國(guó)際商法 第4版 課件 導(dǎo)論 第四節(jié) 英美法系

英美法系

（CommonLawSystem）又稱(chēng)普通法系，以英國(guó)和美國(guó)為代表。形成于英國(guó)，以英國(guó)中世紀(jì)的普通法為基礎(chǔ)而發(fā)展起來(lái)的法律制度體系。英美法系的概念1066年，諾曼底公爵威廉，率軍征服不列顛群島，建立了統(tǒng)一的英吉利王國(guó)保留原來(lái)的地方法院，繼續(xù)適用地方習(xí)慣法，但是需要申請(qǐng)國(guó)王的“令狀”設(shè)立皇家法院，法官巡回審理案件各地習(xí)慣法逐漸統(tǒng)一，成為全國(guó)普遍適用的共同法律普通法的形成美國(guó)法律屬于普通法系。19世紀(jì)后期開(kāi)始獨(dú)立發(fā)展，對(duì)世界的法律產(chǎn)生很大影響。英美法分為英國(guó)法和美國(guó)法兩個(gè)支系。屬于英美法系的主要國(guó)家加拿大澳大利亞新西蘭愛(ài)爾蘭印度巴基斯坦馬來(lái)西亞新加坡現(xiàn)在香港實(shí)行法律包括：《基本法》原有法律（包括普通法、衡平法、條例、附屬立法、習(xí)慣法）香港特別行政區(qū)立法機(jī)關(guān)制定的法律屬大陸法與英美法的混合物南非菲律賓斯里蘭卡例

外聯(lián)合王國(guó)的蘇格蘭加拿大的魁北克省美國(guó)的路易斯安那洲不屬英美法系而屬大陸法系“先例約束力原則”

（ruleofprecedent）法院在判決中所包括的判決理由必須得到遵循，即對(duì)作出判例的法院本身和對(duì)下級(jí)法院日后處理同類(lèi)案件均具有約束力。判例法（caselaw）

英美法主要法律淵源

ComplainantsinstitutedthissuittohavespecificperformanceofacontractbywhichitwasallegedthedefendantshadsoldtoW.O.Lucyfor$50,000atractoflandknownastheFergusonfarmownedbydefendantA.H.Zehmer.J.C.Lucy,theothercomplainant,isabrotherofW.O.Lucy,towhomW.O.Lucytransferredahaftinterestinhisallegedpurchase.TheinstrumentsoughttobeenforcedwaswrittenbyA.H.ZehmeronDecember20,1952,inthesewords:"WeherebytoselltoW.O.LucytheFergusonfarmfor$50,000,titlesatisfactorytobuyer,"signedbybothdefendants.

Lucyetal.v.Zehmeretal.

84S.E.(2d)516,196Va.493(1954)

TheanswerofA.H.ZehmeradmittedthatatthetimementionedW.O.Lucyofferedhim$50,000cashforthefarmbutthathe(Zehmer)consideredthattheofferwasmadeinjest;thatsothinking,andbothheandLucyhavinghadseveraldrinks,hewroteoutthea‘memorandum’quotedaboveandinducedhiswifetosignit;thathedidnotdeliverthememorandumtoLucy,butLucypickeditup,readit,putitinhispocket,andattempttoofferhim$5.00tobindthebargain;thatherefusedtoaccept,and,realizingforthefirsttimethatLucywasserious,assuredhimthathehadnointentionofsellingthefarm,andthatthewholematterwasajoke.Lucyleftthepremisesinsistingthathehadpurchasedthefarm.

OnMonday,December22nd,Lucyengagedanattorneytoexaminethetitle.TheattorneyreportedfavorablyonDecember31st,andonJanuary2ndLucywrotetoZehmerstatingthatthetitlewassatisfactoryandthathewasreadytopaythepurchasepriceincash,andaskingwhenZehmerwouldbereadytoclosethedeal.Zehmerrepliedbyletterassertingthathehadneveragreedorintendedtosellthefarm.Thereuponcomplainantsbroughtthissuit.Theissueiswhethertheagreementwasenteredintowithcontractualintentorwasmerelyajoke.

Buchanan,J.InhistestimonyZehmerclaimedthathe"washighasaGeorgiapine,"andthatthetransactionwasjustabunchoftwodoggoneddrunksbluffingtoseewhocouldtalkthebiggestandsaythemost."Thatclaimisinconsistentwithhisattempttotestifyingreatdetailastowhatwassaidandwhatwasdone...TherecordisconvincingthatZehmerwasnotintoxicatedtotheextentofbeingunabletocomprehendthenatureandconsequenceoftheinstrumentbeexecuted,andhencethatinstrumentisnottobeinvalidatedonthatground.

