《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)》課件-一、小麥銹病綠色防控（雙語(yǔ)版）

一小麥銹病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麥病害綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatDiseases

概述Overview

小麥?zhǔn)俏覈?guó)，尤其是我國(guó)北方的主要糧食作物之一，年種植面積4.5億畝，僅次于水稻，位居第二。小麥病害問題嚴(yán)重，且此起彼伏。

WheatisoneofthemaingraincropsinChina,especiallyinthenorthofChina,withanannualplantingareaof450millionmu,rankingsecondonlytorice.Theproblemofwheatdiseasesisserious,asonefalls,anotherrises.

我國(guó)小麥主要病害種類：常見小麥病害39種，其中真菌病害27種，病毒病8種，細(xì)菌病害3種，線蟲病1種。

MajorwheatdiseasesinChina:39commonones,including27fungaldiseases,8viraldiseases,3bacterialdiseasesand1nematodedisease.

小麥銹病一直是小麥上的主要病害，歷史上曾經(jīng)幾度大流行，損失慘重。Wheatrusthasalwaysbeenamajordiseaseofwheat,andithasbeenpandemicsinhistoryandsufferedheavylosses.

隨著栽培制度的改進(jìn)和肥水條件的提高，20世紀(jì)90年代前后，小麥白粉病曾頻頻流行，損失很大。盡管利用三唑類殺菌劑防治麥類白粉病效果很好，但研究表明白粉菌對(duì)三唑類殺菌劑的抗性日益突出，問題十分嚴(yán)重。Withtheimprovementofcroppingsystem,wateringandfertilization,wheatpowderymildewwasfrequentlyprevalentaroundthe1990s,causinggreatlosses.Althoughtriazolefungicidesareveryeffectiveincontrollingwheatpowderymildew,studiesshowthattheresistanceofpowderymildewtotriazolefungicidesisincreasinglyprominent,whichisveryserious.

小麥赤霉病一直是長(zhǎng)江流域麥區(qū)的主要病害。該病不僅造成產(chǎn)量損失，更為重要的是赤霉菌所產(chǎn)生的很多毒素對(duì)人畜具有毒性。

WheatscabhasalwaysbeenthemajordiseaseinthewheatregionoftheYangtzeRiverbasin.Itnotonlycausesyieldloss,butmoreimportantly,manytoxinsproducedbyGibberellaaretoxictobothhumansandanimals.

近年來，小麥紋枯病、全蝕病和小麥葉枯病發(fā)生日趨嚴(yán)重，已經(jīng)成為許多麥區(qū)的重要病害。由于目前缺乏抗病品種，危害還在加劇。病毒病、黑穗病在局部地區(qū)仍有一定危害。

Inrecentyears,thereisanincreasingoccurrenceofwheatsheatheyespot,take-allandwheatleafblotch,whichhavebecomeimportantdiseasesinmanywheatregions.Duetothecurrentlackofdisease-resistantcultivars,thedamageisstillgrowing.Virusdiseaseandheadsmutarestillharmfulinsomeareas.小麥病害綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatDiseases一小麥銹病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麥銹病俗稱“黃疸病”，是我國(guó)小麥生產(chǎn)上分布廣、傳播快、為害面積大的一類病害，流行年份減產(chǎn)可達(dá)20%～30%，嚴(yán)重田塊甚至絕收。包括條銹病、稈銹病和葉銹病3種，其中在川渝兩地以小麥條銹病發(fā)生最為普遍且嚴(yán)重。

Wheatrust,commonlyknownas"jaundice",isakindofdiseasewithwidedistribution,fastspreadandalargeareaofdamageinwheatproductioninChina.Inepidemicyears,itmayreduceyieldsby20%-30%,andevencausetotalcropfailureinsomefields.Itincludesthreekinds,striperust,stemrustandleafrust,ofwhichwheatstriperustisthemostcommonandseriousinSichuanandChongqing.

