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AFP-20principlesofsourcing
31.07.2024
Twentyprinciplesofsourcing
Withtheamountofdisinformationandrumourscirculatingonlineandonsocialnetworks,AFP’sroleofprovidingaccurateandverifiednewsviaidentifiedandtrustworthysourceshasneverbeenmoreimportant.ThefollowingdocumentexplainsthefundamentalsoftheAgency’srulesonsourcingandhowweshouldmanagerelationshipswithsources.Theseguidelinesshouldberespectedandshouldbeappliedusingprofessionaljudgement,experienceandcommonsense.Thechiefeditor’sdepartmentisavailable24hoursadayforadviceorforafinaldecision.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsabouttheserules,feelthereareomissionsorcomeacrossanysituationsthatraisenewquestions,pleasecontactthechiefeditor’sdepartment.
SUMMARY
Thesourceinthelead
Identifyingthesource
Anonymoussources
Artificialintelligence
Challengingyoursources
Attribution
Secondarysources
Diversityinsourcing
Analysts
Quotations
Theeditingdeskandsourcing
Uploaded/externalcontent
Publicdomain
Rumoursanddisinformation
Protectionofsources
Keepingnotesandrecordings
Relationshipswithsources
Reportingdeaths
Conflictreporting
BusinessandfinancialReporting
THESOURCEINTHELEAD
Thesourceshouldbegivenimmediatelyinflashes,alerts,urgentsandleadssoclientsandreaderscanseewhereAFPobtainedtheinformation.Exceptionsaremadeforeventsthatareclearlyinthepublicdomain(apresidentialspeech,aroyalwedding).Thesourcecanbedroppedfromtheintrosofthemainleadsandwrapswhenthefactshavebeenestablishedbeyonddoubtoruseformulationssuchas"FranceannouncedThursday…”.
Thesourceshouldusuallybeplacedatthecloseofthesentence(aEuropeanCommissionspokespersonsaid.)unlessopeningwiththesourcegivesthestorymoreweight(PresidentXannounced…)ortheinformationcanbecontested(Thearmysaidthatithadcapturedthetownof
…).
Socialnetworksareanintegralpartofnewsgathering,andverifiedaccountsareanacceptedsource:Sportsresults,marketreportsandcertaineconomicindicatorsshouldnotbesourced.Headlinesshouldbeconciselysourced,unlesstheeventisinthepublicdomainandthefactsarenotopentodispute.
IDENTIFYINGTHESOURCE
Sourcesshouldbeclearlyidentifiedbyname,ageifrelevant,title,occupationandanyotherfactorsthatstrengthenthecredibilityofthestory.
Thesamesourceshouldnotbequotedtwiceinthesamestoryundertwodifferentguises,i.e.identifiedandunidentified,whichwouldmisleadthereaderintothinkingthatthereporterhadspokentotwodifferentpeople.
Donotoverstateasource’simportanceorturnasinglesourceintomultiplesources–“officialssaid”,“officialmediareported”--whereonlyoneofficialoronemediaoutletisquoted.
AnAFPtext,photoorvideojournalistwhowitnessedaneventisarecognizedfirsthandsourceandaddscredibilitytothestory:anAFPreporter/photographer/videojournalistatthescenesaid/witnessed/reported.
ANONYMOUSSOURCES
Theuseofanonymoussourcesenablesustopublishinformationthatwewouldotherwisebeunabletoreport.Thisisparticularlythecasewhensourcesareboundtosecrecy(suchasforpoliceorjudicialmatters)andalsoinpublishingsensitiveinformationinallareasofcoverageincludingtheeconomy,diplomacy,politicsandsport.
AFPiscommittedtoprotectingitssourcesandisawareoftherisksthatsomepeoplefacewhenspeakingtothemedia,whichcanjustifygrantinganonymity.
However,wemustalsoassureourclientsofthetransparencyandreliabilityofourinformation,andbearinmindthatAFPisstakingitsreputationontheveracityofitsinformationwhenitquotesanonymoussources.