TheevidenceisconvincingalsothatZehmerwrotetwoagreements,thefirstonebeginning'Iherebyagreetosell';thatLucytoldhimthathewantedZehmer'swifetosignthememorandum;andthatZehmertoreupthefirstagreementandthenmadeasecondonewhichread"Weherebyagreetosell."Bothheandhiswifesignedthesecondmemorandum.

Theappearanceofthecontract;thefactdiscussionforfortyminutesormorebeforeitwassigned;Lucy'sobjectiontothefirstdraftbecauseitwaswritteninthesingularandhewantedMrs.Zehmertosignitalso;therewritingtomeetthatobjectionandthesigningbyMrs.Zehmer;thediscussionofwhatwastobeincludedinthesale;theprovisionforexaminationofthetitle;thecompletenessoftheinstrumentthatwasexecuted;thetakingpossessionofitbyLucywithnorequestorsuggestionbyeitherofthedefendantsthathegiveitback,arefactswhichfurnishpersuasiveevidencethattheexecutionofthecontractwasaseriousbusinesstransactionratherthanacasual,jestingmatter,asdefendantsnowcontend.FirstNat.ExchangeBankofRoanokev.RoanokeOilCo.,169Va.99,192S.E.764.

Inthefieldofcontracts,asgenerallyelsewhere,“Wemustlooktotheoutwardexpressionofapersonasmanifestinghisintentionratherthanhissecretorunexpressedintention.Thelawimputestoapersonanintentioncorrespondingtothereasonablemeaningofhiswordsandacts.”

Thementalassentofthepartiesisnotrequisiteforaformationofacontract.Ifthewordsorotheractsofoneofthepartieshavebutonereasonablemeaning,hisundisclosedintentionisimmaterialexceptwhereanunreasonablemeaningwhichheattachestohismanifestationsisknowntotheotherparty.Anagreementormutualassentisofcourseessentialtoavalidcontractbutthelawimputestoapersonanintentioncorrespondingtothereasonablemeaningofhiswordsandacts.Soapersoncannotsetupthathewasmerelyjestingwhenhisconductandwordswouldwarrantareasonablepersoninbelievingthatheintendedarealagreement.Reversed.成文法英國(guó)的成文法，包括由立法機(jī)關(guān)議會(huì)制定的法律和由行政機(jī)關(guān)依據(jù)法律制定的條例。美國(guó)的成文法，分為聯(lián)邦的成文法和州的成文法。美國(guó)最高法院認(rèn)為，憲法是一切法律之源，凡是違反憲法的法律或判例，美國(guó)各法院均有權(quán)不予執(zhí)行。成文法一般都要通過(guò)判例法才能起作用。習(xí)慣法習(xí)慣法曾經(jīng)是普通法的重要淵源，但是，目前，習(xí)慣在英美國(guó)法律中所起的作用極小。根據(jù)法律規(guī)定，只有那些在1189年就已經(jīng)存在的地方習(xí)慣，才有約束力。在法律淵源上，判例法占有重要地位判例法最大的特點(diǎn)就是新案判決依據(jù)于舊案。這一特點(diǎn)有助于國(guó)家法律的穩(wěn)定，減少隨意性。英美法系的特點(diǎn)1892年6月7日，具有八分之一黑人血統(tǒng)的普萊西故意登上路易斯安那州的一輛專(zhuān)為白人服務(wù)的列車(chē)，根據(jù)路易斯安那州當(dāng)時(shí)的法律，白人和有色種族必須乘坐隔離的車(chē)廂。根據(jù)該條法律，普萊西被認(rèn)定為“有色種族”，遭到逮捕和關(guān)押。于是他將路易斯安那州政府告上法庭，指責(zé)其侵犯了自己根據(jù)美國(guó)憲法而享有的權(quán)利。但是法官裁決，普萊西敗訴，并且，以違反隔離法為名被判處罰金300美元。案

例在法律分類(lèi)方面，以實(shí)用為主美國(guó)一般采用兩種分類(lèi)：實(shí)體法與程序法實(shí)體法，是指規(guī)定權(quán)利與義務(wù)的法律程序法，是指法律上的行政管理英美法系的特點(diǎn)在審判方式上，采用對(duì)抗制法官地位中立，起訴