四川省成都市錦江區(qū)嘉祥外國語學校2024-2025學年九年級上學期12月月考英語試題（含筆試部分答案無聽力答案、原文及音頻）

嘉祥外國語學校2024-2025學年九年級上學期12月月考英語試題本卷共10頁，滿分150分，考試時間120分鐘。注意事項：1.答題前，務必將自己的姓名、考籍號填寫在答題卡規(guī)定的位置上。2.答選擇題時，必須使用2B鉛筆將答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑，如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其它答案標號。3.答非選擇題時，必須使用0.5毫米黑色簽字筆，將答案書寫在答題卡規(guī)定的位置上。4.所有題目必須在答題卡上作答，在試題卷上答題無效。5.考試結束后，只將答題卡交回。A卷（共100分）第一部分聽力（共30小題；計30分）一、聽句子，根據(jù)所聽到的內容選擇正確答語。每小題念兩遍。（共5小題，每小題1分；計5分）1.A.Noproblem.B.Soundslikefun.C.Goodjob.2.A.Intwomonths.B.OnCenterStreet.C.At7o’clock.3.A.Bydrawingmindmaps.B.Bytalkingwithforeignteachers.C.Bytakingnotescarefully.4.A.You'dbetternot.B.Youdon'tneedtorush.C.Youseemtired.5.A.Idisagree.B.Iwill.C.SoamI.二、聽句子，選擇與所聽句子內容相符的圖片。每小題念兩遍。（共5小題，每小題1分；計5分）ABCDE6.___________7.___________8.___________9.___________10.___________三、聽對話，根據(jù)對話內容及問題選擇正確答案。每小題念兩遍。（共10小題，每小題1分；計10分）11.A.Inahotel.B.Inabookstore.C.Inacinema.12.A.Pink.B.Blue.C.White.13.A.Fortwoyears.B.Foroneyear.C.Foroneweek.14.A.Bymakingacall.B.Bysendingane-mail.C.Byleavingamessage.15.A.Thefood.B.Theircar.C.Thesupermarket.16.A.OnWednesday.B.OnThursday.C.OnFriday.17.A.TovisitChina.B.Totrysomethingnew.C.Tomakefriends.18.A.Bytaxi.B.Bycar.C.Bytrain.19.A.OnNewStreet.B.Atthefirstcrossing.C.Oppositethelibrary.20.A.Shewastoobusytogotothebookstore.B.Thebookstoreclosedbeforeshearrived.C.Thebooksweresoldoutbeforeshearrived.四、聽短文，根據(jù)短文內容選擇正確答案。短文念兩遍。（共5小題，每小題1分；計5分）21.WhendidXuanpaperfirstappear?A.InYuanDynasty.B.InSongDynasty.C.InTangDynasty.22.WhatmakesXuanpaperknownforitspleasantsmell?A.Itsmaterials.B.ItsmakingprocessC.Itslonghistory.23.WhydopeopleliketouseXuanpapertowriteandpaint?A.Becauseitiseasytomake.B.Becauseitisnotexpensive.C.Becauseitmakeshandwritingandpaintingslively.24.HowisXuanpapermade?A.BymachineB.ByhandC.BothAandB.25.HowlongdoesittaketofinishmakingXuanpaper?A.About1year.B.Nearly18months.C.Over1000days.五、聽短文，根據(jù)短文內容完成表格中所缺信息，并將答案填寫在相應位置。短文念三遍。（共5小題，每小題1分；計5分）An________totheexpression“Citybucity?”Whatisit?Itisusedasa________word.Ithasanewmeaningofwhethersomeoneorsomethingismodernornot.Itcanalsobe“somethingthatgivesyouagreatloveforlife”.Whendiditbecomepopular?Afterabloggeraskedhissisterinavideofilmedon________.Whyisitpopular?PeopleareinterestedintopicsabouttravelinChina.IPeopleexpecttolearnmoreaboutChinese________Manyforeigntouristssharetheirexperiencesina________way.筆試部分（共70分）六、選擇填空。（本題共15分，A部分共10小題，計10分。B部分共5小題，計10分）A.從以下各題的A、B、C三個選項中選擇正確答案。（共10小題，計10分）1.Withthehelpof________artist,thechildrenhavemasteredthebasicskillsofpainting.A.a B.an C.the2.Whenyouread,youcan’tjustaskfor_________,butcarefullyunderstandthemeaning.A.reply B.speed C.advice3.Aconversation________awisepersonisworthtenyear’sstudyofbooks.A.to B.like C.with4.Choosingtherightcircleofthefriendswill________usalotoftroubles,heartachesandpossiblyalifeofdeepregret.A.save B.sense C.produce5.To“l(fā)ock”theTaklamakanDesert(塔克拉瑪干沙漠),moregrass________byChinesepeopleinthreeyears.A.grow B.aregrowing C.willbegrown6.—Didyoucatchtheearlybusthismorning?