2021年高考英語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)總動(dòng)員系列-專題17-科普類閱讀理解(原卷版)

【母題再現(xiàn)】題型介紹：材料特點(diǎn)這類文章的總體特點(diǎn)是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔，理論性強(qiáng)，規(guī)律嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。具體說(shuō)來(lái)它有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1.文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)明，不帶感情顏色，具有單一性和精確?????性的特點(diǎn)。這類文章通常不會(huì)毀滅文學(xué)英語(yǔ)中接受的排比、比方、夸張等修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多見(jiàn)。2.句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)潔，語(yǔ)法分析較困難。為了描述一個(gè)客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會(huì)使用集多種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象于一體的長(zhǎng)句。3.常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動(dòng)句式。命題形式：命題特點(diǎn)科普類閱讀的主要命題形式有事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義猜想題、推理推斷題以及主旨概括題等，其中推理推斷題居多。高考選題：題型1：[2022·廣東卷]DScientiststodayaremakinggreaterefforttostudyoceancurrents(洋流).Mostdoitusingsatellitesandotherhightechequipment.However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway—bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.Ascientistwithmanyyears'experience,hestartedthistypeofresearchintheearly1990swhenheheardabouthundredsofathleticshoeswashingupontheshoresofthenorth-westcoastoftheUnitedStates.Thereweresomanyshoesthatpeopleweresettingupswap_meetstotryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorwear.Ebbesmeyerfoundoutinhisresearchesthattheshoes—about60，000intotal—fellintotheoceaninashippingaccident.Hephonedtheshoecompanyandaskediftheywantedtheshoesback.Asexpected,thecompanytoldhimthattheydidn't.Ebbesmeyerrealizedthiscouldbeagreatexperiment.Ifhelearnedwhenandwheretheshoeswentintothewaterandtrackedwheretheylanded,hecouldlearnalotaboutthepatternsofoceancurrents.ThePacificNorthwestisoneoftheworld'sbestareasforbeachcombing(海灘搜尋)becausewindsandcurrentsjoinhere,andasaresult,thereisagroupofseriousbeachcombersinthearea.Ebbesmeyergottoknowalotofthemandaskedfortheirhelpincollectinginformationaboutwheretheshoeslanded.Inayearhecollectedreliableinformationon1，600shoes.Withthisdata,heandacolleaguewereabletotestandimproveacomputerprogrammedesignedtomodeloceancurrents,andpublishthefindingsoftheirstudy.Astheresultofhiswork,Ebbesmeyerhasbecomeknownasthescientisttocallwithquestionsaboutanyunusualobjectsfoundfloatingintheocean.Hehasevenstartedanassociationofbeachcombersandoceanexperts,with500subscribersfromWestAfricatoNewZealand.Theyhaverecordedalllostobjectsrangingfrompotatoestogolfgloves.41.Theunderlinedphrase“swapmeets”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto“________”．A.fittingroomsB.tradingfairsC.businesstalksD.groupmeetings42.Ebbesmeyerphonedtheshoecompanytofindout________．A.whatcausedtheshippingaccidentB.whenandwheretheshoeswentmissingC.whetheritwasallrighttousetheirshoesD.howmuchtheylostintheshippingaccident43.HowdidEbbesmeyerprovehisassumption?A.Bycollectinginformationfrombeachcombers.B.Bystudyingtheshoesfoundbybeachcombers.C.Bysearchingthewebforoceancurrentsmodels.D.Byresearchingoceancurrentsdatainthelibrary.44.Ebbesmeyerismostfamousfor________．A.travellingwidelythecoastalcitiesoftheworldB.makingrecordsforanylostobjectsontheseaC.runningaglobalcurrentsresearchassociationD.phoningaboutanydoubtfulobjectsonthesea45.Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?A.Tocallpeople'sattentiontooceanpollution.B.Towarnpeopleofshippingsafetyintheocean.C.Toexplainauniquewayofstudyingoceancurrents.D.Togivetipsonhowtosearchforlostobjectsonthebeach.