Theuseofanonymoussourcesshouldbetheexception,nottherule,andwemustexplaininasmuchdetailaspossiblewhywecannotidentifythesource.Weshoulddescribethesourceaspreciselyaspossible.Forexample,quotinganaidworkerinKabulwhocannotbeidentifiedforsecurityreasons;anegotiatorwhoisnotauthoriseddisclosedetailsofthediscussions;atradeunionofficialwhomayriskreprisalsforspeakingtothemedia.
Reportersmustpresssourcesateveryopportunitytogoontherecordandmustnotslipintothetrapofroutinelygrantinganonymity.Publicfigures,includinggovernmentofficials,andthosearoundthemregularlyhidebehindanonymitywhentheybriefthemediainordertopromotetheiragendas.Weshouldnotallowourselvestobemanipulatedlikethis.
Sourceswhohidebehindanonymityareunaccountableiftheygiveusinaccurateorfalseinformation.Wemustaskourselveswhatthepossiblemotivationbehindaninsistenceonanonymityis.Wemustworktochangethecultureofhabitualanonymitythatexistsincertainareasofourreportingandmustexplaintooursourcesthatidentifyingthemisakeyfactorinestablishingthecredibilityofourcoverage.
Itisessentialthatweknowwhetherthesourcehasdirectaccesstotheinformationorwhetheritwasobtaineditfromathirdparty.
Itisalwayspreferabletoseekatleasttwosources,particularlyiftheyareanonymous.Usingasingleanonymoussourcemaybetheonlywaytoreportimportantinformation.Thisisacceptableifthesourcehasdirectaccesstotheinformationandweareconfidentthatitistrueandthesourceisreliable
Inthiscase,thereportermustdisclosetheidentityofthesourcetotheirserviceheadortheeditor-in-chiefunderastrictguaranteeofconfidentiality.ReportersmustunderstandthatsourcesaretalkingtoAFP,andthatthereisnotaprivateorpersonalrelationshipbetweenthesourceandthejournalist.
Wedonotuseformulationssuchas“reliablesources”or“informedsources”.Instead,westrivetogiveasclearanindicationaspossibleofwhyaparticularsource'sinformationistrustworthy.Weshouldtrytogiveanindicationoftheirfunction,whomtheyrepresent,andthereasonswhytheycannotbeidentifiedbyname(ahighlyplacedforeignministryofficialwhoisnotauthorisedtotalktothemedia,alocalmilitiacommanderwhorequestedanonymityforfearofreprisals).
Ifeyewitnessesrequestanonymityforsecurityorothergenuinereasonsweshouldgiveasclearanindicationaspossibleofwhotheyare(saidthemotherofoneofthevictims,whorequestedanonymity).Eyewitnesssourcessuchas“alocalperson”or“awoman/man”areunacceptable.
Peoplequotedin“voxpop”storiesmustbeidentifiedwiththeirfullname,age,occupation,etc.Theexceptioniswhenthepersonmaybeatpersonalriskiftheyareidentified,buttheiropinionstilladdsvaluetothestory.Inthatcase,youmustexplainwhythepersonrequestedanonymity.
Wedonotusepseudonymstoidentifysourcesunlessitisunavoidableinordertobeabletotellthestory,inwhichcasewemustexplainthereason.
ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEANDSOURCING
GenerativeAItoolssuchasChatGPTandGeminiprovidealgorithmicresponsesbasedonthevastamountsofdatawithwhichtheyhavebeentrained,includingmaterialthatisincomplete,erroneous,biasedorcoveredbycopyrightthathasnotbeenattributed.
Althoughtheyareusefultools,theyshouldnotbeconsideredasreliablesources,andanswerstheyproduceshouldbechecked.Wecanquotetheirresponsestoillustrateastory,buttheyshouldnotbewrittenaboutasiftheyhavehumanqualitiesorquotedlikeahumansourcewithopinions.
Wemustalsobeawarethatthesetoolshaveproducedresultsthatpromotegenderbiasandotherformsofstereotypesandprejudices.