—Yes.Thebusstartedtomove________Igotonit.A.before B.asif C.assoonas7.Look!Thelightison.He________beathome.A.should B.must C.can8.Myfatherisquitebusythesedays,forhehasmanyproblemsto________.A.handout B.dealwith C.setoff9.It’ssuchanimportantmeetingthateveryoneisadvisedtodress________.A.carefully B.secretly C.properly10.Shewonders________shecankeepthatbookforonemoreweek.A.whether B.when C.howlongB.補全對話（共5小題，每小題2分；計10分）A:Longtimenosee!Rememberjuniorhigh?___11___B:Yeah,butnowIevenjoinedthedebateclub.A:That’squiteachange.___12___Iusedtoliveonjunkfood.B:Samehere!NowIlikevegetablesandfruit.A:___13___B:Idon’tanymore.Igotintosports,andjoinedtheschool’srunningteam.A:Iusedtoonlyreadtextbooks.___14___B:Oh?How?A:___15___That’smynewhobby.A.Istartedwritingfortheschoolmagazine.B.Buthighschoolchangedme.C.Andoureatinghabitshavechangedtoo.D.Youusedtobesoshy.E.AndrememberhowwehatedP.E.classes?七、完形填空。（共15小題；A篇每小題2分，計10分；B篇每小題1分，計10分）AWuLizhen,calledthe“FatherofTea,”livedinYa’an,SichuanduringtheWesternHanDynasty.Poorandfatherless,heandhismother___16___eachother.Whenhismotherfellillfromoverwork,WuLizhencutwoodtogetfoodandlookedforspecial___17___inthehills.He___18___wildteatreesandpickedsomeleaves.Hismotherfeltbetterfromdrinkingtheteahemade.Seeing___19___teatrees,hedecidedtogrowmore.Hewenttodifferentplaces,collectedteaseeds,andlearnedabouttheland.HechoseaplacebetweenfivehillsnearMengdingMountainandLingjiaowan.There,hecleanedtheland,builtplacestostay,dugwells(泉),andplantedteaseedswithcare.HiseffortsledtothedevelopmentofteacultureandindustryinMengdingMountain.Today,WuLizhenisstill___20___duringtheteafestival.Hisstoryteachesustobebraveandhelpothers,sharingthegoodspiritofteaculture.16.A.dependedon B.connectedwith C.learnfrom17.A.places B.persons C.plants18.A.stole B.grew C.discovered19.A.no B.few C.many20.A.celebrated B.educated C.honoredBKenstartedabusinessexcitedlylastyear.Butafterseveralmonths,hisbusiness___21___.Afterthat,hedidn’tstartanynewwork.Histeacherknewabouthis___22___andcalledhimtocometoherhome.Theteacheraskedhim,“Whydon’tyouwork?”“Ioncestartedabusinessandworkedhard,butitdidn’tsucceed,”Kenreplied.“That’slife.Sometimeswesucceedinwhatwedoandsometimeswedon’t.Thisdoesn’tmeanwecan___23___working,”theteachersaid.Thentheteachertookhimtoaroomandshowedhimadeadtomatoplant.Whenseeingtheplant,Kenwasvery___24___.Heasked,“It’sdead.Whyareyoushowingittome?”“Ionceplanteditandtookgreatcareofit,butitstilldied.Workingisthesame.Nomatterhowhardyoutry,it’simpossibleto___25___whatwillhappenintheend,”theteacherreplied.“But___26___wearenotsureaboutsuccesswhat’stheuseofworkinghard?”Kenasked.“___27___me,”theteachersaid.ShetookKentoanotherroom.Thereweresomebigtomatoesthere.“Thesetomatoesarethe___28___ofkeepingworking.Aftermyfirstplantdied,Ididn’t___29___.Instead,Igrewsomenewplantsandtookcareofthem.Thistimetheygrewwell.Similarly,ifyoukeepdoingtherightthings___30___,you’llsucceedsomeday.Butifyoustoptryingbecauseofafailure,you’llneversucceed.”Kenunderstoodwhatheshoulddonext.Hethankedhisteacherandlefthappily.21.A.failed B.changed C.developed22.A.direction B.position C.situation23.A.stop B.require C.regret24.A.surprised B.proud C.down25.A.try B.know C.understand26.A.because B.though C.if27.A.Hug B.Believe C.Follow28.A.choice B.result C.secret29.A.giveup B.involvein C.falldown30.A.completely B.bravely C.patiently第三部分：閱讀理解（共15小題，計30分）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內容判斷句子的正誤。