《中西文化比較（英文版）（第2版）》unit 12 The Chinese and Western Science

中西文化比較TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit12TheChineseandWestern

ScienceBackground

Duetodifferencesinwaysofthinking,WesternscienceandChinesetraditionalscienceevolvedintotwoseparatebranchesandwerequitedifferentinculturalfeatures.TheancientChinesesciencewasmarkedbypragmatism.ThepragmaticapproachofancientChinesescienceandtechnologywastakeninalldisciplinesoflearning.Differently,Westernsciencewasbasedontwogreatachievements:theformallogicinventedinGreekphilosophyandthecause-and-effectrelationshipfoundthroughsystematicexperiments.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.geomechanicsn.

Geomechanics(fromtheGreekprefixgeo-meaning“earth”;and“mechanics”)involvesthegeologicstudyofthebehaviorofsoilandrock.①Thispaperdiscussessomegeomechanicsproblemsinblockcaving.本文論述了階段自然崩落法的幾個(gè)地質(zhì)力學(xué)問(wèn)題。②Itisveryimportanttocouplegeomechanicsandfluidflowwith3Dsimulationsoftware.利用三維模擬軟件把地質(zhì)力學(xué)和液流結(jié)合起來(lái)則非常重要。TextA

Notes2.terrestrialadj.oforrelatingtoorcharacteristicoftheplanetEarthoritsinhabitants①I(mǎi)t’sagharial,perhapsthelargestterrestrialcarnivoreevertowalktheearth.這是一條長(zhǎng)吻鱷，可能是地球上有史以來(lái)最大的陸地食肉動(dòng)物。②Thepolarbearisthelargestterrestrialcarnivore,beingmorethantwiceasbigastheSiberianTiger!北極熊是陸地上最大的肉食性動(dòng)物，比西伯利亞虎都要大兩倍多！TextA

Notes3.lithosphere

n.thesolidpartoftheearthconsistingofthecrustandoutermantle①Eventheplanet’souterskin,orlithosphere,hasbeentransformed.甚至于地球的表層──巖石圈──也已經(jīng)被改變了。②Variousstructuralelementsinthecrustandlithosphereareinterrelatedandinterdependent.地殼巖石圈中的各種構(gòu)造要素是相互關(guān)聯(lián)和相互依存的。TextA

Notes4.reconnaissancen.theactofreconnoitring(especiallytogaininformationaboutanenemyorpotentialenemy)①TherocketsuccessfullyliftedareconnaissancesatellitetolowEarthorbit.火箭成功的將一枚勘測(cè)衛(wèi)星送入地球低軌道。②Thehelicopterwasreturningfromareconnaissancemission.那架直升機(jī)執(zhí)行完一項(xiàng)偵察任務(wù)正在返回。TextA

Notes5.matrices

n.

arectangulararrayofelements(orentries)setoutbyrowsandcolumns①Allmatricescanbefactorised,usuallyinavarietyofways.所有矩陣通常都能以各種方式因式分解。②Visually,theycanberepresentedasten-by-tenmatricesofblackandwhitesquares.它們可以可視化地表示為10乘10的黑白方塊矩陣。TextA

Notes6.optimization

n.theactofrenderingoptimal①Theyieldisabove74.4%afteroptimization.最優(yōu)化后的產(chǎn)量為74.4%以上。②Thisfurtherenhancestheimagequality,optimisationofcontrastandnoisereduction.這進(jìn)一步提高了圖像質(zhì)量，對(duì)比度，降噪優(yōu)化。TextA

Notes7.

municipality

n.

anurbandistricthavingcorporatestatusandpowersofself-government①Ourmunicipalityisdividedintotendistricts.我們這個(gè)市，下面設(shè)10個(gè)區(qū)。②TherainhasalsoaffectedpartsofChongqingMunicipality.大雨也影響到重慶市的部分地區(qū)。TextA

Notes8.

missile

n.

arocketcarryingawarheadofconventionalornuclearexplosives;maybeballisticordirectedbyremotecontrol①Themissilefellharmlesslyintothesea.導(dǎo)彈落到了海里，沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致任何傷害。②Theyclaimedtohaveshotdownoneincomingmissile.他們聲稱(chēng)已經(jīng)擊落了一枚來(lái)襲的導(dǎo)彈。TextA

Notes9.vibration

n.

