新高考2025屆高考英語小題必練16閱讀理解之主旨大意題

Page12小題必練16小題必練16：閱讀理解之主旨大意題主旨大意題主要考查對全文內(nèi)容或某一段的內(nèi)容的歸納總結(jié)實力，是在對原文深刻理解基礎(chǔ)上的高度概括實力，是高考中的難點之一。主旨大意題最關(guān)鍵的就是把握主題句和主題詞。1.標(biāo)題歸納題【典例】（2024·浙江卷C篇節(jié)選）Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage,astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【答案】C【解析】主旨大意題?！癈hallengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage”是本文的主題句。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講解并描述了有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作可能會使大腦保持靈敏，所以C項“困難的工作可能有助于大腦保持靈敏”適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選C項?！军c撥】標(biāo)題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面，一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點：概括——精確而又簡短，能覆蓋全文大意。針對性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。一般文章的標(biāo)題可依據(jù)主題句來推斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，須要依據(jù)文中的事實細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題。2.文章大意題【典例】（2024·全國2卷B篇）Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist. D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力嬉戲的探討，介紹了探討考慮的因素，探討過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)探討的。B.Ascientificstudy(一項科學(xué)探討)符合以上說法，故選B項?！军c撥】①主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開宗明義，提出主題，用細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)來說明或拓展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想，是最常見的演繹法寫作方式。新聞報道、說明文或爭論文通常采納這種寫法。②主題句出現(xiàn)在文末。在表述細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)后，歸納要點以概括主題，是最常見的歸納法寫作方式。③主題句首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)束時再次點出主題。④主題句出現(xiàn)在中間。寫作方式為：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)描述——歸納主題——進(jìn)一步說明。3.段落大意題【典例】（2024·全國1卷D篇節(jié)選）Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意題。在俄亥俄州揚斯敦進(jìn)行的一項探討發(fā)覺，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項探討中，當(dāng)員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時，他們的工作效率會提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的好處。故選D?！军c撥】答段落大意題的關(guān)鍵是抓住段落的主題句。①采納歸納法的段落，細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，主題句在段尾;②采納演繹法的段落，先提出觀點，后舉例子，由一般到特別，主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，這種現(xiàn)象較多出現(xiàn)在說明文和爭論文中;③若作者采納“特別→一般→特別”的方式，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。④若沒有寫出明顯的主題句，要學(xué)會依據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句。ARodneySmithisamanwithatask.TheBermudanativeisinthemidstofatripthatwilltakehimtoeverystateinthenation,mowinglawns（修理草坪）.Fiveyearsago,Smithcameacrossaseniormanmowinghislawnandstoppedtohelp.“WhenIcameacrosstheelderlyman,mylifechanged,”hesaid.Afterthat,SmithwentontocreatetheRaisingMenLawnCareService(RMLCS)tomowlawnsfortheelderly,disabled,singlemomsandformersoldiersfreeofcharge.Aspartofprovidingfreeyardwork,theorganizationteacheschildrenaboutservingtheircommunitiesandlawnmowersafety.AkeycomponentofRMLCSisits50-yardchallenge,whichsetsagoalforchildrennationwidetomow50lawnsforfreeintheircommunity.Whenakidsignsupforthechallenge,thegroupsendsthemawhiteshirtwiththeRaisingMenlogo（標(biāo)識），shadesandearprotection.Theparticipantsreceiveadifferentcoloredshirtafterevery10thlawntheymow.Whentheyhavecompletedthetaskfor50yards,theyreceiveaspecialvisitfromSmithorsomeonewithRMLCS.Theygivethevolunteeranewlawnmower,freeofcharge,andcutotherlawnswiththem.Sincethischallengestartedin2024,12kidshavealreadycompletedthechallenge.Andbothboysandgirlsarepartofit.Atpresenttheyhave130kidsnationwidetakingpartinthischallenge,including7inBermudaandtheU.K.andoneinCanada.Soit’sspreadingworldwide.EventheQueenofEnglandtooknotice—thegovernorofBermudapresentedSmithwithanawardlatelastyearonbehalfofher.ItwasalsolastyearthatSmithcameupwiththe50States50Lawnscampaign.Now,in2024，he’sontheroadagain.1.WhatisthepurposeoftheRaisingMenLawnCareService?A.Educatechildrentoworkhard. B.Offerfreelawncuttingservice.C.Makelawnmowersofhighquality. D.Trainprofessionallawnmowingworkers.2WhyistheQueenofEnglandmentioned?A.Topraisethequeenforhercare. B.ToproveSmithisrespectedbyeveryone.C.ToshowSmith’sbehaviorgotrecognized. D.TointroducewhereSmith’smotivationcamefrom.3.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.MowLawnsinOrdertoTravel B.LawnMowing—aNewTrendC.ChooseMowingLawnstoHelp D.Smith—aManLovesMowingLawnsBAdolescentchimpanzeesadopttheiryoungersiblings(兄弟姐妹)iftheirmothersdie.Theoldersiblingskeepaclosewatchontheyoungstersandgivethemlotsofcomfortinghugs.Thefindingaddstotheevidencethatchimpanzeescanunderstandwhenothersaresufferingandcan,tosomeextent,helpthem.Similarly,asecondstudyhasshownthatchimpanzeeshaveastrongemotionalresponsewhentheyseethatanotherchimporafamiliarhumanisinjured.RachnaReddyandJohnMitaniattheUniversityofMichiganweretrackingagroupofabout200chimpsinKibaleNationalPark,Uganda,whenadeadlydiseasestrucktheanimalsbetweenDecember2024andFebruary2024.Twenty-fivechimpsdiedand13losttheirmothers.ReddyandMitanikeptaclosewatchonfourpairsofyoungchimpanzeesiblings,wheretheolderofthetwoeffectivelyadoptedtheyounger.Theolderchimpswere10-17yearsoldwhiletheyoungersiblingswere6to7yearsold.Thepairsspentmuchmoretimetogetheraftertheirmothers'deathsthantheydidbefore.Theyalsocomfortedeachother."Itwasliketheywerebothseekingphysicalcontactallthetime,"saysReddy."Thebehaviormakesevolutionarysense,becausebyhelpingtheirsiblings,theolderchimpsareactingintheinterestoftheirowngenes."Wecan'tbesurewhatisgoingthroughtheirminds,butReddysaystheyoungersiblingswereclearlyscaredandupsetandtheoldersiblingsseemedtotakethesituationseriously."Iamhesitanttouseawordlike'responsibility',"saysReddy,butshesaystheywererespondingtotheirsiblings'suffering.Inlinewiththis,chimpsreactwhenoneoftheirmembersisinjured:theymayinspectorhelpdealwithawound,forinstance.YutaroSatoatKyotoUniversityinJapanandhiscolleagueshavenowfoundthatchimpsrespondonanemotionalleveltoseeinganinjury.Theyshowedsixchimpsahumanwithwhomtheywerefamiliar,andwhohadaseriouswound.Thecamerasshowedatemperaturedropinsidethechimps'noses,whichisknowntohavelinkswithastrongnegativeemotion.4.Whydidtheolderchimpanzeesadopttheyoungersiblings?A.Becausetheyenjoyedhavingplaymates.B.Becausetheyobservedthelawofjungle.C.Becausetheyweretaughttotakeresponsibility.D.Becausetheyunderstoodtheirsiblings'suffering.5.Whatisthepurposeofparagraph3?A.Toshowhowtheyconductedtheresearch.B.Tomakeananalysisofthefindings.C.Tocomparethetworesearches.D.Todescribeamovingstoryintheresearch.