CHALLENGINGYOURSOURCES
ItisAFP’sresponsibilitytoensurethatthefactswereportareaccurateandwemustchallengethefactsgivenbyoursources,regardlessoftheirrankorposition.Howdoestheofficialknowthedeathtollorthenumberofsurvivorsorthatthevictimhasdied?Isitanofficialcountorisitanestimate?Wheredidtheofficialobtaintheinformationandfromwhom?Istheinformationwithintheirareaofresponsibilityorexpertise?Ifnot,theymightberepeatinghearsay,reportsfromothermediaorsocialnetworkchatter.Doesthesourcehaveamotiveforgivinguscertaininformation?Itisnotsufficienttosimplyreproducewhatwearetold,andweshouldalwaysaskfollow-upquestionstofindouthowthesourceobtainedtheinformation.Makefact-checkingandcorroborationpartofyourroutine.Wecannothidebehindtheexcusethat“thisiswhatthesourcetoldme,”Wemustseekthetruth.
Eyewitnessaccountsareanessentialpartofreporting,butexercisecautioninquotingthemasprovenfacts,particularlywhenitcomestocasualtyfigures.Weshouldtrytotalktoasmanyeyewitnessesaspossibletobuildupaconsistentversionofevents.
Electionsposeparticularproblems,andweshouldbeverycautiouswhenreportingstatementsbypoliticalcandidates,whoarenotoriousformisrepresentingofficialstatisticsortheiropponents’records.Wecanquotethembutshouldfact-checkwhattheyhavesaidandseekcommentsfromtheirrivalcandidates.
Eveniftheinformationgivenbyasourceoreyewitnessseemscompellingandtrue,seekoutcorroborationorrebuttalfromothersources.Themostconvincingnarrativescansometimesturnouttobehalf-trueorfalse.
ATTRIBUTION
Unlessthesourcesaysotherwiseinadvance,everythingthattheysayisunderstoodtobeontherecord(fullyquotableandattributable)andcannotbedeclaredofftherecordafterwards.However,thereportercanusehisorherdiscretionifthesourceclearlymisspokeorhasinadvertentlyputhimself,herselforothersinjeopardy.
Journalistsshoulddotheirbesttoavoidanygroundrulesbeingestablishedinadvance(avoidasking“isthisontherecord?”--wearewithinourrightstoassumethatitis).Ifestablishinggroundrulesisunavoidable,weshouldnegotiateasmuchtransparencyaspossible.Insuchcasestheremustbeunambiguousprioragreementontheterms:thewaythesourceisidentified,whetherthecommentsareontherecord(fullyquotable),offtherecord(nottobeused),orcanbeusedanonymouslyasbackground.
Adistinctionshouldbemadebetweenpublicfiguresandotherpeopleusedtospeakingtothemedia,suchascommunicationsprofessionals,andprivateindividuals.
Theformerknowthattheirwordswillbeusedpublicly,whichisnotthecaseforanordinarymemberofthepublic.Itisourresponsibilitytoexplaintoprivateindividualsthatweworkforaninternationalnewsagencyandtomakeitclearthatwewillbequotingthem.Ifweprovidethemwiththisinformation,theycangivetheirinformedconsenttobequoted.
However,wecanuseourdiscretionanddecidednottoidentifythemifwefeelthattheyarenotawareofthepotentialconsequencesoftheircommentsandmaybeputtingthemselvesatrisk.
Inexceptionalcircumstances,forexampleaspartofaninvestigativereportwhenthepersonmayfacelegalorotherrepercussions,weshouldobtaintheirwrittenconsenttoquotethem.InthiscaseyoushouldcontacttheLegalDepartmentforadvice.
SECONDARYSOURCES
WhenwedonothaveanAFPjournalistpresentoradirectsource,wecanusesecondarysources,inwhichcasethoroughverificationoftheveracityoftheinformationisrequired.
Itisuptothebureautojudgethevalueofthesource,andexperienceisagoodguide.Wecanpickupfromrespectedandestablishednewsagencies,televisionnetworks,newspapers,radios,newsagencies,onlinesitesorsocialnetworkaccounts,butshouldexerciseextremecautionwhendealingwithsecondarymedia,unknownwebsitesordubiousorunverifiedsocialmediaaccounts.