題型2：[2022·江蘇卷]CMostdamagingly,angerweakensaperson'sabilitytothinkclearlyandkeepcontroloverhisbehaviour.Theangrypersonlosesobjectivityinevaluatingtheemotionalsignificanceofthepersonorsituationthatarouseshisanger.Noteveryoneexperiencesangerinthesameway;whatangersonepersonmayamuseanother.Thespecificexpressionofangeralsodiffersfrompersontopersonbasedonbiologicalandculturalforces.Incontemporaryculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.Wenolongerregardduels(決斗)asanappropriateexpressionofangerresultingfromoneperson'sawarenessofinsultingbehaviouronthepartofanother.Angercanbeidentifiedinthebrain,wheretheelectricalactivitychanges.UndermostconditionsEEG(腦電圖)measuresofelectricalactivityshowbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftprefrontal(額葉前部)areas.Behaviourallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handeddisposition(意向)thatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftprefrontalareasaren'tbalancedand,asaresultofthis,we'relikelytoreact.Andourbehaviouralresponsetoangerisdifferentfromourresponsetootheremotions,whetherpositiveornegative.Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehaviour:wemoveclosertopeoplewelike.Mostnegativeemotions,incontrast,areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour:wemoveawayfrompeopleandthingsthatwedislikeorthatmakeusanxious.Butangerisanexceptiontothispattern.Theangrierweare,themorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensiveanger:theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.Thisapproach-and-confrontbehaviourisaccompaniedbyaleftwardprefrontalasymmetry(不對(duì)稱)ofEEGactivity.Interestingly,thisasymmetrylessensiftheangrypersoncanexperienceempathy(同感)towardstheindividualwhoisbringingforththeangryresponse.Indefensiveanger,incontrast,theEEGasymmetryisdirectedtotherightandtheangrypersonfeelshelplessinthefaceoftheanger-inspiringsituation.61．The“duels”exampleinParagraph2provesthattheexpressionofanger________．A．usuallyhasabiologicalbasisB．variesamongpeopleC．issociallyandculturallyshapedD．influencesone'sthinkingandevaluation62．Whatchangescanbefoundinanangrybrain?A．Balancedelectricalactivitycanbespotted.B．Unbalancedpatternsarefoundinprefrontalareas.C．Electricalactivitycorrespondstoone'sbehaviour.D．Electricalactivityagreeswithone'sdisposition.63．Whichofthefollowingistypicalofoffensiveanger?A．Approachingthesourceofanger.B．Tryingtocontrolwhatisdisliked.C．Movingawayfromwhatisdisliked.D．Feelinghelplessinthefaceofanger.64．Whatisthekeymessageofthelastparagraph?A．Howangerdiffersfromotheremotions.B．Howangerrelatestootheremotions.C．Behaviouralresponsestoanger.D．Behaviouralpatternsofanger.題型3：[2022·山東卷]DHowfitareyourteeth?Areyoulazyaboutbrushingthem?Neverfear:aninventorisonthecase.Anelectrictoothbrushsenseshowlongandhowwellyoubrush,anditletsyoutrackyourperformanceonyourphone.TheKolibreetoothbrushwasexhibitedattheInternationalConsumerElectronicsShowinLasVegasthisweek.ItsenseshowitismovedandcansendtheinformationtoanAndroidphoneoriPhoneviaaBluetoothwirelessconnection.Thetoothbrushwillbeabletoteachyoutobrushright(don'tforgettheinsidesoftheteeth！)andmakesureyou'rebrushinglongenough.“It'skindoflikehavingadentistactuallywatchyourbrushingonaday-to-daybasis，”saysThomasServal,theFrenchinventor.Thetoothbrushwillalsobeabletotalktootherapplicationsonyourphone,sodeveloperscould,forinstance,createagamecontrolledbyyourtoothbrush.Youcouldscorepointsforbeatingmonstersamongyourteeth.