①

Anearthquakeisavibrationthattravelsthroughtheearth’scrust.地震是一種穿過(guò)地殼的震動(dòng)。②Thevibrationoftheenginelulledthechildrentosleep.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的顫動(dòng)使得孩子們睡著了。adistinctiveemotionalatmosphere;sensedintuitivelyTextA

Notes10.

eradicate

v.destroycompletely,asifdowntotheroots①Surelywewillaimtofinallyeradicatediseaseandpoverty.當(dāng)然，我們的目標(biāo)是最終能夠消滅疾病和貧困。②Ifyoueradicatethememory,willthelessonstillremain?如果你徹底消除這個(gè)記憶，這個(gè)教訓(xùn)還會(huì)存在嗎？TextA

KeySentences1.InChinesescientifichistory,therehavebeenalargenumberofgreatscientistswhohavedevotedtheirlivestoimprovepeople’slivelihoods.devote...to...

獻(xiàn)身于，致力于devoteoneselftodoing全身心投入做某事①

Shehadstartedtodevoteherenergiestoteachingratherthanperforming.②

Youwantahusbandwhoissolidandstable,someonewhowilldevotehimself

toyou.TextA

KeySentences2.Inthebeginningofthe1960s,heappliedmathematicstothenationaleconomyinacreativeway,sortingoutoptimizationaimingatimprovingcraftsmanshipandoverallplanningtohandletheorganizationandmanagementofproduction.apply...to...適用于，應(yīng)用于Theconventiondoesnotapplytous.

sort...out...清理,把……分門(mén)別類(lèi)Leavingchildrentosortouttheirownproblemscansometimesbegoodtotheirdevelopment.aimingatdoingsth立志于做某事TextA

KeySentences3.AsaChinesekeystonespacescientist,QianXueseniswidelyacclaimedasthecountry’s“FatherofSpaceTechnology”and“KingofRocketry”.Culturaltip:錢(qián)學(xué)森，1959年8月加入中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，博士學(xué)位，中將軍銜，被譽(yù)為“中國(guó)導(dǎo)彈之父”，“中國(guó)火箭之父”，“導(dǎo)彈之王”?！皟蓮椧恍蔷瘛保骸盁釔?ài)祖國(guó)、無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)，自力更生、艱苦奮斗，大力協(xié)同、勇于登攀?！盩extAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousancientChinesescientistsandtheirscientificachievements.

ZhangHenginventedtheearthquakedetectingtoolcalledseismoscope.Hisseismoscopewasagiantbronzevesselresemblingakettlealmostsixfeetindiameter.Onthesurface,themachinehadeightdragonsfacingdownmarkingtheprimarydirectionsofthecompass.Ineachdragon’smouthwasabronzeball.ZuChongzhiwasagreatmathematicianandastronomerinNorthernandSouthernDynasties.Hismaincontributioninmathematicswasthederivingoftwoapproximationsofpi(π),andhisbestapproximationwasbetween3.1415926and3.1415927.ShenKuowasagreatChinesescientistandpoliticianoftheSongDynasty.HecompiledDreamPoolEssays,whichinvolvedalotofdescriptionsabouttheanimalsandplantsinChina.TextA2.WriteashortpassageabouttheFourGreatInventionsinancientChina.

TheFourGreatInventionsarethecompass,gunpowder,paper-making,andmovable-typeprinting.ThesefourinventionshadanenormousimpactonthedevelopmentofChinesecivilizationandaglobalimpact:thefirstinnavigation,thesecondinwarfare,thethirdandthefourthinliterature.TextA3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenscienceandcultureindefinitions?

Accordingtothepostmoderndefinitionofscience,internalstructureofscienceisdefinedbycultureandsciencehasaculturalidentity.Accordingtotherationalistdefinition,scienceencompassescultureandiscapableofcriticalassessmentofculture.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.HarryBateman

HarryBatemanwasanEnglishmathematician.Hereceivedmanyhonoursforhiscontributions,includingelectiontothememberofRoyalSocietyofLondonin1928,andelectiontotheacademicianofAmericaNationalAcademyofSciencesin1930.Hewaselectedasvice-presidentoftheAmericanMathematicalSocietyin1935andthelecturerofSocietyGibbsin1943.TextA2.Einstein

