英文的導(dǎo)游詞范文

英文的導(dǎo)游詞范文thegreatmosqueathuajuelanethemosqueisamajorspotforreligiousactivitiesofover60.000moslemsinxi’an,likewise,animportantculturalrelicprotectedbytheprovincialpeople’sgovernment.unlikethearabicmosques,withsplendiddomes,theminaretsreachingintotheclouds,thecoulourfulengravedsketcheswithdazzlingpatterns,themosquehereinxi’anpossessesmuchchinesetraditionaltouchinbothitsdesignandartisticoutlook;besidesthestylepeculiartoislamicmosques,thismosquealsoholdscharacteristicsofchinesepavilionswithpaintedbeamsandengravedridgepoles.however,anyfurtherdiscussionaboutthemosquewillbefutileunlessanythingoftheintroductionofislamintochinaisbroughtup.islamasareligiousorderwasfoundedintheearlyperiodofthe7thcenturya.d.andwasintroducedtochinainthemid-600s.atthattime,arabianmerchantsandtravelerscametothenorthwestofchinabywayofpersiaandafghanistanandthusestablisheddiplomatic,trade,andmilitarycontactswithchina.inthemeantime,anotherroutesawabatchofseavoyagersthroughbangladeshbayandthemalaastraittochina’sguangzhou,quanzhou,huangzhou,yangzhouandothercitieswheremanyofthemsettleddownandmarriedthelocalwomenwholatergavebirthtobabieswhothenbecamemoslems.however,massiveimmigrationofthemoslemstochinadidnottakeplaceuntilaslateastheearlyperiodofthe13thcentury,whengenghiskhan,asaresultofhisexpeditionagainstthewest,hadconqueredvastexpansesoflandstretchingfromcentralasiatoeasterneurope,includingthenorthofiran.manyofthemoslemsintheconqueredareaswerethusforcedtoenlistandlatersettledinchina.amongtheenlistedmanyweresoldiers,andsomeweresmithsandofficialswhowerecalledthehuipeopleinthehistorybooksontheyuandynasty.thehuipeoplelaterfollowedkublaikhandowntothesouth,helpinghimunifyingchinaandthenestablishtheyuandynasty.inthewakeoftheconquest,islamspreadalloverchinaandmosquesbegantoappeareverywhere.intheyuandynasty,manymoslemsheldpositionsbothinthemilitaryandcivilianorgansofthecountry.andalotofthemoslemstookpartinzhuyuanzhang’suprisingintheearly14thcenturyandmadegreatcontributionstothefoundingofthemingdynasty.therefore,alltheemperorsofthedynastyissuedmandatestoprotectislam,andtosetupmosquesinpraiseofthemoslemsfortheirfeats.intheearly16thcentury,islampredominatedqinghaiontheminoritynationalitiesincludingthehuis,theuygurs,thekazaks,thekirgizes,thetajiks,thetartars,theozbeks,thedongxiangs,thesalarsandthebonans.themoslemsinxi’anaremainlythehuis,beingasmallportionoutofthetenmillioninchina.themosqueathuajuelaneisthelargestinxi’an,andatthesametime,itisalsooneoftheearliestbuiltonaparativelylargescale,andwellpreservedmosquesinchina.aordingto“thesteleonthebuildingofthemosque”,themosqueissaidtobebuiltinthetangdynasty.however,thearchitecturalstyleofthemosquesuggestsapossiblebuildingdatingbacktothemingdynasty.thefourcourtyardsofthemosquecoveranareaofmorethan12,000squaremeters,outofwhichabout4,000areoupiedbyvariousstructures.thestillintactwoodenfrontmemorialgatewayofthefrontyard,builtattheturnofthe17thcentury,withglazedtilesonthetop,spectacularcornersandupturnedeaves,isabout9metreshigh,andhasahistoryofabout360years.thestonememorialgatewayinthecenterofthesecondcourtyardisflankedwithatailsteleoneithersidewithdragonscarvedoneach,recordingtherepairworkeversincethebuildingofthemosque.onthebackofoneofthestelesareengravedcharactersbythemastercalligraphermifu,“maybuddhismfilltheuniverse”,ontheother,“royal-bestowed”bydongqichang,anothermasterofthesameartofthemingdynasty.theyaretreasuresinchinesecalligraphy.attheentranceofthethirdcourtyardisanimperialbuilthall,wherea“monthtablet”,showingthecalculationofthehuicalendarsinarabic,isstored.itwaspiledbyamaninchargeofthemosquecalledxiaominingintheearlyperiodoftheqingdynasty.athree–storeyedoctagonalwoodenstructurecalled“retrospectiontower”alsostandsinthecenterofthecourtyard,whichhasthesamefunctionastheminaretinislamictemplesinarabiccountries,andwhichisaplacefromwhereordersweresenttocallthemoslemstoetoworship.respectively,onthesouthandnorthwingsofthetower,areareceptionchamberandascripturechamber,bothelegantlylaidout.thefivewoodenhouses,whicharecalled“waterhouses”inthesouthwestsectionofthemosquearetheplacewherethebelieversbathethemselvesbeforetheyattendtheirservices.andinsidethefourthcourtyardthereisastructurecalled“thepavilionofphoenix”,aplacewheretheworshipersusedtowaitfortheservices.thepavilion,infact,isapoundstructureofthreesmallbuildings.thesix-gabledstructureofthecentralpart,adjoiningthetwothree-gabledbuildingsoneachsidelooksverymuchlikeaflyingphoenix,andhenceitsname.justatthebackofthepavilion,thereisafishpond,beyondwhichisaplatformoupyinganareaaslargeas700m2.acrossbothendsoftheplatformstandsthe1,300squaremeteredservicehall,holdingoverathousandworshipersatonce.thereareoversixhundredsunkpanelswellasthesunkpanels,aredecoratedwithpatternsofpaintedtrailingplantsandarabicletterings.theimamleadshisgroupofworshipers,whilefacinginthedirectionofmea,tochantinkoranandtopaytheirreligioushomage.themoslemsinchinashareverymuchthesamecustomswiththeirbrothersandsisterselsewhereintheworld.theyworshipfivetimesaday:atdawn,atnoon,intheafternoon,atdusk,andatnight.femaleworshipersattendtheirservicesinaseparatedplacefromtheirbrothers,usuallyathome.moslemspayspecialattentiontotheirhealthandseethattheyalwayswearcleanclothes.theyareteetotalersnotonlyofwine,butalsoofporkandanimalbloodforinkoranpigshavebeenmentionedfourtimesasbeing“unclean”.aordingtokoran,amancanhavefourwivesandwomenshouldwearveilswhentheygoout.however,exceptafewplacesinxinjiang,thechinesepractisemonogamyandwomenareveilesswhentheygoout.uponhisdeath,amoslemhastobe“thoroughlycleaned”(thoroughlybathed),hastobeputon“kefan”(tobeshroudedwithapieceofwhitecloth)andhastobeburiedcoffinlessintheground,withanimamrecitingscripturesatthefuneral.thechineseconstitutionpromulgatesthatfreedomofreligionofeachcitizenandfreedomofpreservingorreforminglocalcustomsforeverynationalityarepermitted.andofcourse,themoslemsinchinaenjoyequalrightswithpeoplesofothernationalitiesandtheirreligiousbeliefsandcustomsarerespectedeverywhereinthecountry.emperorqinshihuang’smausoleumandtheterra-cottawarriorsandhorsesmuseumemperorqinshihuang(259-210b.c.)hadyingashissurnameandzhengashisgivenname.henametothethroneoftheqinatage13,andtookthehelmofthestateatageof22.by221b.c.,hehadannexedthesixrivalprincipalitiesofqi,chu,yan,han,zhaoandwei,andestablishedthefirstfeudalempireinchina’shistory.intheyear221b.c.,whenheunifiedthewholecountry,yingzhengstyledhimselfemperor.henamedhimselfshihuangdi,thefirstemperorinthehopethathislatergenerationsbethesecond,thethirdeventheonehundredthandthousandthemperorsinproperordertocarryonthehereditarysystem.sincethen,thesupremefeudalrulersofchina’sdynastieshadcontinuedtocallthemselveshuangdi,theemperor.afterhehadannexedtheothersixstates,emperorqinshihuangabolishedtheenfeoffmentsystemandadoptedtheprefectureandcountysystem.hestandardizedlegalcodes,writtenlanguage,track,currencies,weightsandmeasures.toprotectagainstharassmentbythehunaristocrats.emperorqinshihuangorderedthegreatwallbebuilt.allthesemeasuresplayedanactiveroleineliminatingthecauseofthestateofseparationanddivisionandstrengtheningtheunificationofthewholecountryaswellaspromotionthedevelopmentofeconomyandculture.theyhadagreatanddeepinfluenceuponchina’s2,000yearoldfeudalsociety.emperorqinshihuangorderedthebooksofvariousschoolsburnedexceptthoseoftheqindynasty’shistoryandculture,divinationandmedicinesinanattempttopushhisfeudalautocracyintheideologicalfield.asaresult,china’sancientclassicshadbeendevastatedanddestroy.moreover,heonceordered460scholarsbeburiedalive.thoseeventswerelatercalledinhistory“theburningofbooksandtheburyingofconfucianscholars.”emperorqinshihuang，forhisownpleasure,conscribedseveralhundredthousandconvictsandwentinforlarge-scaleconstructionandhadoversevenhundredpalacesbuiltintheguanzhongplain.thesepalacesstretchedseveralhundredliandhesoughtpleasurefromonepalacetotheother.oftennobodyknewwhereherangingtreasuresinsidethetomb,wereenclosedalive.emperorqinshihuang’smausoleumhasnotyetbeenexcavated.whatlookslikeinsidecouldnolybeknownwhenitisopened.however,thethreepitsoftheterra-cottawarriotexcavatedoutsidetheeastgateoftheouterenclosureofthenecropoliscanmakeoneimaginehowmagnificentandluxuriousthestructureofemperorqinshihuang’smausoleumwas.no.1pitwasstumbleduponinmarch1974whenvillagersofxiyangvillageofyanzhaitownship,lintongcounty,sankawell1.5kmeastofthemausoleum.in1976,no.2and3pitswerefound20mnorthofno.1pitrespectivelyafterthedrillingsurvey.theterra-cottawarriorsandhorsesarearrayedaordingtotheqindynastybattleformation,symbolizingthetroopskeepingvigilbesidethemausoleum.thisdiscoveryarousedmuchinterestbothathomeandabroad.in1975,amuseum,housingthesiteofno.1andcoveringanareaof16,300squaremeterswasbuiltwiththepermissionofthestatecouncil.themuseumwasformallyopenedtopubliconoct.1,thenationalday,1979.no.1pitis230meterslongfromeasttowest,62mwidefromnorthtosouthand5mdeep,coveringatotalareaof14,260squaremeters.itisanearth-and-woodstructureintheshapeofatunnel.therearefiveslopingentrancesontheeasternandwesternsidesofthepitrespectively.thepitisdividedintoelevencorridorsbytenearthenpartitionwalls,andthefloorsarepavedwithbricks.thickrafterswereplacedontothewalls(butnowonecanonlyseetheirremains),whichwerecoveredwithmatsandthenfinesoilandearth.thebattleformationoftheqindynasty,facingeast.intheeastendarearrayedthreelinesofterra-cottawarriors,70piecesineach,totaling210pieces.theyaresupposedtobethevanoftheformation.immediatelybehindthemare38columnsofinfantrymenalternatingwithwarchariotsinthecorridors,eachbeing180mlong.theyareprobablythemainbodyoftheformation.thereisonelineofwarriorsintheleft,rightandwestendsrespectively,facingoutwards.theyareprobablytheflanksandtherear.therearealtogether27trialtrench,itisassumedthatmorethan6,000claywarriorsandhorsescouldbeunearthedfromno.1pit.no.2pitsisabouthalfthesizeofno.1pit,coveringabout6,000squaremeterstraildiggingsshowthisisapositeformationofinfantry,cavalryandchariotsoldiers,fromwhichroughlyover1,000claywarriors,and500chariotsandsaddledhorsescouldbeunearthed.the2,000-year-oldwoodenchariotsarealreadyrotten.buttheirshafts,crossyokes,andwheels,etc.leftclearimpressionsontheearthbed.thecopperpartsofthechariotsstillremain.eachchariotispulledbyfourhorseswhichareoneandhalfmetershighandtwometreslong.aordingtotextualresearch,theseclayhorsesweresculpturesafterthebreedintheareaofhexicorridor.thehorsesforthecavalrymenwerealreadysaddled,butwithnostirups.no.3pitcoversanareaof520m2withonlyfourhorses,onechariotand68warriors,supposedtobethemandpostofthebattleformation.now,no.2and3pitshavebeenrefilled,butvisitorscanseesomeclayfiguresandweaponsdisplayedintheexhibitionhallsinthemuseumthathadbeenunearthedfromthesetwopits.thefloorsofbothno.1and2pitswerecoveredwithalayerofsiltof15to20cmthick.inthesepits,onecanseetracesofburntbeamseverywhere,somerelicswhichweremostlybroken.analysisshowsthatthepitswereburneddownbyxiangyu,leaderofapeasantarmy.alloftheclaywarriorsinthethreepitsheldrealweaponsintheirhandsandfaceeast,showingemperorqinshihuang’sstrongdeterminationofwipingoutthesixstatesandunifyingthewholecountry.theheightoftheterra-cottawarriorsvariesfrom1.78m,theshortest,to1.97m,thetallest.theylookhealthyandstrongandhavedifferentfacialexpressions.probablytheyweresculptedbycraftsmenaordingtorealsoldiersoftheqindynasy.theyorganicallybinedtheskillsofroundengraving,bas-reliefandlinearengraving,andutilizedthesixtraditionalfolkcraftsofsculpturing,suchashand-moulding,sticking,cutting,paintingandsoon.theclaymodelswerethenputinkilns,bakedandcolour-painted.astheterra-cottafigureshavebeebburntandhavegonethroughthenaturalprocessofdecay,wecan’tseetheiroriginalgorgeouscolours.however,mostoftheterra-cottafiguresbearthetraceoftheoriginalcolours,andfewofthemarestillasbrightasnew.theyarefoundtobepaintedbymineraldyestuffsofvermilion,brightred,pinkdarkgreen,powdergreen,purple,blue,orange,blackandwhitecolours.thousandsofrealweaponswereunearthedfromtheseterra-cottaarmypits,includingbroadknives,swords,spears,dagger-axes,halberds,bows,crossbowsandarrowheads.theseweaponswereexquisitelymade.someofthemearestillverysharp,analysesshowthattheyaremadeofalloysofcopperandtin,containingmorethantenkindsofothermetals.sincetheirsurfacesweretreatedwithchromium,theyareasbrightasnew,thoughburiedundergroundformorethan2,000years.thisindicatesthatqindynasty’smetallurgicaltechnologyandweapon-manufacturingtechniquealreadyreachedquiteahighlevel.indecember1980,twoteamsoflargepaintedbronzechariotsandhorseswereunearthed20metreswestofthemoundofemperorqinshihuang’s