“Wetrytomakeitsmartbutalsofun，”Servalsays.Servalsayshewasinspiredbyhisexperienceasafather.Hewouldcomehomefromworkandaskhiskidsiftheyhadbrushedtheirteeth.Theysaid“yes”，butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry.Hedecidedheneededabrushthatreallytoldhimhowwellhischildrenbrushed.ThecompanysaystheKolibreewillgoonsalethissummer,for$99to$199,developingonfeatures.TheUSisthefirsttargetmarket.Servalsaysthatoneday,it'llbepossibletoreplacethebrushonthehandlewithabrushingunitthatalsohasacamera.Thecameracanevenexamineholesinyourteethwhileyoubrush.56．WhichisoneofthefeaturesoftheKolibreetoothbrush?A．Itcansensehowusersbrushtheirteeth.B．Itcantrackusers'schoolperformance.C．Itcandetectusers'fearofseeingadentist.D．Itcanhelpusersfindtheirphones.57．WhatcanwelearnfromServal'swordsinParagraph3?A．Youwillfinditenjoyabletoseeadentist.B．Youshouldseeyourdentistonaday-to-daybasis.C．YoucanbrushwiththeKolibreeasifguidedbyadentist.D．You'dlikeadentisttowatchyoubrushyourteetheveryday.58．WhichofthefollowingmightmaketheKolibreetoothbrushfun?A．Itcanbeusedtoupdatemobilephones.B．Itcanbeusedtoplaymobilephonegames.C．Itcansendmessagestootherusers.D．Itcantalktoitsdevelopers.59．WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A．HowServalfoundouthiskidsliedtohim.B．WhyServalthoughtbrushingteethwasnecessary.C．HowServaltaughthiskidstobrushtheirteeth.D．WhatinspiredServaltoinventthetoothbrush.60．WhatcanweinferaboutServal'schildren?A．Theywereunwillingtobrushtheirteeth.B．Theyoftenfailedtocleantheirtoothbrushes.C．Theypreferredtouseatoothbrushwithadryhead.D．TheylikedbrushingtheirteethafterServalcamehome.61．WhatcanwelearnaboutthefuturedevelopmentoftheKolibree?A．Thebrushhandlewillberemoved.B．Amobilephonewillbebuiltintoit.C．Itwillbeusedtofillholesinteeth.D．Itwillbeabletocheckusers'teeth.解題技巧：解答此類試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮：1.要想做好科普英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題，同學(xué)們就要留意平常多讀科普學(xué)問(wèn)類文章，學(xué)習(xí)科普學(xué)問(wèn)，積累常見(jiàn)的科普詞匯，從根本上提高科普英語(yǔ)的閱讀力氣。2.要生疏科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)?？破疹愇恼乱话阌蓸?biāo)題(Headlines)，導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(Introductions)，背景(Background)，主體(Mainbody)和結(jié)尾(Ends)五部分構(gòu)成。標(biāo)題是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但依據(jù)歷年的高考真題狀況來(lái)看，這類閱讀理解材料一般不給標(biāo)題，而要同學(xué)們選擇標(biāo)題。導(dǎo)語(yǔ)一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一個(gè)事實(shí)的起因。主體則對(duì)導(dǎo)語(yǔ)概括的事實(shí)進(jìn)行具體敘述。這一部分命題往往最多，因此，閱讀時(shí)，同學(xué)們要把這部分作為重點(diǎn)。結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo)語(yǔ)相呼應(yīng)，命題者常在此要設(shè)計(jì)一道推理推斷題。3.在進(jìn)行推理推斷時(shí)，同學(xué)們確定要以閱讀材料所供應(yīng)的科學(xué)事實(shí)為依據(jù)，同時(shí)所得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識(shí)?！究键c(diǎn)揭秘】高頻考點(diǎn)一：?？辑h(huán)境疼惜類文章【2022屆山西省忻州一中、康杰一中、臨汾一中、長(zhǎng)治二中四校聯(lián)考】AdensewaveofsmogbeganintheChinesecityofHarbinandthesurroundingHeilongjiang,Jilin,andLiaoningProvinceson20October2021.UnseasonablywarmtemperatureswithverylittlewindacrossnortheasternChinacoincidedwiththesmokefromlocalfarmers’burningstrawsandthestart-upofHarbin’scoal-poweredcentralheatingsystem.Recorddensitiesoffineparticulates(微粒)weremeasuredinthecity.InHarbin,thelevelsofPM2.5(particulatematter)riseto1,000microgramspercubicmeter,worsethanBeijing’shistorichighs.Visibilitywasreducedtobelow50minpartsofHarbin,andbelow500minmostoftheneighbouringJilinProvince.OnFaYuenStreetinHarbin,visibilityoflessthan5mwasreported.ThesmogreducedafterOctober23,2021andcompletelybrokeuponOctober28,2021bythefirstlocalsnowandicyrainduetoacoldfrontmovinginfromHarbinliesinthenorthofChinawherewintertemperaturescandropto-40℃,demandingasix-monthheatingseason.Dailyparticulatelevelsofmorethan40timestheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendedmaximumlevelwerereportedinpartsofHarbin.Thesmogremainedtill23Heilongjiang,Jilin,andLiaoningProvincesreportedreadingsabove200μg/m3forPM2.5.PM2.5istheamountofparticulatematterlessthan2.5micrometersindiameterintheair,withtheWHOrecommendingamaximum24-hourmean(平均值)of25microgramspercubicmeter(μg/m3).Onthemorningof25October,PM2.5measurementsinHarbinAllhighwaysinthesurroundingHeilongjiangProvincewereclosed.InAirpollutioninChinesecitiesisofincreasingconcerntoChina’sleadership.Particulatesintheaircanaffecthumanhealthandalsohaveinfluencesonclimateandrainfall.Pollutionfromtheburningofcoalhasreducedlifeexpectancyby5.5yearsinthenorthofChina,asaresultofheartandlungdiseases.【小題1】OnecauseoftheheavysmoginthenortheasternChinesecitiesmaybe_____.A.thelastingcoldweather B.farmers’burningofforestsC.toomuchstrongwind D.thestart-upofheatingsystem【小題2】Oneseriousinfluenceoftheheavysmogwasthat_____.A.HarbinIceFestivalwouldbecancelledB.highwaysinHeilongjiangwerefreeofchargeC.allflightsattheairportwerecancelledD.doctorsinhospitalswerekeptfromworking【小題3】Theharmfulsmogwasmostseriouson______.A.October20B.October23C.October25D.October28【小題4】Whatmeasuremightbepracticaltoreducethehappeningofheavysmog?A.Forbiddingpeopletoowntheirprivatecars.B.Advocatingpeoplehavingonemealaday.C.Usingnaturalgastocookinsteadofcoal.D.Encouragingfamily’scoal-firedheating.高頻考點(diǎn)二：常考醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)告類閱讀A【2022屆寧夏高校附中一?！縁earmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“OurStudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisThestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.DrGarfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedthatfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.Thusourheartscanalsoaffectwhatweseeandwhatwedon’tsee一andguidewhetherweseefear.”Tofurtherunderstandthisrelationship,thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner(掃描儀)toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear.“Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandbrain‘speak’toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear,”DrGarfinkelsaid.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdealtwithandwaysthatitcouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”【小題1】Whatisthefindingofthestudy?A.One’sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear.B.Fearisaresultofone’srelaxedheartbeat.C.Fearhassomethingtodowithone’shealth.D.One’sfastheartbeatsarelikelytocausefear.【小題2】Thestudywascarriedoutbyanalyzing.A.volunteers’heartbeatswhentheysawterriblepicturesB.thetimevolunteerssawfearfulpicturesandtheirhealthconditionsC.volunteers’reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscansD.differentpicturesshowntovolunteersandtheirheart—braincommunication【小題3】Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“mechanism”inParagraph6?A.Order.B.System.C.Machine.D.Treatment.【小題4】Thisstudymaycontributeto.A.treatinganxietyandstressbetter.B.explainingthecycleoffearandanxietyC.findingthekeytotheheart-braincommunicationD.understandingdifferentfearsinourheartsandheads高頻考點(diǎn)三：?？茧娮涌萍碱愰喿x【2022屆河南濮陽(yáng)市二?！