AlbertEinsteinwasaGerman-borntheoreticalphysicist,widelyacknowledgedtobeoneofthegreatestphysicistsintheworld.Einsteinwasbestknownfordevelopingthetheoryofrelativity,buthealsomadeimportantcontributionstothedevelopmentofthetheoryofquantummechanics.Relativityandquantummechanicsaretogetherthetwopillarsofmodernphysics.TextA3.Dongfanghong-I

Dongfanghong-I,intheWesternworldalsoknownasChina1orPRC1,wasthefirstspacesatelliteofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,andlaunchedsuccessfullyonApril24th,1970aspartoftheChina’sDongfanghongspacesatelliteprogram.Itwasapartofthe“TwoBombs,OneSatellite”program.TextA4.ChineseAcademyofSciencesTheChineseAcademyofSciencesisthenationalacademyforthenaturalsciencesofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Itprovidesadvisoryandappraisalservicesonissuesstemmingfromthenationaleconomy,socialdevelopment,andscienceandtechnologyprogress.ItisheadquarteredinXichengDistrict,Beijing,withbranchinstitutesalloverChinesemainland.TextA5.WorldFoodPrizeTheWorldFoodPrizeisaninternationalawardrecognizingtheachievementsofindividualswhohaveadvancedhumandevelopmentbyimprovingthequality,quantity,oravailabilityoffoodintheworld.Theprizehasbeenawardedannuallytorecognizecontributionsinanyfieldinvolvedintheworldfoodsupply.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.日本推出了世界第一輛“雙模車(chē)”，這種車(chē)既可以像公共汽車(chē)一樣在馬路上行駛，也可以像火車(chē)一樣在鐵軌上行駛。1.Japanunveiledtheworld’sfirstDual-ModeVehicle(DMV),acontraptionthatrunsbothonroads,likeabus,andonrails,likeatrain.TextA2.“元宇宙”是指允許人們?cè)谔摂M環(huán)境中通過(guò)戴虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔玩游戲、工作和交流的一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界?！癿eta”一詞來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)，意思是“超越”，許多人認(rèn)為它將是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的未來(lái)。2.“Metaverse”,anonlineworldwherepeoplecangame,work,andcommunicateinavirtualenvironment,oftenusingVRheadsets.Theword“meta”comesfromtheGreekwordmeaning“beyond”,andmanypeoplebelieveitcouldbethefutureoftheInternet.TextB

Notes1.transformation

n.theactofchanginginformorshapeorappearance①Thewayinwhichweworkhasundergoneacompletetransformationinthepastdecade.在過(guò)去的十年里，我們的工作方式經(jīng)歷了徹底的變革。②Lunchboxeshaveevolvedalongwiththetransformationofschools.隨著學(xué)校發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變，午餐盒也不斷發(fā)展著。TextB

Notes2.injection

n.anysolutionthatisinjected(asintotheskin)①Ananaestheticwasadministeredbyinjection.麻醉劑已注射入體內(nèi)。②Thereasonwhytheinjectionneedsrepeatingeveryyearisthattheviruschanges.每年需要重新注射的原因是這病毒經(jīng)常變化。TextB

Notes3.agrarian

adj.connectedwithfarmingandtheuseoflandforfarming①Ofcourse,thereisnogoingbacktotheagrarianpast.當(dāng)然，從信息時(shí)代退回到農(nóng)耕時(shí)代是不可能的。②ThismovemarksthetransitionofChinafromanagrariantoindustrialsociety.農(nóng)業(yè)稅的取消，標(biāo)志著中國(guó)從農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)邁入了工業(yè)社會(huì)。TextB

Notes4.patent

v.makeopentosightornotice①Heheldanumberofpatentsforhismanyinnovations.他擁有多項(xiàng)發(fā)明的專(zhuān)利權(quán)。②Thegovernmentpatentedthedevicetoitsinventor.政府給予發(fā)明者專(zhuān)利權(quán)。TextB

Notes5.charcoal

n.

acarbonaceousmaterialobtainedbyheatingwoodorotherorganicmatterintheabsenceofair①Grillthesteaksoverawoodorcharcoalfirethatisquitehot.