正確的寫“A”；錯誤的寫“B”。Wouldyousay“goodmorning”toyourschool’scleaners?ForDingJiacheng,astudentfromHangzhouthinksthatmanystudentshaven’trealizedtheimportanceofjobsdonebythesenon-teachingstaff.Withseveralotherstudents,Dingworkedonaprojectcalled“TheInvisible(隱形的)areImportant”.Hopingmorestudentswouldrespectthe“invisible”workersatschool.“Wemadeasurveyamong158students,”saidDing.“56percentofthemsaidtheywouldgreetthosenon-teachingworkers,whileonly17percentbelieveit’snecessaryforeverystudenttodoso.”Healsofoundthatmoststudentsfollowtherulesoftheirteachers,buttheymaygoagainsttherulesofthelibrarians.Teachingstaffandnon-teachingstaffaretreateddifferently.ThemainreasonaccordingtoDing,isthatstudentsknowlittleabouttheworkdonebynon-teachingstaffandhavefewchancestocommunicatewiththem.Therefore,Ding’steammadevideostoshowstaffworkingaroundschool.Theyalsoheldabasketballmatchbetweenstudentsandnon-teachingstafftoimprovetheirrelationship.“Everyonecanexploreandunderstandthesocietyinunusualways.Wecanallmakeadifferencethroughourcreativeideas.”saidDing.31.“TheInvisible(隱形的)areImportant”isaprojecttoshowrespecttoteachers.32.About80studentsbelieveit’snecessaryforeverystudenttogreetthosenon-teachingworkers.33.DingJiachengthinksstudentstreatthelibrariansdifferentlybecausetheyknowlittleaboutthem.34.Ding’steamheldthebasketballmatchtoimprovetherelationshipbetweenstudentsandnon-teachingstaff.35.Thepassageiswrittentocallonstudentstohelpthenon-teachingstaffinacreativeway.九、閱讀下面兩篇短文，根據(jù)短文內容選擇正確答案。（共10小題，每小題2分；計20分）AToday’steenagershaveinventedalanguagethatshowstheworldperfectly.ItiscalledtheInternetbuzzword.Herearesomeofthem.Anime-themedproductsarecalled“guzi”,whichsoundsliketheEnglishword“goods”.Buyingandenjoyingtheseproductsisknownas“eatinggu”.Forfans,“eatinggu”isawaytoshowtheirinterestinwhattheylove.ItwasmadepopularbyapersonontheInternet.Peoplenowuse“sowhat”whentheyfacedifficultiesandchallengesintheirlives.Itshowsabeliefthatnomatterhowhardthingsget,theywillalwaysgetbetter.ItwasfirstusedbytabletennisplayerWangChuqintopraise(稱贊)histeammateXuXinforhisgreatskills.Nowpeopleuse“soall-round”toshowtheirrespectandloveforthosewhohaveamazingperformancesinmanyfields.Before,“Xianyanbao”meanttobesomeonewhowas“standingout”inEnglish.“Standingout”wasseenasbeingtooin-your-face(挑釁的).Buttoday,“standingoutfromthecrowd”meanstobesomeonewhoisfullofenergyandfun,andmakesotherpeoplefeelhappyandgoodwhentheyarearound.Besidesthesewords,therearealsosomepopularones,suchas“dazi”and“wolongfengchu”.ThegrowingpopularityofthesewordsinChinashowsthatourcountry’syoungerpeoplearetryingtochooseabetterwaywhenfacingdifferentkindsofpressureintheirlives.What’smore,thebuzzwordsencouragethepublictothinkdeeplyaboutthedevelopmentandchangesinoursociety.36.Howmanybuzzwordsarementionedinthistext?A.Four. B.Five. C.Six.37.Inwhichsituationmaypeoplesay“sowhat”accordingtothetext?A.Whentheyhopetosolvethedifficultproblemsbetter.B.Whentheywanttoknowwhatthethingis.C.Whentheyarevisitingtheirrelatives.38.WhichbuzzwordcanLindasaytoherfriendwhogotthefirstprizeinapianocompetition?A.Standingoutfromthecrowded. B.Soall-round. C.Sowhat.39.Whocanbecalled“xianyanbao”nowadays?A.Apersonwhoisalwaystryingtogeteveryone’sattention.B.Apersonwhofallsinlovewithbuyingandcollecting“guzi”.C.Apersonwhoisfun,kindandfullofenergytomakeothersfeelhappy.40.Whereisthistextmostprobablyfrom?A.Astorybook. B.Aculturewebsite. C.Asportsmagazine.BHaveyoueverenteredatropicalrainforest?Rainforestsmakeuponlyasmallpartoftheearth’ssurface,aboutsixpercent,buttherearemorekindsoftreesthananyotherareainthewholeworld.TropicalrainforestsareinAfrica,Asia,CentralandSouthAmerica,Australia,andonthePacificislands.ThelargesttropicalrainforestistheAmazonRainforestinSouthAmerica,whichcovers1.2billionareas,oralmostfivemillionsquarekilometers.ThesecondlargestrainforestisinWesternAfrica.Rainforestsprovideuswithmanythings.Firstofall,theAmazonRainforestisthe“l(fā)ungs(肺)ofourplanet”becauseonefifthoftheworld’soxygen(氧氣)isproducedbyit.What’smore,onehalfoftheworld’sspeciesofanimals,plantsandinsectsliveintheearth’srainforests.80%ofthefoodweeatfirstgrewintherainforest.25%ofthemedicinewetakewhenwearesickismadeofplantsthatgrowonlyinrainforests.Therearefourdifferentlevelsoftreesinarainforest.Theforestflooristhelowestlayerfullofanimallifeandreceivestheleastamountoflight.Theunderstoreyisthedark,coolenvironmentundertheleavesbutovertheground.Thecanopylayeristheupperpartsofmostofthetrees.Theemergentlayercontainsasmallnumberofverytalltrees.Thesedifferentpartsofarainforestcreateanecosystemformanyanimals,plantsandhumanbeings.41.WhatpercentageoftheEarth’ssurfaceiscoveredbyrainforests?A.Only1.2percent. B.Almost5percent. C.About6percent.42.Wherecanweprobablyfindatropicalrainforestaccordingtothepassage?A.InFrance. B.InChina. C.InBritain.43.Howmanypercentagesoftheworld’soxygenisprovidedbytheAmazonForest?A.Twenty. B.Twenty-five. C.Fifty.44.Whichistherightpicturetoshowfourdifferentlevelsoftreesinarainforest?A. B. C.45.What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A.Suggestionsonsavingtheenvironment. B.Waystocreateanecosystem. C.Factsaboutrainforests.B卷（共50分）一、根據(jù)句意和首字母提示補全單詞。（共5小題，每小題1分；計5分）46.R________advicefromteachershelpsuslearnfrommistakesanddobetterinschool.47.It’sc________tohavealibrarynearourschoolbecausewecanborrowbooksforourprojectseasily.48.Ifwemanageourtimew________,wecanfinishourhomeworkandenjoyhobbiesatthesametime.49.Myfriendt________aFrenchpoemintoChinese,whichmadeiteasiertoenjoythebeautyofthewords.50.P________arebravebecausetheyfacetheunknown,andtheyoftentrynewactivitiestoachievegreatthings.根據(jù)句意完成對話，在空格中填上適當?shù)膯卧~，使對話完整正確。一空一詞(含縮寫詞)。