小麥條銹病是世界范圍的小麥病害，在我國(guó)是小麥三種銹病中發(fā)生最廣、危害最重的病害，主要發(fā)生于西北、西南、黃淮海等冬麥區(qū)和西北春麥區(qū)，流行年份可造成巨大損失。Wheatstriperustisaworldwidewheatdisease.Also,itisthemostwidespreadandharmfuldiseaseamongthesethreekindsofwheatrustinChina,mainlyoccurringinwinterwheatregionssuchasnorthwest,southwestandHuang-Huai-Hairegions,aswellasnorthwestspringwheatregions.Itmaycausehugelossesinepidemicyears.

小麥葉銹病是禾谷類銹病中分布最廣、發(fā)生最普遍的一種小麥病害，全世界小麥種植區(qū)都有發(fā)生。以西南和長(zhǎng)江流域一帶發(fā)生較重，華北和東北部分麥區(qū)也較重。Wheatleafrustisthemostwidespreadandcommonwheatdiseaseincerealrust,whichoccursinwheatplantingregionsallovertheworld.ItismoreseriousinthesouthwestandtheYangtzeRiverbasin,andalsoinsomewheatregionsinNorthandNortheastChina.

三種銹病在中國(guó)各地的分布一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麥稈銹病是世界范圍的小麥病害，在種植小麥的國(guó)家和地區(qū)均有發(fā)生，我國(guó)主要在華東沿海、長(zhǎng)江流域和福建、廣東、廣西的冬麥區(qū)及東北、內(nèi)蒙古、西北等春麥區(qū)發(fā)生流行，給小麥生產(chǎn)造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。

Wheatstemrustisaworldwidewheatdisease,whichoccursincountriesandregionswherewheatisgrown.InChina,itisprevalentmainlyintheeastcoast,theYangtzeRiverbasin,winterwheatregionsinFujian,GuangdongandGuangxi,andspringwheatregionsinnortheast,InnerMongoliaandnorthwestChina,causingseriouslossestowheatproduction.三種銹病在中國(guó)各地的分布（一）癥狀識(shí)別

SymptomIdentification

1、條銹病

主要發(fā)生在葉片上，也可在葉鞘、莖稈和穗上發(fā)生。初發(fā)病時(shí)夏孢子堆為小長(zhǎng)條狀，鮮黃色，與葉脈平行，成株期排列成行，幼苗期不成行，表皮開裂不明顯；小麥近成熟時(shí)，病部產(chǎn)生短線狀黑色冬孢子堆埋伏于表皮內(nèi)，成熟時(shí)表皮不開裂，有別于桿銹病。一小麥銹病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

1.StriperustItmainlyoccursonleaves,butalsoonleafsheaths,stemsandears.Attheinitialonset,theurediniaaresmallandelongated,brightyellow,paralleltotheleafveins,arrangedinrowsattheadult-plantstageinsteadoftheseedlingstage,withinsignificantepidermiscracking;whenthewheatisnearlyripe,theaffectedpartsresultinshortlinearblacktelia,lyingintheepidermis.Theepidermisdoesnotcrackwhenthewheatisripe,whichisdifferentfromstemrust.

2、葉銹病

主要發(fā)生在葉片上，莖稈、葉鞘上很少發(fā)生。夏孢子堆圓形至長(zhǎng)橢圓形，橘紅色，不規(guī)則散生，周圍表皮開裂。后期在葉片背面和葉鞘上，散生圓形或長(zhǎng)橢圓形的黑色冬孢子堆，表皮不破裂。一小麥銹病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

2.Leafrust

Itmainlyoccursonleaves,butrarelyonstemsandleafsheaths.Theurediniaareround-to-oblong,tangerine,andirregularlyscattered,withsurroundingepidermiscracked.Atthefinalonset,scatteredroundoroblongblackteliaappearonthebackofleavesortheleafsheaths,withnoepidermiscracking.UrediniaonDiseasedWheatLeafRustLeaf

3、桿銹病

主要發(fā)生在莖稈和葉鞘上。夏孢子堆較大，長(zhǎng)橢圓形，深褐色，排列不規(guī)則，散生，常數(shù)個(gè)連接成大斑，周圍可見破裂向外翻卷的表皮。小麥成熟時(shí)，在夏孢子堆及其附近出現(xiàn)黑色橢圓至長(zhǎng)條形冬孢子堆，后期表皮破裂。一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