在相當(dāng)熱的柴火或木炭火上烤牛排。②CAUTION:Neverburncharcoalindoors.小心：千萬(wàn)不要在室內(nèi)燃燒木炭。TextB

Notes6.unprecedented

adj.thathasneverhappened,beendoneorbeenknownbefore①

ItposedanunprecedentedthreattothewildlifearoundAntarctica.它對(duì)南極洲周?chē)囊吧鷦?dòng)物構(gòu)成了前所未有的威脅。②Thisachievementwasunprecedentedinautomobilehistory.這種成就在汽車(chē)業(yè)中是史無(wú)前例的。TextB

Notes7.sustained

adj.

maintainedatlengthwithoutinterruptionorweakening①Speechisgenerallyclear,fluidandsustained.演講通常清晰、流暢、持續(xù)。②Heappearedembarrassedandillateasewiththesustainedapplausethatgreetedhim.他對(duì)持久的掌聲顯得尷尬、不自在。TextB

Notes8.promenade

n.

apublicplaceforwalking,usuallyawidepathbesidethesea①Wewalkedalongthewholepromenade,fromendtoend.我們步行從大道的一端到另一端。②WetookapromenadealongthecanalafterSundaydinner.星期天晚飯后我們沿著運(yùn)河散步。TextB

Notes9.handicraft

n.activitiessuchassewingandmakingcloththatuseskillwithyourhandsandartisticabilitytomakethings①Herhobbiesaremusic,readingandhandicraft.她的愛(ài)好是音樂(lè)、讀書(shū)和手工。②Theplaceisknownforitshandicraftproducts.這地方因出手工藝品而出名。TextB

Notes10.transition

n.theprocessoraperiodofchangingfromonestateorconditiontoanother①Thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbedifficult.

從在學(xué)校念書(shū)到上班工作，這一轉(zhuǎn)變有時(shí)候可真不容易。②Thetransitionfromyouthtoadulthoodcanbeapainfulprocess.

從青年過(guò)渡到成年可能會(huì)是非常痛苦的一個(gè)過(guò)程。TextB

KeySentences1.ThecommencementoftheIndustrialRevolutionwascloselylinkedtoasmallnumberofinnovationsmadeinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.詞語(yǔ)辨析：commence：(formal)tostarthappening指開(kāi)始發(fā)生；start：tobegintohappenorexist;tobegininaparticularwayorfromaparticularpoint指開(kāi)始發(fā)生或存在、以…開(kāi)始、以…為起點(diǎn)；begin：tostarttohappenorexist;tostartinaparticularwayorfromaparticularpoint;tostartspeaking指開(kāi)始發(fā)生或存在、以…開(kāi)始；TextB

KeySentences2.Theapplicationofsteamenginestopowercottonmillsandironworksenabledthesetobebuiltinplacesthatweremostconvenientbecauseotherresourceswereavailable,ratherthanwheretherewaswatertopoweramill.ratherthan

而不是Thedecisionwasbasedonemotionratherthanrationalthought.tobebuiltin將……

內(nèi)置……Thelistoftargetstobebuiltintheproject.TextB

KeySentences3.

Urbanizationmadefamiliesmovetothecitiesinordertogetjobs.Asaresult,theseurbanareasbecamemoreandmoreovercrowded.Theywereoftendirtyandunhealthyplacestoliveinbecauseofthepollutionthatcamefromfactoriesandironmills.Culturaltip:

城市化（urbanization/urbanisation），又稱(chēng)城鎮(zhèn)化，是指隨著一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展、科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步以及產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整，其社會(huì)由以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村型社會(huì)向以工業(yè)（第二產(chǎn)業(yè)）和服務(wù)業(yè)（第三產(chǎn)業(yè)）等非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)為主的現(xiàn)代城市型社會(huì)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變的歷史過(guò)程。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousscientificinventionsinWesternhistory.TextB2.WriteashortpassageaboutoneortwoWestern