Inallcasesitisourresponsibilitytojudgetheveracityandcredibilityoftheinformation,particularlyifthesecondarysourceisquotingunidentifiedsources.Doestheirreportingmatchourstandards?Doesthereportcontainaccusationsthatdemandarightofreply?Areanonymousofficialsusingothermediatospreadaparticularmessage?Aretheyrepeatingarumourorchatterthatisbeingspreadonsocialmedia?Ifwecannotgetanyon-the-recordconfirmation,wecanatleastputthestoryincontextandquoteourownanalysts,whocanevaluatethecredibilityofthereport.
Evenifouragreementwithalocalnewsagencypermitsit,weshouldnotpresenttheirworkasourown,butclearlyidentifythemasthesourceofthestory.
Bewareofsecondarymediareportingoneventsconcerningpersonsotherthantheirownnationalsorinterestsinthirdcountries:forexample,anationalnewsagencyincountryArunningareportonaneventincountryB.Thiskindofinformationshouldnotbepickedupbutsentinnoteformtothechiefeditorforsendingtothebureauconcernedforverification.Ifthebureauisclosed,thenthechiefeditordecideshowtoproceed.
IfAFPquotesasecondaryreport,wegiveitcredibilityanditbecomesourstory,andifitiserroneouswecannotshelterbehindtheexcusethatwewereonlyrepeatingwhatwasbeingsaid.
Wemustsayifwepickedupastoryfromanonlineedition,whosecontentmayvaryfromtheprintedorbroadcastversion.
Wemustalwaysclearlyidentifythesource,e.g.,accordingtoaChineseforeignministryspokesmanquotedbyXinhua.
Ifwepickupquotesfromatelevisionbroadcast,wedescribetheevent(toldreportersinatelevisednewsconference;toldwaitingjournalistsoutsideparliament…)
Ifwepickupanexclusivetelevisioninterview,wesourceitassuch(PrimeMinisterXsaidinaninterviewonAlJazeeraTV.)
Withthechiefeditor’spermission,bureauxcanpickupunreportedmaterialrelevanttotheirownterritoriespostedonlinefromelsewhere(e.g.DelhipickingupastatementfromtheStateDepartmentwebsite).Inthiscasetheotherbureaumustbeinformed.
Wemustsayifanimageorfootagewasprovidedasahandoutandidentifywhoprovidedit.Wedonotplagiarise-allcontentpickedupfromathirdpartymustbecredited
WemustclearlyidentifyPoolmaterial.
Underfairusage,andwithattribution,wecanusuallyquotefrombooks,magazines,interviewsandotheroriginalmaterialwithinreason.Ifyouareindoubt,consultthechiefeditor'sdepartment.
DIVERSITYOFSOURCES
Wemuststrivetohavearepresentativebalanceinoursourcingthatreflectsthegender,racial,ethnicandreligiousdiversityofthesocietieswecover.Numerousstudieshaveshownthatthevoicesquotedinthemediaareoverwhelminglymale,withwomenaccountingforaround25percentofpeoplequoted.Wemuststrivetocorrectthisimbalance.
Weshouldalsoguardagainststereotypesbasedontheperson'sidentity,suchasonlyinterviewingtranspeopleaboutLGBTQrightsissues,oronlyinterviewingwomenaboutissuesaffectingwomen.
ANALYSTS
Analystsarevitaltoanyreporter’slistofsourcesandareusedbothtoprovideperspectiveandinsighttonewsreportsandforstand-aloneanalysispieces.
Analystsshouldbeclearlyidentified,alongwiththeorganisationforwhomtheyworkandtheirareaofexpertise.Unlikeanonymoussourceswhocanprovidefactual,verifiableinformation,anonymousanalystslackcredibilityandmustnotbequotedexceptincertainsituationswheretheirexpertiseisvitaltotheunderstandingofthestory(e.g.aviationexpertsinvolvedinthecrashenquiry,whoarelegallyboundtosecrecy.)
Weshouldnotusethegeneric"analystssaid"intheleadbutspecifytheirareaofexpertise,e.g."militaryanalystssaid’.
Wecanuseoneortwoanalystsinanewsreportbutshouldaimforatleastthreeinananalysispiece.Ifyouareusinganalysts,usethemtobringaddedvaluetothestoryandnottostatetheobvious.Amilitialeader’sdeath"reopeningapowerstrugglebetweenrivalfactions"ispreferabletoitbeing"ablowtotheorganisation".
Weareaglobalnewsagencyandshouldseekoutanalystswhoofferdifferentpointsofview,andnotbecontentwithanalystswhofollowaparticularnarrative.Ifyouaredoingananalysispiece,youmustspeaktoasbroadarangeofanalystsaspossibleandthenwriteyourpiece.Donotdecideontheangleandthenfindanalystswhowillprovidequotesthatfityournarrative.
Topromotediversityandreflectreality,wemustspeaktolocalexpertsandnotjustexpertsfrominternationalinstitutionswhomayspeakingeneralterms.Weshouldseekoutsourceswithoriginalideasandspecificexpertise,ratherthanthosewhospeakingingeneraltermsorarefrequentlyquotedinthemedia.Itisalsoimportanttoseektospeaktowomenexperts,whoaregenerallyunder-representedinthemedia.
QUOTATIONS
Wemustreportsourcesaccurately,withoutmodifyingwhatwassaid.
Itisnotourresponsibilitytotidyupungrammaticalquotes(withtheexceptionofminorslipsorrepetitions),butneitherisitourjobtounfairlyexposeanindividualtoridicule--althoughitisperfectlylegitimatetoquotepreciselyapublicfigurewhomisspoke.Paraphraseifnecessary.Neverchangethesenseofthequotethroughediting,eitherintextorvideo.Avoidellipses.
Withoutoverburdeningthetext,givecompletequotesasaruleandlimitpartialquotes.
Whenwequotemorethanonesourceinastory,wemustimmediatelychangetheattributiontomakeitcleartoreadersthatthereisanewspeaker.
Forexample,write:Asaid,"xxxxxx".However,Bsaid"yyyyy".
Donotwrite:Asaid,"xxxxxx"."Yyyyy",Bsaid.(whichcouldmakethereaderthinkthesecondquotewasacontinuationofspeakerA'scomments).
Donotusequotationswithoutattribution,includinginheadlinesandleadsentences.Allquotesmustcomewithattribution.
Donotusewhatareknownasscarequotes,whichareusedtocastdoubtontheappropriatenessofaword:Ananalysisshowedthatthe"healthy"snackwasfullofsugar,saltandsaturatedfats.
Insteadwrite:Ananalysisshowedthatthesnack,describedas"healthy"byitsmanufacturer,hadhighlevelsofsugar,saltandsaturatedfats.
THEEDITINGDESKANDSOURCING
Iftheeditingdeskhasdoubtsaboutthequalityofasource,believesthatthestorydoesnotstandup,orquestionstheveracityofthecontent,thenithasaresponsibilitytoinformthechiefeditorwhomayputaholdonthestoryandcontacttheauthororthebureauforfurtherverification.
Theeditingdeskshouldneverhardenorotherwisealtertheoriginalsource--"aseniorWhiteHouseofficialsaid,"shouldnotbecome"theWhiteHousesaid".Theonlyexceptionisifatitleisabbreviatedintheintroforthesakeofbrevity.
Atthesametime,brevityshouldnotmeandilutingthesource:"WhiteHousepresssecretaryKarineJean-Pierresaid,"isstrongerthan"aWhiteHousespokespersonsaid".Rememberthatthefirstparagraphisoftenextractedasastand-alonestory.
UPLOADEDANDEXTERNALCONTENT
Socialmediaareanintegralpartofthenewsgatheringprocessandhavecreatedaddedresponsibilitiesforjournalists,whomustverifytheircontent.
