經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程（第四版-上）課件：Gross Domestic Product

《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程（第四版·上）》

Text:GrossDomesticProduct

（國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值）1.Keywords2.Calculatinggrossdomesticproduct3.GDPandGNP4.GDPandNDP5.RealandnominalGDP6.GrowthandGDP7.ProblemsofGDPmeasurement8.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese9.Questions1.KeywordsGDPGNPNDPfinalgoodspercapitaGDPintermediategoodsdoublecountingvalueaddedmarketpriceindirecttaxesfactorcostnationalincomeaccountsnominalGDPlaborforcefactorofproductionenvironmentalpollutionanddegradationadjustedGNPseries2.Calculatinggrossdomesticproduct2.1Definitionofgrossdomesticproduct2.2SubtletiesinthecalculationofGDP2.1DefinitionofgrossdomesticproductGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)isthevalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedinthecountrywithinagivenperiod.Theoutputofeachoftheseisvaluedatitsmarketprice,andvaluesareaddedtogethertogetGDP.2.2SubtletiesinthecalculationofGDP2.2.1Finalgoodsandvalueadded2.2.2Currentoutput2.2.3Marketprices2.2.1FinalgoodsandvalueaddedGDPisthevalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproduced.Theinsistenceonfinalgoodsandservicesissimplytomakesurethatwedonotdouble-count.Inpractice,doublecountingisavoidedbyworkingwithvalueadded.Ateachstateofthemanufactureofagood,onlythevalueaddedtothegoodatthatstageofmanufactureiscountedaspartofGDP.2.2.2CurrentoutputGDPconsistsofthevalueofoutputcurrentlyproduced.2.2.3MarketpricesGDPvaluesgoodsatmarketprices.Valuationatmarketpricesisaprinciplethatisnotuniformlyapplied,becausetherearesomecomponentsofGDPthataredifficulttovalue.There3.GDPandGNPGNPisthevalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedbydomesticallyownedfactorsofproductionwithinagivenperiod.ThedifferencebetweenGDPandGNParisesbecausesomeoftheoutputproducedwithinagivencountryismadebyfactorsofproductionownedabroad.ThedifferencebetweenGDPandGNPcorrespondstothenetincomeearnedbyforeigners.WhenGDPexceedsGNP,residentsofagivencountryareearninglessabroadthanforeignersareearninginthatcountry.4.GDPandNDPNetdomesticproduct(NDP)isequaltoGDPminusthecapitalconsumptionallowance,ameasureofdepreciation.NDPcomesclosertomeasuringthenetamountofgoodsproducedinthecountryinagivenperiod—itisthetotalvalueofproductionminusthevalueoftheamountofcapitalusedupinproducingthatoutput.5.RealandnominalGDPRealGDPmeasureschangesinphysicaloutputintheeconomybetweendifferenttimeperiodsbyvaluingallgoodsproducedinthetwoperiodsatthesameprices,orinconstantdollars.NominalGDPmeasuresthevalueofoutputinagivenperiodinthepricesofthatperiod,or,asitissometimesput,incurrentdollars.ChangesinnominalGDPthatresultfrompricechangesdonottellusanythingabouttheperformanceoftheeconomyinproducinggoodsandservices.ThatiswhyweuserealratherthannominalGDPasthebasicmeasureforcomparingoutputindifferentyears.6.GrowthandGDP6.1Definitionofgrowthrateoftheeconomy6.2ReasonsforGDPchange6.1DefinitionofgrowthrateoftheeconomyThegrowthrateoftheeconomyistherateatwhichtheGDPisincreasing.Onaverage,mosteconomiesgrowbyafewpercentagepointsperyearoverlongperiods.6.2ReasonsforGDPchangeAvailableamountofresourcesintheeconomychanges.Theprincipalresourcesarecapitalandlabor.Efficiencyoffactorsofproductionmaychange.Efficiencyimprovementsarecalledproductivityincreases.7.ProblemsofGDPmeasurementSomeoutputsarepoorlymeasuredbecausetheyarenottradedinthemarket.SomeactivitiesmeasuredasaddingtoGDPinfactrepresenttheuseofresourcestoavoidorcontain“bads”suchascrimeorriskstonationalsecurity.Similarly,theaccountsdonotsubtractanythingforenvironmentalpollutionanddegradation.Thisissueisparticularlyimportantindevelopingcountries.Itisdifficulttoaccountcorrectlyforimprovementsinthequalityofgoods.8.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese(1)WewouldnotwanttoincludethefullpriceofanautomobileinGDPandthenalsoincludeaspartofGDPthevalueofthetiresthatweresoldtotheautomobileproducerstoputonthecar.(2)ThedifferencebetweenGDPandGNParisesbecausesomeoftheoutputproducedwithinagivencountryismadebyfactorsofproductionownedabroad.(3)RealGDPmeasureschangesinphysicaloutputintheeconomybetweendifferenttimeperiodsbyvaluingallgoodsproducedinthetwoperiodsatthesameprices,orinconstantdollars.(4)ChangesinnominalGDPthatresultfrompricechangesdonottellusanythingabouttheperformanceoftheeconomyinproducinggoodsandservices.(5)SomeactivitiesmeasuredasaddingtoGDPinfactrepresenttheuseofresourcestoavoidorcontain“bads”suchascrimeorriskstonationalsecurity.(6)AttemptshavebeenmadetoconstructanadjustedGNPseriesthattakesaccountofsomeofthesedifficulties,movingclosertoameasureof