historicalperiodsthatareillustriousforscientific

achievements.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasatransformationofhumanlifecircumstancesthatoccurredinthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesinBritain,theUnitedStates,andWesternEuropedueinlargemeasuretoadvancesinthetechnologiesofindustry.TheSecondIndustrialRevolution,alsoknownastheTechnologicalRevolution,wasaphaseofrapidindustrializationinthefinalthirdofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20th.TextB3.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenancientChineseandWesternscienceinwaysofthinking?TheancientChinesesciencewasmarkedbypragmatism.ThepragmaticapproachofancientChinesescienceandtechnologywastakeninalldisciplinesoflearning.Differently,Westernsciencewasbasedontwogreatachievements,theformallogicinventedinGreekphilosophyandthecause-and-effectrelationshipfoundthroughsystematicexperiments.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.spinningjennyThespinningjennyisamulti-spindlespinningframeandwasoneofthekeydevelopmentsintheindustrializationofweavingduringtheearlyIndustrialRevolution.Thedevicereducedtheamountofworkneededtoproduceyarn,withaworkerabletoworkeightormorespoolsatonce.TextB2.pigironPigironistheintermediateproductofsmeltingironoreintoatransportableingotofimpurehighcarbon-contentironasaningredientforfurtherprocessingsteps.Itisthemoltenironfromtheblastfurnace,whichisalargeandcylinder-shapedfurnacenowadaysnormallychargedwithironore,coke,andlimestone.TextB3.flyingshuttleTheflyingshuttlewasoneofthekeydevelopmentsintheindustrializationofweavingduringtheearlyIndustrialRevolution.Itallowedasingleweavertoweavemuchwiderfabricsanditcouldbemechanized,allowingforautomaticmachinelooms.TextB4.urbanizationUrbanizationreferstothepopulationshiftfromruraltourbanareas,thegradualincreaseintheproportionofpeoplelivinginurbanareasandthewaysinwhicheachsocietyadaptstothechange.Itispredominantlytheprocessbywhichtownsandcitiesareformedandbecomelargerasmorepeoplebeginlivingandworkingincentralareas.TextB5.internalcombustionengineAninternalcombustionengineisaheatenginewherethecombustionofafueloccurswithanoxidizerinacombustionchamberthatisanintegralpartoftheworkingfluidflowcircuit.Inaninternalcombustionengine,theexpansionofthehigh-temperatureandhigh-pressuregasesproducedbycombustionappliesdirectforcetosomecomponentoftheengine.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.工業(yè)革命指的是約1760年至1840年間的科技轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期。這個(gè)時(shí)期的轉(zhuǎn)變包括機(jī)器的使用、新的化學(xué)制造和制鐵工藝、水力的高效利用、蒸汽的廣泛使用、機(jī)械工具的發(fā)展以及工廠系統(tǒng)的崛起。1.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasthescientifictransitionperiodfromabout1760to1840.Thistransitionincludedmachines,newchemicalmanufacturingandironproductionprocesses,theimprovedefficiencyofwaterpower,theincreasinguseofsteampower,thedevelopmentofmachinetools,andtheriseofthefactorysystem.TextB2.Sincethe1990s,climateproblemshavebecomeaglobalconcern.Climatenegotiationsinthepasttwentyyearshaveendedinacomplicatedsituationofpoliticalgamesonclimateandthedifferentiationoftheinterestsubjectshasbecomeaglobaldilemmainthepoliticalcooperationonclimate.2.20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)，氣候問(wèn)題日漸被世人關(guān)注。過(guò)去20年的氣候談判展現(xiàn)出氣候政治博弈的復(fù)雜局面，利益主體的分化使得氣候的政治合作成為全球性難題。CaiLunandPaper-makingThomasEdisonandElectricLightBulbTextCComparison1XiaomiiPhoneTextCComparison2China’sMannedSpaceProgramApolloXITextCComparison3RenZhengfeiBillGatesTextCComparison4SuzhouIndustrialParkSiliconValleyTextCComparison5Case

Study

回答的方式

飛利浦照明公司某區(qū)人力資源副總裁(美國(guó)人)與一位被認(rèn)為具有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ闹袊?guó)員工交談，想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)這位員工對(duì)自己今后五年的職業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃以及期望達(dá)到的位置。中國(guó)員工并沒(méi)有正面回答問(wèn)題，而是開(kāi)始談?wù)撈鸸疚磥?lái)的發(fā)展方向、公司的晉升體系，以及目前他本人在組織中的位置等，講了半天也沒(méi)有正面回答副總裁的問(wèn)題。副總有些疑惑不解，沒(méi)等他說(shuō)完已經(jīng)有些不耐煩了，因?yàn)橥瑯拥氖虑橹耙呀?jīng)發(fā)Case

