《植物病蟲(chóng)害綠色防控技術(shù)》課件-二、花生青枯病綠色防控

二花生青枯病綠色防控

II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt

花生青枯病是重要的花生細(xì)菌性病害，在很多國(guó)家和地區(qū)均有大面積發(fā)生。在我國(guó)的花生主產(chǎn)區(qū)，花生青枯病一般發(fā)病率在10%～30%，重發(fā)生田的發(fā)病率可達(dá)50%以上，導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重減產(chǎn)，甚至絕收。

Peanutbacterialwiltisanimportantpeanutbacterialdiseasethatoccursinalargeareainmanycountriesandregions.InthemainpeanutproducingregionsofChina,theincidencerateofpeanutbacterialwiltisgenerally10%~30%,andcanreachabove50%inseverefields,resultinginseriousyieldreductionandevennoharvest.（一）癥狀識(shí)別一般在花生初花期最易感病。病株初期，在地上部主莖頂梢第一和第二片葉先失水萎蔫，早上延遲開(kāi)葉，午后提前合葉。晚上和早晨往往可以恢復(fù)。1～2d后，早、晚也不能恢復(fù)，病株全株或一側(cè)葉片很快凋萎下垂。葉色暗淡，凋萎葉片的葉綠素尚未被破壞，葉片無(wú)光澤，但仍呈青綠色，故稱青枯病。二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt

(I)SymptomIdentification

Generally,itismostsusceptibletothediseaseattheinitialanthesisofpeanuts.Intheearlystageofthediseasedplant,thefirstandsecondleavesonthetopofthemainstemintheabovegroundpartlosewaterandwiltfirst,delaytheopeninginthemorning,andcloseearlyintheafternoon.Itoftenrecoversatnightandinthemorning.After1~2days,thediseasedplantscannotrecoverinthemorningandevening,andtheleavesofthewholeplantorononesidewitheranddroopquickly.Theleavesaredullincolor,andthechlorophyllofthewitheredleaveshasnotbeendestroyed.Theleavesaremattebutstillgreen,sothediseaseiscalledbacterialwilt.（一）癥狀識(shí)別病株易拔起，地下部先從主根尖端開(kāi)始變褐，呈濕腐狀，根瘤呈墨綠色，以后向上擴(kuò)展，最后全根腐爛。果柄、果莢亦呈黑褐色濕腐狀。解剖根或莖部，可見(jiàn)維管束尤其是導(dǎo)管部分變?yōu)榈稚梁诤稚?。橫截較嫩的病莖，保濕下用手稍加擠壓，可見(jiàn)截面上污白色細(xì)菌菌膿溢出。二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt

(I)SymptomIdentification

Thediseasedplantsareeasytobeuprooted.Theundergroundpartfirstturnsbrownfromthetipofthemainroot,showingwetrot,andtherootnodulesaredarkgreen,thenexpandupward,andfinallythewholerootrots.Thefruitstalksandpodsarealsodarkbrownandwet-rotten.Whentherootsorstemsaredissected,thevascularbundles,especiallytheducts,turnlightbrowntodarkbrown.Cutthetenderdiseasedstemsandsqueezethemslightlywithhandsundermoisturizing,andthestainedwhitebacterialpusoverflowsonthesection.莖部呈濕腐狀渾濁液溢出二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWiltStemsshowwetrotTurbidliquidoverflows（二）病原

該病的病原菌為茄科雷爾氏菌，菌體短桿狀單細(xì)胞，兩端鈍圓，具有極生鞭毛1～3根，無(wú)芽孢和莢膜，革蘭氏染色陰性。

病菌生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育適宜溫度為10～40℃，最適溫度為28～33℃。病菌對(duì)酸堿度的適應(yīng)范圍為pH值6～8，最適pH值為6.6。二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt(II)Etiology