3.Stemrust

Itmainlyoccursonstemsandleafsheaths.Theurediniaarelarger,oblong,darkbrown,irregularlyarranged,scattered,usuallyformedintoalargespotbyseveralones,aroundwhichcanbeseencrackedoutward-curlingepidermis.Whenthewheatisripe,blackoval-to-elongatedteliaappearatandneartheuredinia,withepidermiscrackingatthefinalonset.三種銹病的共同特點(diǎn)：被害處產(chǎn)生夏孢子堆，后期在病部生成黑色的冬孢子堆。根據(jù)孢子堆的大小、顏色、形狀、著生的部位、排列的情況和表皮穿透的特點(diǎn)區(qū)分三種銹病，農(nóng)民形象地說：“條銹成行、葉銹亂、稈銹是個(gè)大紅斑”。

Commoncharacteristicsofthethreekindsofrust:Affectedpartsresultinuredinia,andblackteliaareformedintheaffectedpartsatthefinalonset.Thethreekindsofrustmaybedistinguishedbythesize,colorandshapeofsorus,location,arrangementandepidermispenetration,whichfarmersdescribeas"striperustinrows,leafrustindisorder,andstemrustasagreatredspot".一小麥銹病綠色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

種類癥狀特點(diǎn)條銹病葉銹病稈銹病為害部位主要危害葉片，也為害葉鞘、稈和穗夏孢子堆主要在葉面上產(chǎn)生，冬孢子堆主要在葉背面及葉鞘上產(chǎn)生主要發(fā)生在莖稈及葉鞘上，嚴(yán)重時(shí)，葉及穗上也可產(chǎn)生夏孢子堆形態(tài)最小，黃色皰狀比稈銹小而比條銹大，橘紅色最大，長(zhǎng)橢圓形，深褐色葉片穿透情況不穿透葉片偶爾葉銹病也可穿透葉片，在葉片正反兩面同時(shí)形成夏孢子堆，但葉背的孢子堆比正面的小葉片的同一侵染點(diǎn)正反面均出現(xiàn)孢子堆，且背面的孢子堆比正面大表皮開裂情況開裂不明顯開裂后，散出黃褐色夏孢子堆粉表皮很早開裂并外翻在葉片上排列的形式幼苗上呈多重輪狀，在成株上沿葉脈呈條狀排列不規(guī)則排列不規(guī)則冬孢子堆形態(tài)小，皰狀，黑色小，橢圓形，黑色較大，長(zhǎng)橢圓形或長(zhǎng)條形，黑色排列的形式基本成行不規(guī)則不規(guī)則表皮開裂情況不開裂不開裂開裂，散出冬孢子一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRustKindofDiseaseSymptomsStripeRustLeafRustStemRustAffectedpartsMainlyleaves,andalsoleafsheaths,stemsandearsUrediniamainlyappearonthesurfaceofleaves,andteliabasicallyonthebackofleavesandtheleafsheathsMainlyonstemsandleafsheaths,andevenonleavesandearsinseverecasesUrediniaCharacteristicsSmallest,yellowblister-likeSmallerthanthatofstemrustandlargerthanthatofstriperust,tangerineLargest,oblong,darkbrownLeafpenetrationNoYes,occasionally,resultinginurediniaonbothsidesoftheleaf,smalleronthebackthanonthefrontSoriappearingonbothsidesofthesameaffectedpartontheleaf,largeronthebackthanonthefrontEpidermiscrackingInsignificantYes,withyellowishbrownurediniumpowderscatteredEpidermiscrackingearlyandcurlingoutwardPatternofarrangementIntheshapeofmultiplecirclesonseedlingsandintheshapeofstripalongleafveinsonadultplantsIrregularIrregularTeliaCharacteristicsSmall,blister-like,blackSmall,oval,blackLarger,oblongorelongated,blackPatternofarrangementBasicallyinrowsIrregularIrregularEpidermiscrackingNoNoYes,withteleutosporesscattered一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust（二）病原

Etiology

三種銹病的病原菌均屬擔(dān)子菌亞門真菌柄銹菌屬，銹菌均為專性寄生，有明顯的生理分化現(xiàn)象。

ThepathogenicbacteriaofallthreekindsofrustfallintofungusPucciniaspp.Basidiomycotina.Rustfungiarespecializedparasiteswithmarkedphysiologicaldifferentiation.

小麥條銹病的病原菌為條形柄銹菌，小麥?；?；夏孢子單胞，鮮黃色，球形，表面有細(xì)刺；冬孢子雙胞，褐色，棍棒形，頂部扁平或斜切，柄短，有色，轉(zhuǎn)主寄主不明。

ThepathogenicbacteriaofwheatstriperustarePucciniastriiformis,whichisspecializedinwheat,withunicellular,brightyellow,sphericaluredospores,andfinespinesonthesurface;andtheteleutosporesarebicellular,brown,clavate,flatorobliquelycutatthetop,shortstalks,colored;andthealternatehostsareunknown.小麥條銹病夏孢子堆和夏孢子UrediniaandUredosporesofWheatStripeRust小麥條銹病冬孢子堆和冬孢子TeleutosorusandTeleutosporesofWheatStripeRust一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麥葉銹病的病原菌為隱匿柄銹菌，夏孢子單胞，黃褐色，球形至近球形，表面有細(xì)刺；冬孢子雙胞，暗褐色，棍棒狀，上寬下窄，頂部平截或稍傾斜，柄極短無色。小麥葉銹病夏孢子堆和夏孢子UrediniaandUredosporesofWheatLeafRust小麥葉銹病冬孢子堆和冬孢子TeliaandTeleutosporesofWheatLeafRust一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

ThepathogenicbacteriaofwheatleafrustarePucciniainsidiosa,withunicellular,yellowishbrown,spherical-to-subgloboseuredospores,andfinespinesonthesurface;andtheteleutosporesarebicellular,darkbrown,clavate,wideattheupperendandnarrowatthelowerend,flatorslightlyinclinedatthetop,andthestalksareextremelyshortandcolorless.

小麥稈銹病的病原菌為禾柄銹菌，夏孢子單胞，暗黃色，長(zhǎng)橢圓形，表面有細(xì)刺；冬孢子雙胞，黑褐色，橢圓形或棍棒形，表面光滑，頂端壁厚，橫隔處稍縊縮，柄很長(zhǎng)，上端黃褐色，下端無色；轉(zhuǎn)主寄主是小蘗和十大功勞。小麥桿銹病夏孢子堆和夏孢子UrediniaandUredosporesofWheatStemRust小麥桿銹病冬孢子堆和冬孢子TeliaandTeleutosporesofWheatStemRust一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

ThepathogenicbacteriaofwheatstemrustarePucciniagraminis,withunicellular,darkyellow,oblonguredospores,andfinespinesonthesurface;theteleutosporesarebicellular,blackbrown,ovalorclavate,withsmoothsurface,thicktopwall,slightlyconstricteddiaphragm,longstalks,yellowishbrownattheupperendandcolorlessatthelowerend;andthealternatehostsareBerberisandMohoniafortunei.（三）發(fā)病規(guī)律

OccurrenceRegularity3種銹病均靠夏孢子通過氣流傳播為害，傳播范圍廣，并可形成多次再侵染。其病害循環(huán)包括越夏、秋苗感染、越冬和春季流行4個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。

Thethreekindsofrustareallharmfulduetothespreadingofuredosporesbymeansofaircurrents,spreadwidely,andmayresultinmultiplereinfections.Thediseasecycleincludesfourlinks:oversummering,autumnseedlinginfection,overwinteringandspringepidemic.