Itisthejournalist’sresponsibilitytoensurethatallcontent(posts,photos,videos)obtainedfromsocialnetworksisfromagenuineaccount,andinthecaseofimagesorvideo,thatthematerialisauthenticandverified.Wemustconfirmthattheuploaderistheauthorandholdstherights,andthatwehavepermissiontoreproduceit.
Socialmediaareusedascommunicationplatformsbyindividuals,sportsteams,companies,governments,etc.Onceweverifythatanaccountisauthentic,theinformationhasthesamecredibilityasmaterialreceivedfromtrustworthyandverifiedsourcesviaawebsiteetc.
Althoughnewsagenciesarestillexpectedtobreaknews,thefirstsnippetsofinformationoftencirculateonsocialnetworks.Ourroleistoverifythiscontentbeforeusingitinourproduction.Wemustbeespeciallyvigilantaboutthedangersofdeepfakevideoandvoice.Whilewearestillexpectedtobefast,theabsolutepriorityistobeaccurate.
Aswithanyothersource,thejournalistshouldbeawareofanypotentialriskstouploaders,whooftenwillhavehadnopriorexperienceofthemediaandmaybetraumatizedandinpotentialdanger.
Allsourcesinagraphicmustbeclearlycited,andtheoriginandqualityofdatacarefullychecked.Graphicselementsprotectedbycopyright,suchascorporateorotherlogos,mustnotbeused.Ifthegraphicincludescontroversialorcontestedinformationthesourceshouldbeidentified,withanexplanatorynoteifnecessary.
Likewise,whenitcomestodatajournalism,itisthejournalist’sresponsibilitytoverifythatthedatacomesfromagenuinesource,thatithasnotbeenmanipulatedandthatitispresentedinanimpartialandcorrectmanner.
Wecanreportleakedinformationbutwemustbeawareofsecrecylawsthatvaryfromcountrytocountry.Ifindoubt,contactthechief'seditorwhomayseeklegaladvice.
PUBLICDOMAIN
Asageneralrule,allofourinformationshouldbesourced,evenifitisinthepublicdomain.Ifthereisanyriskthataclientwillask"howdoesAFPknowthis?",weshouldsourcethestorytoanAFPjournalistatthescene,atleastinthefirstinstancetoshowwearepresent.Atthesametime,wehavetoapplycommonsensetoeventsinthepublicarena(PresidentXwassworninforasecondterm,anAFPreporterwitnessed,wouldbeunnecessary.)
RUMOURSANDSOCIALMEDIA
Wedonotreportrumoursandshouldcontactsourcestoconfirmordiscreditthem.
Socialmediaareawashwithrumours,disinformationandhoaxes,whichhavetobecheckedoutifthetopicisofsufficientimportance.
Wemusttakecareinconfirmingrumours-adubiousconfirmationfromaweaksource(whomayhaveheardtherumourthroughotherchannels)plustherumourdoesnotequalastory.
However,wecanreport(withthechiefeditor’sapproval)thatarumourhasprovokedasignificantreaction,whileexplainingitthroughasource:
TradersatHSBCsaidtheFootsiehadfallenbecauseofrumoursoftheprimeminister'sresignation
CivilianssaidtheywerefleeingthecitybecausetheyhadheardrumoursthatISISfighterswerewithinstrikingdistance
Ifarumourhastakenonsufficientproportionsandwehaveconfirmationthatitisfalse,thenwecandoastorytothateffect:
ABuckinghamPalacespokesmandeniedonlinerumoursthattheKinghasbeenhospitalized
Ifajournalistorbureauischeckingoutarumourofanysignificancethechiefeditorshouldbeinformedasaprecaution.Becautiouswhenfollowinguprumourswhenitconcernsfinancialmarketstoavoidaccusationsofspreadingrumours,whichcanhavelegalconsequencesinsomecountries.
Also,ifweseethatapieceofdisinformationorarumourhasgoneviralandcannotbequashedbyrunningasimpledenial,weshouldinformthedigitalverificationteam.Theycanwritetheirownfact-checkandhelpindebunkingthefalsepieceofnews.