ThepathogenofthediseaseisSolanaceae,whichisashortrod-shapedsinglecellwithbluntroundendsand1~3polarflagella.IthasnosporesandcapsulesandisGram-negative.Theoptimumtemperatureforpathogengrowthanddevelopmentis10~40°C,andtheoptimumtemperatureis28~33°C.TheadaptiverangeofpathogensispH6~8,andtheoptimalpHis6.6.（三）發(fā)病規(guī)律土壤中越冬，存活5～8年從傷口、自然孔口侵入寄主；借雨水、灌溉及農(nóng)事活動(dòng)傳播高溫多雨，特別是時(shí)晴時(shí)雨或久旱驟雨、土壤溫濕度變化劇烈時(shí)，最易誘發(fā)該病二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt

(III)OccurrenceRegularityItoverwintersinsoilandsurvivesfor5~8yearsItinvadesthehostfromwoundsandnaturalorifices;spreadsthroughrain,irrigationandagriculturalactivitiesItismostlikelytoinducethediseasewhenitishotandrainy,especiallywhenitissunnyandrainyalternativelyorwhenitrainsafterdroughtforalongtime,andthesoiltemperatureandhumiditychangesharply（四）防治技術(shù)1、種植抗病品種

要結(jié)合本地的實(shí)際情況，通過(guò)引種、試種，因地制宜地選用優(yōu)良品種，如天府16號(hào)、天府11號(hào)、中花2號(hào)、中花6號(hào)、粵油256、魯花3號(hào)等抗病品種。2、合理輪作

實(shí)行水旱輪作是控制花生青枯病發(fā)生為害的最有效措施。不能進(jìn)行水旱輪作的地方，可選用免疫性作物，如旱稻、小麥、玉米、甘薯、甘蔗等實(shí)行輪作．避免與茄科、豆科、芝麻等作物連作。輪作年限視病情輕重而定，輪作周期越長(zhǎng)．發(fā)病率越低。二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt(IV)ControlTechnique1.Plantingdisease-resistantvarietiesIncombinationwiththelocalactualsituation,high-qualitycultivarsshouldbeselectedaccordingtolocalconditionsthroughintroductionandtrialplanting,suchasTianfuNo.16,TianfuNo.11,ZhonghuaNo.2,ZhonghuaNo.6,YueyouNo.256,LuhuaNo.3andotherdisease-resistantcultivars.2.ReasonablecroprotationPaddy-uplandrotationisthemosteffectivemeasuretocontroltheoccurrenceandharmofpeanutbacterialwilt.Wherepaddy-uplandrotationcannotbecarriedout,immunecropscanbeselected,suchasuplandrice,wheat,corn,sweetpotato,sugarcane,etc.,toavoidcontinuouscroppingwiththecropssuchasSolanaceae,Leguminosae,andsesame.Therotationperioddependsontheseverityofthedisease.Thelongertherotationperiod,thelowertheincidencerate.3、加強(qiáng)田間管理

深耕、深翻、嚴(yán)整土地，或引水浸田（時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)越好）；改良土壤，在播種前，每畝土壤施石灰、草木灰50kg、過(guò)磷酸鈣20～30kg，調(diào)節(jié)土壤pH值，使土壤呈微堿性，以抑制病菌生長(zhǎng)。降低發(fā)病率；合理施肥，以增施有機(jī)肥為主，氮磷鉀復(fù)合肥為輔；意田間衛(wèi)生，田間發(fā)現(xiàn)病株，應(yīng)立即拔除。拔除后，撒生石灰消毒．病株應(yīng)帶出田間，集中深埋或銷毀。4、藥劑防治

發(fā)病初期．對(duì)病穴及相鄰健株的花生基部，灌藥液300ml，7～10d灌一次，共用3～4次，可封鎖發(fā)病中心，控制病害蔓延。常用藥劑有：噻菌銅、中生·寡糖素、噻森銅、氯尿·硫酸銅等。二花生青枯病綠色防控II

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutBacterialWilt3.StrengthenfieldmanagementDeeptillage,deepplowing,strictlandpreparation,orwaterdiversiontosoakthefield(thelongerthetimethebetter);improvethesoil,apply50kgoflime,plantash,and20~30kgofcalciumsuperphosphatepermuofsoilbeforesowing,andadjustsoilpHtomakethesoilslightlyalkalineandfurtherinhibitthegrowthofpathogens.Reducetheincidencerate;Applyfertilizerreasonablymainlybyincreasingorganicfertilizerandsupplementedbynitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumcompoundfertilizer