsremoveLDL'sfromtheblood【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的bystudyingtheWatanaberabbits將本題出處定位于第三段第四句。本句指出，通過研究Watanabe兔子，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，要去除超低密度脂蛋白殘留物需要低密度脂蛋白受體。通過第六句可知，因為肝臟細(xì)胞缺少低密度脂蛋白受體，超低密度脂蛋白殘留物就一直存在兔子的血液中，并最終轉(zhuǎn)化為低密度脂蛋白。結(jié)合這兩句可知，肝臟中的低密度脂蛋白受體能夠去除血液中的超低密度脂蛋白殘留物，故答案為[A]項。(4).Thedevelopmentofdrugtreatmentsforsomeformsoffamilialhypercholesterolemiaisregardedbytheauthoras______.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.highlyprobable√B.interesting,buttoocostlytobepracticalC.promising,butmanyyearsoffD.extremelyunlikely【解析】觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干中的drug將本題出處定位于第三段最后一句。本句指出，有了這些知識，科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在正在朝著研制出治療藥物的方向努力，且進(jìn)展順利，這些藥物能夠急劇降低受到家族性高膽固醇血癥困擾的人血液中的膽固醇含量。由wellontheway可推斷，作者認(rèn)為研制出藥物是非常有可能的，故答案為[A]項。(5).InwhichofthefollowingwaysdoesthepassageimplythatWatanaberabbitsdifferfromnormalrabbits?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.WatanaberabbitshavemoreLDLreceptorsthandonormalrabbits.B.ThebloodofWatanaberabbitscontainsmoreVLDLremnantsthandoesthebloodofnormalrabbits.√C.Watanaberabbitshavefewerfattytissuesthandonormalrabbits.D.WatanaberabbitssecretelowerlevelsofVLDL'sthandonormalrabbits.【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段第三句指出，Watanabe發(fā)現(xiàn)一只公兔子血液中的膽固醇濃度是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濃度的十倍。通過第六句可知，Watanabe所飼養(yǎng)的這些兔子缺少低密度脂蛋白受體。而通過第三段第四句可知，低密度脂蛋白受體又是去除超低密度脂蛋白殘留物所必需的。結(jié)合這三句內(nèi)容可知，Watanabe飼養(yǎng)的兔子比普通兔子缺少低密度脂蛋白受體，從而其血液中的超低密度脂蛋白殘留物要多于其他兔子，故答案為[B]項。DavidMaranisschokedupwhenhesawthetwo-minuteChrysleradvertisementduringtheSuperBowl,theannualfootballextravaganza,withitsimagesofsmokestacks,iceskatersandDiegoRivera's"DetroitIndustry"murals.Suddenlyherealizedhowmuchhestillcaredforhisbirthplace,wherehespentthefirstsixandahalfyearsofhislife.Somuchsothathedecidedtowritehis12thbookaboutthecity,whenitwasatthepeakofitseconomic,politicalandculturalpower.Hepickedtheearly1960s,fromtheautumnof1962tothespringof1964.AtthetimeDetroitwastheeconomicengineofAmerica.InJanuary1963Lifemagazinepublishedastoryundertheheadline"GlowfromDetroitSpreadsEverywhere".ThefactoriesofFord,GeneralMotors,ChryslerandAmericanMotorswerefiringonallcylinders.Theincreaseinwomendrivers,thetrendtowardstwo-carfamilies,therisingincomeofthepost-warbabyboomersandthepromiseofforeignmarketsinspiredtremendousoptimismfortheindustry'sgrowth.Theannualmotorshowwasthebiggestandmostimportanteventofitskind,theAcademyAwardsonwheels;onoccasioneventhevice-presidentcame.Detroitwasalsoacenterofprogressivepoliticsandthecivil-rightsmovement.MrMaranissdevotesanentirechaptertoWalterReuther,thememorablebossofthemostpowerfulunion,theUnitedAutoWorkers(UAW).Hisparents,Germanimmigrants,raisedhimwithvisionsofsocialjusticeandworkers'rights.Reutherwasanidealistbutalsoapragmatist,whichmadehimenemiesontheleftaswellastheright.GeorgeRomney,theRepublicangovernorofMichiganin1963,calledhim"themostdangerousmaninDetroit"becauseofhisabilitytobringabout"therevolutionwithoutseemingtodisturbtheexistingnormsofsociety".Reutherwasconcernedwithcivilrightsalmostasmuchaswithworkers'rights.HeinvitedMartinLutherKingtotheUAW's25th-anniversarydinnerandafterwardsdistributedcopiesofKing'sspeechtotherank-and-file.WhenhundredsofprotesterswerejailedafterKing'sBirminghamcampaignofcivildisobedience,ReutherdispatchedtwoUAWstafferswith$160,000inmoneybeltstobailthemoutofjail."ItcouldbesaidthattoasignificantdegreeDetroitanditsautoworkerswerethecivilrightsmovement'sbank,"MrMaranisswrites.InDetroitinJune1963Kingledthe"WalktoFreedom",thenthelargestcivil-rightsmarch,anddeliveredaversionofhis"IHaveaDream"speechwhichhewouldgivenineweekslaterattheLincolnMemorialinWashington,DC.ForallDetroit'sglow,thestormcloudswerealreadygatheringintheearly1960s.MrMaranisscitesastudybyWayneStateUniversityin1963thatpredictedthepopulationofDetroitwoulddropfromnearly1.7mto1.2mbetween1960and1970andcontinuetodwindle."Productivepersonswhopaytaxesaremovingoutofthecity,leavingbehindthenon-productive,"thereportnoted.Italsomentionedthatin1960Detroit'spopulationwas28.9%blackandforecastthatby1970thecitywouldbe44.3%black,pointingoutthatblackswhohadtheresourcesmovedtothesuburbs"withthesameurgencyaswhites".Thereportturnedouttobeunusuallyprescient.InspiteoftheeffortsofReuther,Cavanagh,Kingandothers,Detroitwasrockedbyoneoftheworstraceriotsinhistoryin1967.Fromthenonthepaceofthecity'sdeclinequickened.BythetimeMrMaranisswaswritinghismeticulouslyresearchedbook,whichattimesprovidesalmosttoomuchdetailfortheuninitiated,Detroithaddeclaredbankruptcy.Itspopulationwas83%black,itsworkerswerelargelyunskilledandthecity'sheadcounthadshrunkto688,000.ThecitythathadgivenAmericasomuchwasindesperateneedofhelp.（分?jǐn)?shù)：4.00）(1).HowsignificantwasDetroiteconomicallyandpoliticallyintheearly1960s?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________（正確答案：ItwastheeconomicengineofAmericaandacenterofprogressivepoliticsandthecivil-rightsmovement．）【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段最后一句指出，大衛(wèi)．瑪蘭妮斯選擇描寫20世紀(jì)60年代早期的底特律。第二段第一句指出，這時的底特律是美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)引擎。第三段第一句則指出，這時的底特律是進(jìn)步政治和民權(quán)運動的中心。(2).AccordingtothestudybyWayneStateUniversityin1963,howisthechangeinpopulationstructureinDetroitrelatedtothecity'sdecline?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項1:__________________（正確答案：ThestudypredictedthepopulationofDetroitwoulddrop，especiallytheproductivepersonswouldmoveoutofthecity．Anditalsomentionedthattheproportionofblackpeoplewillincrease．）【解析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的thestudybyWaynestateUniversityin1963和population將本題定位在第五段。該段第二、三句指出，預(yù)計在1960-1970年間，底特律的人口由近170萬人下降到120萬人，以及有勞動能力的人搬出了城市。第四句講，預(yù)計底特律的黑人人口所占的比例，將由1960年的28．9％上升到1970年的44．3％。Atfirstglancethepatriarchyappearstobethriving.Morethan90%ofpresidentsandprimeministersaremale,asarenearlyallbigcorporatebosses.Mendominatefinance,technology,films,sports,musicandevenstand-upcomedy.InmuchoftheworldtheystillenjoysocialandlegalprivilegessimplybecausetheyhaveaYchromosome.Soitmightseemoddtoworryabouttheplightofmen.Yetthereisplentyofcauseforconcern.Menclusteratthebottomaswellasthetop.Theyarefarmorelikelythanwomentobejailed,estrangedfromtheirchildren,ortokillthemselves.Theyearnfeweruniversitydegreesthanwomen.Boysinthedevelopedworldare50%morelikelytoflunkbasicmaths,readingandscienceentirely.Onegroupinparticularissuffering.Poorlyeducatedmeninrichcountrieshavehaddifficultycopingwiththeenormouschangesinthelabormarketandthehomeoverthepasthalf-century.Astechnologyandtradehavedevaluedbrawn,less-educatedmenhavestruggledtofindaroleintheworkplace.Women,ontheotherhand,aresurgingintoexpandingsectorssuchashealthcareandeducation,helpedbytheirsuperiorskills.Aseducationhasbecomemoreimportant,boyshavealsofallenbehindgirlsinschool(exceptattheverytop).Menwholosejobsinmanufacturingoftenneverworkagain.Andmenwithoutworkfindithardtoattractapermanentmate.Theresult,forlow-skilledmen,isapoisonouscombinationofnojob,nofamilyandnoprospects.Thoseonthepoliticallefttendtofocusoneconomics.Shrinkingjobopportunitiesformen,theysay,areentrenchingpovertyanddestroyingfamilies.InAmericapayformenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificatefellby21%inrealtermsbetween1979and2013;forwomenwithsimilarqualificationsitroseby3%.Aroundafifthofworking-ageAmericanmenwithonlyahigh-schooldiplomahavenojob.Thoseontherightworryaboutthecollapseofthefamily.Thevastmajorityofwomenwouldprefertohaveapartnerwhodoeshisbitbothfinanciallyanddomestically.Buttheywouldratherdowithoutonethanteamupwithalayabout,whichmaybeallthatisonoffer:Americanmenwithoutjobsspendonlyhalfasmuchtimeonhouseworkandcaringforothersasdowomeninthesamesituation,andmuchmoretimewatchingtelevision.Hencetheunravellingofworking-classfamilies.Thetwo-parentfamily,stil