(A-AlexJ-Jordan)A:HiJordan,haveyouheardaboutthe“quietcarriage(車廂)”serviceonhigh-speedtrains?J:HiAlex!What’sitabout?A:It’saservicethatwas____51____in2020onsomeBeijing-ShanghaiandChengdu-Chongqingtrains.Itprovidesaquietenvironmentforpassengerswhoneedtoworkorrest.Videosaresilent,andnoticesaremadeata____52____soundlevel.J:Thatsoundsuseful.What____53____dopassengersneedtofollow?A:Passengersmustwearearphonesorturnoffloudspeakers____54____usingelectronicdevices(設備).Theyalsoneedtoleavetheirseatstomakeoranswercalls,andtheirphonesshouldbesettosilentorvibratemode(振動模式)to____55____disturbing(打擾)others.J:Itmusthaveapositive____56____onpeople’stravelexperience.Isitpopular?A:Yes,ithelpskeeporderin____57____transportationandshowrespectforothers,creatingamuchfriendlierandpoliterenvironment.It’sasmartmovebytherailway.And____58____wantstoenjoythequieterenvironmentcanchoosethequietcarriage.J:Whataboutfamilieswithchildreninthatcarriage?Whatshouldtheydo?A:Familiesmustmakesuretheirchildrenarequiet,soeveryonecanenjoythejourney____59____anynoise.Passengerscandecidetheirtravelexperiencethemselvesinthisway.J:Icanseewhyit’sagoodidea.Willitbecome____60____accepted?A:Likely,astheneedforquietspacegrows,Ithinkmoreandmorepeoplewillagreetotaketheservice.三、短文填空從下面方框中選出10個單詞，用它們的適當形式填入短文空格內，使短文意思正確、通順（每詞限用一次）。another,celebrate,family,how,know,like,normal,provide,relate,tradition,value,whatWorldLetterWritingDaySeptember1stistheperfectdaytowritealetterbecauseit’sWorldLetterWritingDay.Theday____61____tokeeptheartofletterwritinginourdigital(電子)age.Inthepast,letterwritingwasthe____62____meansoflong-distancecommunication.However,withmoderncommunicationlikeemailandtextmessages,letterwritingislesspopular.Fewpeopletakethetimetowriteletters.Eventhoughnewtechnologies____63____uswithmuchfasterwaystocommunicatethesedays,letterwritingisstill____64____foranumberofreasons.First,writingalettertosomeoneshowsthemthatyoureallycareaboutthem,becauseyoutakethetimeandefforttodosomethingpeopleseldomdonowadays.Andwe____65____thinkhandwritingisanimportantskillyoushouldn’tlose,becausewritingbyhand____66____typingcanhelpyourbraininadifferentwayandimprovesyourlanguageprocessingandreadingskills.____67____reasonisthatwritingalettermakesyoureallythinkaboutwhatyou’rewriting.Fartoooften,wequicklysendtextsandemails,butwedon’tthinkabout____68____ourwordsdotothepersonwe’retalkingto.Withahandwrittenletter,youaremadetobemorecarefulwiththewordsyouchoose.So,whatcanwedo____69____thisday?Thebestwayistowritealettertosomeone.Itcouldbea____70____wholivesmilesaway,orthefriendsthatyouhavelosttouchwithovertime.四、閱讀表達。（共10小題，計10分）A.補全短文。（共5小題，每小題1分；計5分）根據(jù)短文內容，從短文后的A-F選項中選出適當?shù)倪x項補全短文，并將代表句子的字母填寫在答題卡相應題號的位置上。Fouryearsago,Victor’sfatheraskedhimifhewantedtolearnsoccerorcharreriaoneofMexico’sbest-knownandmostpopularsports.___71___Victor,now18,isattendingaMexicanschooltrainingyoungpeopleinbasiccowboyskills.Theschool,whichopenedin2016,offersfreeclassestoyoungcharros.Newcomersandforeignersarewelcome.___72___Thefirstchallengeistolearnhowtothrowalasso(索)aroundtheneckofacalmbull.Whenstudentshavelearnedthat,theyprogresstogettingonahorseusingstirrups(馬鐙).___73___Sofar,Victorhaslearnedtorideahorse,aswellasthrowingalasso.Professionalcharrosalsogetalongwellwithhorses.