PROTECTINGANDRESPECTINGSOURCES
Journalistshaveadutytoprotecttheidentityoftheirconfidentialsourcesandfixersandtoavoidputtingthematrisk.Inthiseraofmassdatagatheringandsurveillance,authoritiesandotherinterestedpartiescaneasilytrackareporter’smovementsandelectronicexchanges,andthisshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendealingwithsourcesatrisk.
Inexceptionalcircumstancesitmaybenecessarytomeetasourcewithoutcarryinganelectronicdeviceandreverttonotepadandpen.
ConfidentialsourcesshouldfeelconfidentthattheycantrusttheAFPjournalisttoprotecttheiridentity.
AnAFPreportershouldneverdivulgetheidentityofasourcetoanoutsideparty,andifrequestedtodososhouldinformthechiefeditor.Thelawsregardingtheprotectionofjournalisticsourcesvary
fromcountrytocountry,andreporterscanfaceextremepressurefromthepoliceandotherofficialandunofficialentitiestorevealtheirsources.Ifpoliterefusalsarenotsufficient,thensayyouareforbiddentodosobycompanypolicyandwillcontactyoursuperiorsforadvice.
AFPwilldefendtherightofthereportertowithholdtheidentityofthesourceandwillseeklegalassistanceifnecessary.However,thereportermustinformtheeditor-in-chiefofthesource’sidentity--underastrictguaranteeofconfidentiality--ifrequested.
Protectionofsourcesalsoincludeshowwetreatthem,andweshouldexercisesensitivitywheninterviewingpeoplecaughtupintraumaticevents.Dealingwiththemediacanbeasourceofadditionaldistressformanyindividualsandweshouldtakethatintoaccount.
Exerciseparticularcautionwheninterviewingorphotographingchildrenandinformthechiefeditorifyoudidsowithouttheconsentofaparentorguardian.Makesureyouknowthelegaldefinitionofadulthoodinyourcountryandthelawconcerningmediacoverageofminors.
Socialnetworkshavebecomeessentialtoolsincontactingwitnessestoevents.However,therehavebeenfrequentcaseswhereindividualshavebeeninundatedandharassedbyinformationrequestsfrommediafromaroundtheworld.WhileAFPcannotregulatethebehaviourofothermedia,wemustensurethat1/onlyoneAFPjournalistisdesignatedtocontacttheindividual(witnesseshavecomplainedofmultiplerequestsfromthesamenewsorganisation);2/thatweshowcourtesyandsensitivity,anddonotputthewitnessatpotentialrisk(suchasaskingthemtogatheradditionalmaterial).
Socialnetworksareawayofmaintainingconstantonlinecontactwithsources.However,weshouldbeawarethatsocialnetworkrelationshipscanraisequestionsaboutourimpartiality.
Asanexample,weshouldbecautiouswhenacceptingsocialmediafriendrequestsfromourcontacts.IfyouareobligedtolikeaFacebookpageinordertofollowaparticularpoliticalpartyorcandidate,thenyoushouldalsoliketheiropponents’pageinordertoshowbalance.
KEEPINGNOTESANDRECORDINGS
Weshouldrecordinterviewsandpressconferencesandkeepalloriginalrecordingsandcopiesofnotesincaseofdisputeorlitigation.Ifyoutypeoutnotesandquotesonascreen,savethemseparatelyanddonottypeoverthemwhenyouwriteyourstory.
Neverhandoveryourrecordingsornotestoathirdparty,andifrequestedtodosoinformthechiefeditorwhowillseeklegaladviceifnecessary.
Materialpostedonwebsitesorsocialmediacanberemovedfromonesecondtothenext,soallsourcematerialtakenfromonlineandmobilesourcesshouldimmediatelybedownloadedandsavedorascreenshottakenandkept.
RELATIONSHIPSWITHSOURCES
Itisacceptedpracticethatjournalistsshoulddevelopgoodworkingrelationshipswiththeircontactsandcul
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