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"this"referto?A.Chimps'unwillingnesstohelp.B.Chimps'mindsfullofsadness.C.Chimps'reactiontotheirsiblings'suffering.D.Thedecreaseofchimps'nosetemperature.7.Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ChimpsreallydocareB.ThemysteryofchimpsC.Chimps:tobeornottobeD.ThepowerofevolutionCWoodhasmanygreatcharacteristicsthatmakeittheperfectbuildingmaterial.Itischeap，durable(耐用的),easilyavailable，andmostimportantly，environmentallysustainable.Theonethingitisnot,istransparent(透亮的).NowthankstoateamofscientistsatStockholm’sKTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology，thematerialmayevenbeabletoaddthatfeaturetoitsalreadyimpressivelist.LeadresearcherDr.LarsBerglundsaidhewasinspiredtocreatethetransparentwoodafterlearninghowJapaneseresearchershaddevelopedasee-throughpaperforuseinflexibledisplayscreensforelectronicdevices.Theteambeganbypullingoutthewood'slignin(木質(zhì)素).Thelignin-freewoodwasthendippedintoapolymer(聚合物)andbakedatatemperatureof158Fforfourhours.Theresultwasahybridproductthatwasnotonlystrongerandlighterthantheoriginalwoodbutalso，almosttransparent.Theresearcherswereabletoadjusttheleveloftransparencybyvaryingtheamountofthepolymerinjectedandalsobychangingthethicknessofthewood.Whilescientistshavepreviouslycreatedasee-throughwoodforsmall-scaleapplicationslikecomputerchips,hetransparentwoodisthefirstonebeingconsideredforlargescaleapplications.Theresearchers,whorevealedtheirfindingsinBiomacromoleculesonApril11,pictureusingthetransparentwoodinbuildingstoallowformorenaturallight,ortocreatewindowsthatletinthedesiredamountoflightwithoutsacrificingprivacy.Woodthatallowslighttopassthroughcouldleadtoabrighterfutureforhomesandbuildings.Berglundalsothinksthewoodcouldplayasignificantroleinthedesignofsolarpanels.Thesemi-transparentmaterialwouldbeabletokeeplightlongerandgiveitmoretimetointeractwiththeconductor,thusresultinginbettersolarefficiency.Additionally,substitutingthecurrentlyusedglasswiththisnewproductwouldhelpsolarenergymanufacturersimprovetheircarbonfootprintandlowerthecost.Theyarenowexperimentingwithwaystoscaleupthemanufacturingprocesssothatthetransparentmaterialiscost-effectivetomakeandeasytouse.8．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thatfeature”inParagraph1referto?A．Cheapness. B．Durability. C．Sustainability. D．Transparency.9．Whichofthefollowingisnottheprocessinwhichthetransparentwoodismade?A．Dipthewoodintoapolymer.B．Reducetheamountofthepolymer.C．Makethewoodlignin-free.D．Bakethewoodforsometime.10．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?A．Berglundgottheideaoftransparentwoodwhilemakingpaper.B．Varyingtheamountofthepolymerchangesthewood'shardness.C．Thecostofmakingthetransparentwoodstillneedstobecutdown.D．Thetransparentwoodwouldbeusedonlyforhomesandbuildings.11．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout？A．Thebrightfutureofthetransparentwood.B．Thewood'sroleinthedesignofsolarpanels.C．Thedisadvantagesofthecurrentlyusedglass.D．