___74___Forthem,charreriaisawayoflifeandrespectingandcaringforanimalsisamust.“Charreriahasgrownalotatthenationallevel,”saidDelaTorre,whosetuptheschool.“Mostofthestudentsattheschooldon’tcomefromacharrofamily,buttheylikeit.___75___However,thejobpayswell.Andthebestagetostartlearningis6yearsold,butmanystudentsbeginasteenagers.Anyonecanlearn,ofanynationality,aslongastheywantto.”A.Becomingacharroreallytakesalotofhardwork.B.Bothboyandgirlstudentsareallowedtojointhisschool.C.Victortoldhisfatherhisdecisiontodocharreriarightaway.D.Theschoolonlyacceptsstudentswhoarealreadyskilledincharreria.E.Thencomeslearningtoridethehorseandfinallytotiemovinganimals.F.Theyfollowstricttrainingandpaygreatattentiontotheirhorses’actions.B.完成表格。（共5小題，每小題1分；計5分）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內容，完成表格中所缺的信息，并將答案填寫在答題卡相應的題號位置上。Itisreportedthatpeoplethrowaway360,000tonsofclothesintheUKeveryyear.Theywearmostoftheclothesonlyabout10timesbeforetheythrowthemaway.IfhalfofallUKadults’nextclothesweresecondhand,itwouldsave12.5billionkilogramsofCO2emissions(二氧化碳排放).Ifeachadultgaveawayalltheclothesnotworninthepastyeartocharityshops,4.9billionkilogramsofCO2emissionscouldbesaved.TheseresultsledtoaneventcalledSecondHandSeptember.Theeventencouragesmorepeopletobuyusedclothesandgiveawayunneeded(不需要的)clothes.TheeventwasfirstheldintheUKfouryearsago.Inthisway,itsorganizershopetocutdownwasteandfightclimatechange.Thisyear,thosewhotookpartintheeventweregivenafreesetofpostersandpostcards,sothattheycouldspreadthewordabouteco-friendlyshoppingandhelpfightclimatechangeinstyle.Ifyou’reinterestedinit,therearemanywaystogetinvolved.Takealookatthembelow.Packuptheunneededclothes,andgivethemawaytocharityshops.Butbeforedoingso,makesuretheyareclean.Ifyouhaveclothesyoudon’twantorlike,whynotaskyourfriends?Theyarelikelytohavesomeclothestheydon’tlikeorwanteither,soyoucangiveyourstothemandtheycangivetheirstoyouinreturn.One’sunwanteditemcouldbesomeoneelse’streasure.Giveyouroldclothesanewlife.Forexample,turnanoldpairofjeansintoapairofshorts,dyeanoldshirtanewcolor,oraddsomeinterestingpatternsontoajacket.Notonlycanyoumaketheclothesspecial,butyoucanalsomaketheclothesyoulovelastlonger.Whynotgetcreative?※Everyyear,360,000tonsofclothesarethrownawayintheUK.※Mostoftheclothes_____76_____only10timesbeforetheyarethrownawayProblemscausedbyclothingwasteSecondHandSeptember_____77_____Waysofjoiningintheevent※Toencouragepeopletobuyoldclothes,andgiveawaytheirunneededclothes.※TocutdownthewasteandsavemoreCO2emissions.※_____78_____abouteco-friendlyshopping.※Tohelpfightclimatechangeinstyle.※Packupandgiveawaywhat_____79_____tocharityshops,makingsuretheyareclean.※Exchangeclothesyoudon’twantwithyourfriendsastheirunwantedonesmightbeyourtreasure.※Giveyouroldclothesanewlifewith_____80_____五、書面表達。（計15分）81.懷感恩之心，懂感恩他人，會使你和身邊的人更有愛、更快樂、更幸福。2024年即將結束，你想用什么樣的方式感謝你的父母、老師、同學？我們學校將舉行一次“Learntobethankful”的主題演講比賽，請根據(jù)以下思維導圖，寫一篇英語演講稿。要求：1.內容包括所有要點，語句通順，層次清晰，意思連貫；2.字數(shù)：100詞左右，開頭已給出；3.不能出現(xiàn)自己的真實姓名。Dearclassmates,Today,Iwanttotalkabout___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________