條銹病病菌喜涼怕熱，因此5～6月小麥?zhǔn)斋@時(shí)節(jié)，旬均溫>22℃時(shí)就不能侵染，麥?zhǔn)蘸笙逆咦与S氣流遠(yuǎn)距離傳播到甘肅、青海、四川西北等高寒地區(qū)的小麥上越夏，秋季再隨氣流傳播到平原冬麥區(qū)為害早播秋苗，當(dāng)氣溫降至1～2℃時(shí)，條銹菌開始越冬。翌年小麥返青后，當(dāng)旬均溫上升至5℃時(shí)產(chǎn)生孢子進(jìn)行再侵染。

Striperustpathogenisliabletocoldbutcan'tstandtheheat,sotherecanbenoinfectionwhentheten-daymeantemperatureis>22℃inthewheatharvestseasonfromMaytoJune.Afterwheatharvest,theuredosporesspreadtothewheatinthealpineregionsforthepurposeofoversummering,suchasinGansu,QinghaiandNorthwestSichuan,andthenspreadtothewinterwheatplainsintheautumntodamagetheearly-sowingautumnseedlings.Thepucciniastriiformisbegintooverwinterwhenthetemperaturedropsto1-2℃.Afterthewheatturnsgreenthenextyear,sporeswillbegeneratedforreinfectionwhentheten-daymeantemperaturerisesto5℃.一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

桿銹病病菌對(duì)低溫、高溫都比較敏感，侵入適溫18℃～22℃。夏孢子主要在福建、廣東及云南等麥區(qū)越冬。翌年春季，夏孢子由越冬地逐漸北移，經(jīng)長(zhǎng)江流域、華北平原到達(dá)東北、西北和內(nèi)蒙古春麥區(qū)造成全國(guó)大范圍的春、夏季流行。麥?zhǔn)蘸笥謧髦廖鞅?、西南等高寒地區(qū)越夏。Stemrustpathogenissensitivetobothlowandhightemperature,andthetemperaturesuitableforinvasionis18-22℃.UredosporesmainlyoverwinterinwheatregionsofFujian,GuangdongandYunnan.Inthenextspring,theygraduallymovenorthwardfromthewinteringground,andreachthenortheast,northwestandInnerMongoliaspringwheatregionsthroughtheYangtzeRiverbasinandtheNorthChinaPlain,resultinginanationwideepidemicinspringandsummer.Afterthewheatharvest,theyspreadtothenorthwest,southwestandotheralpineregionsforthepurposeofoversummering.

葉銹病病菌對(duì)溫度的適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng)，其越冬和越夏的地區(qū)都比較廣。在我國(guó)大部分麥區(qū)，麥?zhǔn)蘸蟛【D(zhuǎn)移至自生麥苗上越夏，冬小麥秋播出土后，病菌又從自生麥苗上轉(zhuǎn)移到秋苗上為害并越冬，來年小麥返青后繼續(xù)侵染為害。

Leafrustpathogenishighlyadaptabletotemperature,withawiderangeofoverwinteringandoversummeringareas.InmostwheatregionsinChina,thepathogenmovestovolunteerwheatseedlingsafterwheatharvestforthepurposeofoversummering,thenfromthevolunteerwheatseedlingstoautumnseedlingsforthepurposeofinfectionandoverwinteringafterwinterwheatissowninautumn,andcontinuestoinfectthenextyearafterthewheatreturnsgreen.一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust

小麥三種銹菌對(duì)濕度的要求基本相同，都需要有飽和濕度。小麥葉片及孢子表面必須有持續(xù)4～6h的水膜存在，病菌才能侵入寄主。故多雨、多霧或田間濕潤(rùn)、結(jié)露的情況下，銹病容易發(fā)生。

Thethreerustfungiofwheathavebasicallythesamerequirementsforhumidity,andtheyallneedsaturatedhumidity.Wheatleavesandsporesmusthavewaterenvelopeonthesurfacefor4-6hbeforepathogencaninvadethehost.Therefore,rustispronetooccurunderrainy,foggyconditionsorinwetanddewyfields.一小麥銹病綠色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatRust（四）防治技術(shù)

1、選用抗病品種

川育14、川育16、綿陽(yáng)29、30號(hào)等小麥品種對(duì)小麥條銹病抗性較強(qiáng)，但應(yīng)注意抗病品種的合理布局，避免品種單一化。

1.Selectdisease-resistantcultivars.Wheatcultivars,suchasChuanyu14,Chuanyu16,Mianyang29andMianyang30,arehighlyresistanttowheatstriperust,butshouldbearrangedreasonablytoavoidsimplificatio