Solarenergymanufacturers'carbonfootprint.DDolphins,Africangrayparrotsandsomeotheranimalsunderstandtheideaof“zero,”butresearchersweresurprisedtofindthathoneybeesalsocomprehendthisabstractconcept,consideringtheinsects’tinybrains,accordingtoanewstudy.Honeybeeshavefewerthanonemillionneurons(神經(jīng)元),comparedwiththe86billionneuronsinhumans—andyet,theygraspaconceptthathumans,bysomemeasures,don’tstarttounderstandbeforepreschool.Theresearcherssetuptwocards,eachofwhichhadasetofsymbolsonthem,liketrianglesorcircles.Then,theytrainedagroupofthebeestoflytothecardwiththelowernumberofsymbols.Thebeesquicklylearnedwhatthehumanswantedthemtodotogettheirdelicious,sweetrewards.Thetrainedbeeswerethenshownacardthatwasemptyandonethathadsymbolsonit.Thereisnoneedforthebeestobetrainedtoflymoreoftentotheemptycard—thusshowingthattheyunderstoodthat“zero”wasanumberlessthantheothers.Althoughtheyflewmoreoftentoanemptycardthantoonethathadonesymbolonit,itbecameeasierforthemtodistinguishwhenthesymbolsonthecardincreasedinnumber.Forexample,theymoreoftenflewtothezerowhentheothercardhadfoursymbolsthanwhenithadone.Perhapsthesefindingswillexplainthebrainmechanism(機(jī)制)behindwhatallowsustounderstandtheconceptof“nothing,”AdrianDyer,aresearchersaid.Thisunderstanding,inturn,couldhelpinthedevelopmentofartificialintelligence(AI)thatalsounderstandsthisconcept.“Ifbeescanunderstand‘zero’withabrainoflessthanamillionneurons,itsuggeststherearesimple,efficientwaystoteachAInewtricks,”Dyersaidinthestatement.12．Whatisasurprisingfindingfortheresearchers?A．Manyanimalsalsocomprehendthemeaningof“zero”.B．Thenumberofneuronsofhoneybeesismuchsmaller.C．Honeybeescanunderstand“zero”withtheirtinybrains.D．Humansfailtorecognizeabstractideasbeforepreschool.13．Whatcanthebeesdowithoutfurthertraining?A．Flydirectlytothecardwithmoresymbolsonit.B．Flylessoftentothecardwithfewersymbolsonit.C．Flyquiteslowlytothecardwithoutanythingonit.D．Flymoreoftentothecardwithoutanysymbolonit.14．WhatdoesAdrianDyersayaboutthesefindings?A．Theyofferinspirationtothedevelopmentoftechnology.B．Theyenablepeopletounderstandmoreabstractconcepts.C．Theysuggestwaystoteachhumanssomecomplextricks.D．Theyallowpeopletosetanewtypeofbrainmechanism.15．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Honeybeesknowabouttheconceptof“zero”.B．Honeybeescanunderstandmuchashumansdo.C．HoneybeeswillhelptoimproveAIinthefuture.D．Honeybeescanbetrainedtocomprehend“zero”.答案與解析答案與解析A【答案】B【解析】推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段“SmithwentontocreatetheRaisingMenLawnCareService(RMLCS)tomowlawnsfortheelderly,disabled,singlemomsandformersoldiersfreeofcharge.”可知，史密斯創(chuàng)辦RMLCS是為了給老人，殘疾人，單親媽媽和退役軍人免費修理草坪。故選B?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段“EventheQueenofEnglandtooknotice—thegovernorofBermudapresentedSmithwithanawardlatelastyearonbehalfofher.”可知，甚至英國女皇都知道史密斯，并派總督代表她給史密斯頒獎。故選C?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】主旨大意題。全篇敘述了史密斯為特定人員免費修理草坪，并且為全國孩子設(shè)立目標(biāo)：為自己的家園免費修理50碼的草坪。這一系列的舉動，都是和修理草坪相關(guān)，是一種助人的行為。故選C。B【答案】D【解析】理解題干，快速定位到文本其次段第一句話“Thefindingaddstotheevidencethatchimpanzeescanunderstandwhenothersaresufferingandcan,tosomeextent,helpthem.”由此推斷選D項?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】讀懂第三段主要介紹視察對象、過程和結(jié)果，即如何詳細(xì)實施探討，故選A項；第四段介紹了科學(xué)家的分析，因此把干擾項B解除；文章介紹了兩個試驗，第三段中沒有進(jìn)行比較，因此選項C解除；文章是說明文體裁，沒有進(jìn)行故事描寫，解除D項。故選A項?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】理解第三段最終一句話中的“theywere