Study

生了好幾次?！拔也贿^(guò)是想知道這位員工對(duì)于自己未來(lái)五年發(fā)展的打算，想要在飛利浦做到什么樣的職位罷了，他為何不能給出明確的回答呢？”談話結(jié)束后，副總?cè)滩蛔∠蛉肆Y源總監(jiān)甲抱怨員工不正面回答自己的問(wèn)題。同時(shí)，員工也向甲訴苦說(shuō)：“這位老外總裁怎么這樣咄咄逼人？”作為人力資源總監(jiān)，甲明白雙方之間不同的溝通方式引起了隔閡，雖然他極力向雙方解釋?zhuān)茈y完全消除已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題。Case

Study

分析點(diǎn)評(píng)

中外思維方式存在差異。中國(guó)人喜歡保持謙虛，說(shuō)話比較委婉。該員工認(rèn)為太直接回答的話會(huì)暴露出自己的野心和高傲自大的缺陷。而西方人一向簡(jiǎn)單明了，很直接，總是事先精心策劃，樹(shù)立明確的目標(biāo)，然后采取行動(dòng)。因此，在跨文化交際時(shí)，要意識(shí)到雙方的思維方式、生活習(xí)慣、文化背景、教育程度等眾多方面存在的差異。Translation

漢譯英

1.四大發(fā)明

中國(guó)古代四大發(fā)明(theFourGreatInventions)

——造紙術(shù)、火藥、印刷術(shù)、指南針，對(duì)全世界產(chǎn)生了巨大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。紙張的發(fā)明大大促進(jìn)了文明的傳播與發(fā)展?；鹚幍陌l(fā)明非常偶然，煉丹師(alchemist)在制作長(zhǎng)生不老藥(elixir)的時(shí)候偶然制成了火藥。唐代末期，火藥被用于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，13世紀(jì)時(shí)傳到了全世界。在唐代印刷術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，北宋畢昇發(fā)明了活字印刷術(shù)(movable-type

printing)，開(kāi)啟了印刷史上的偉大革命。中國(guó)古人利用天然磁石制成了第一臺(tái)可以辨別方向的指南針，大大增強(qiáng)了船只的遠(yuǎn)航能力。Translation

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1.TheFourGreatInventions

Papermaking,gunpowder,printing,andcompassaretheFourGreatInventionsofancientChina,whichhaveexertedagreatandfar-reachingimpactontheentireworld.Theinventionofpapergreatlycontributedtothespreadanddevelopmentofcivilization.Thebirthofgunpowderwasquiteaccidental.Itwasinventedinadvertentlybythealchemistswhiletheywereattemptingtomakeanelixir.AttheendoftheTangDynasty,gunpowderwasusedinmilitaryaffairsandwasspreadallovertheworldinthe13thcentury.OnthebasisofprintingintheTangDynasty,BiShengintheNorthernSongDynastyinventedthemovable-typeprinting,whichlaunchedagreatrevolutioninthehistoryofprinting.Naturalmagnetsweremadeintothefirstdirection-findingcompassbyancientChinesepeople,whichgreatlyimprovedashiptonavigateoverlongdistances.Translation

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2.北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)是中國(guó)著眼于國(guó)家安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展需要，自主建設(shè)、獨(dú)立運(yùn)行的衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，是為全球用戶(hù)提供全天候、高精度的定位、導(dǎo)航和授時(shí)服務(wù)的國(guó)家重要空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。中國(guó)始終秉持和踐行“中國(guó)的北斗，世界的北斗”的發(fā)展理念，服務(wù)“一帶一路”建設(shè)發(fā)展，積極推進(jìn)北斗系統(tǒng)國(guó)際合作。與各個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)一起，共同推動(dòng)全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航事業(yè)的發(fā)展。Translation

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2.TheBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem

TheBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS)hasbeenindependentlyconstructedandoperatedbyChinawithaneyetotheneedsofnationalsecurityandeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Asaspaceinfrastructureofnationalsignificance,theBDSprovidesall-weatherandhigh-accuracypositioning,navigation,andtimingservicestoglobalusers.ChinaappliestheprinciplethatheBDSisdevelopedbyChinaanddedicatedtotheworldtoservethedevelopmentoftheSilkRoadEconomicBeltandthe21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad,andactivelypushesforwardinternationalcooperationrelatedtotheBDS.Chinawill