縏hebiggestdangerfacingairlinesnowadaysmaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwithportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast16years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference(電磁干擾).Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsnotproved,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicessuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.RTC.A.anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviation(航空)industry,hassuggestedthatallairlinesbansuchdevicesfrombeingusedduring"critical"stagesofflightparticularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Cur-rently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeair-linespreventpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostareun-willingtocarryoutatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflight.Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft'scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledevicessendoutradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory.theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbe.dangerousornot.Thefactthataircraftmaybefragiletointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan'theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic'stooloud.25.Whatissaidabouttheover100aircraftincidentsinthepast16years?A.Theymayhavebeencausedbythedamageto-theradiosystems.B.Theymayhavetakenplaceduringtake-offandlanding.C.Theywereprovedtohavebeencausedbythepassengersportablecomputers.D.Theyweresuspectedtohaveresultedfromelectromagneticinterference.26.Whyisitdifficulttopredictthepossibleeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsonanairplane'scomputers?A.Becauseitisextremelydangeroustoconductsuchresearchonanairplane.B.Becauseitremainsamysterywhatwavelengthsareliabletobeinterferedwith.C.Becauseresearchscientistshavenotbeenabletoproducethesameeffectsinlabs.D.Becauseexpertslackadequateequipmenttodosuchresearch.27.Fewairlineswanttoperformatotalbanontheirpassengersusingelectronicdevicesbecause_______A.theydon'tbelievethereissuchadangerasradiointerferenceB.theharmfuleffectofelectromagneticinterferenceisyettobeprovedC.mostpassengersrefusedtotakeaplane,whichbanstheuseofradioandcassetteplayersD.theyhaveothereffectivesafetymeasurestofallbackon28.Thepassageismainlyabout_________.A.anewruleforallairlinesB.thedisadvantagesofelectronicdevicesC.apossiblecauseofaircraftincidentsD.effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight高頻考點(diǎn)四：?？伎萍夹轮圃臁?022屆寧夏銀川一中一模】Whatwillpoweryourhouseinthefuture？Nuclear，wind，orsolarpower？AccordingtoscientistsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)intheUS，itmightbeleaves—butartificial(人造的)ones.Naturalleavesareabletochangesunlightandwaterintoenergy.Itisknownasphotosynthesis(光合作用)．Nowresearchershavefoundawaytoimitatethisseeminglysimpleprocess.TheartificialleafdevelopedbyDanielNoceraandhiscolleaguesatMITcanbeseenasaspecialsiliconchipwithcatalysts(催化劑)．Similartonaturalleaves，itcansplitwaterintohydrogenandoxygenwhenputintoabucketofwater.Thehydrogenandoxygengasesarethenstoredinafuelcell，whichusesthosetwomaterialstoproduceelectricity，locatedeitherontopofahouseorbesidethehouse.Thoughtheleafisonlyabouttheshapeofapokercard，scientistsclaimedthatitispromisingtobeaninexpensivesourceofelectricityindevelopingcountries.“OnecanimaginevillagesinIndiaandAfricanotlongfromnowpurchasinganaffordablebasicpowersystembasedonthistechnology,”saidNoceraataconferenceoftheAmericanChemicalSociety.Theartificialleafisnotanewidea.Thefirstartificialleafwasinventedin1997butwastooexpensiveandunstableforpracticaluse.Thenewleaf，bycontrast，ismadeofcheapmaterials，easytouseandhighlystable.Inlaboratorystudies，Nocerashowedthatanartificialleafprototype(原型)couldoperatecontinuouslyforatleast45hourswithoutadropinactivity.ThewonderfulimprovementscomefromNocera'srecentdiscoveryofseveralpowerful，newandinexpensivecatalysts.Thesecatalystsmaketheenergytransformationinsidetheleafmoreefficientwithwaterandsunlight.Rightnow，thenewleafisabout10timesmoreefficientatcarryingoutphotosynthesisthananaturalone.Besides，thedevicecanruninwhateverwaterisavailable；thatis，itdoesn'tneedpurewater.Thisisimportantforsomecountriesthatdon'thaveaccesstopurewater.Withthegoalto“makeeachhomeitsownpowerstation”and“giveenergytothepoor”，scientistsbelievethatthenewtechnologycouldbewidelyusedindevelopingcountries，especiallyinIndiaandruralChina.【小題1】．Whichofthefollowingorderscorrectlyshowshowtheartificialleafisusedtoproduceelectricity?a．a(chǎn)rtificialleavessplitwaterintohydrogenandoxygenb．thehydrogenandoxygengasesarestoredinafuelcellc．theartificialleavesareputinwaterd．thefuelcelluseshydrogenandoxygentoproduceelectricityc，a，b，d B．c，b，a，dC．b，c，a，d D．c，a，d，b【小題2】.ThepurposeofthescientistsatMITindevelopingthenewartificialleafisto________.A．buildupmorepowerstationsintheworldB．providecheaperenergyfordevelopingcountriesC．offerpeopleindevelopingcountriesaccesstopurewaterD．gainadeeperunderstandingofthephotosynthesisprocess【小題3】．Themainideaofthispassageis________.A．a(chǎn)nintroductiontothehistoryofartificialleavesB．a(chǎn)mixtureofwaterpowerandsolarenergyC．givingenergytothepoorD．a(chǎn)ninventioncopyingphotosynthesis【直擊高考】[2022·北京卷]CChoosingtherightresolution(打算)MillionsofAmericansbegan2022withthesameresolutiontheystarted2021with,agoaloflosingweight.However，settingweightloseasagoalisamistake.Toreachourgoaloflosingweight—theoutput,weneedtocontrolwhatweeat—theinput(輸入).Thatis,wetendtocareabouttheoutputbutnottocontroltheinput.Thisisabadwaytoconstructgoals.Thealternativeistofocusyourresolutionontheinput.Insteadofresolvingtoloseweight,tryanactionableresolution:“I'llstophavingdessertforlunch，”or“I'llwalkeverydayfor20minutes.”Creatingagoalthatfocusesonawell-specifiedinputwilllikelybemoreeffectivethanconcentratingontheoutcome.Recentlyanewsciencebehindincentives(激勵(lì)),includingineducation,hasbeendiscussed.Forexample,researcherRolandFryerwantedtoseewhatworksbestinmotivatingchildrentodobetterinschool.Insomecases,hegavestudentsincentivesbasedoninput,likereadingcertainbooks,whileinothers,theincentiveswerebasedonoutput,likeresultsonexams.Hismainfindingwasthatincentivesincreasedachievementwhenbasedoninputbuthadnoeffectwhenbasedonoutput.Fryer'sconclusionwasthattheincentivesforinputsmightbemoreeffectivebecausestudentsdonotknowhowtodobetteronanexam,asidefromgeneralruleslike“studyharder”.Readingcertainbooks,ontheotherhand,isawell-settaskoverwhichtheyhavemuchmorecontrol.Aslongasyouhavedirectcontroloveryourgoal,youhaveamuchhigherchanceofsuccess.Andit'seasiertostartagainifyoufail,becauseyouknowexactlywhatyouneedtodo.Ifyouwanttocutdownonyourspending,agoodgoalwouldbemakingmorningcoffeeathomeinsteadofgoingtoacafe,forexample.Thisisawell-specifiedaction-basedgoalforwhichyoucanmeasureyoursuccesseasily.Spendinglessmoneyisn'tagoalbecauseit'stoogeneral.Similarly,ifyouwanttospendmoretimewithyourfamily,don'tstopwiththisgeneralwish.Thinkaboutanactionablehabitthatyoucouldadoptandstickto,likeafamilymovienighteveryWednesday.Inthelongrun,thesenewgoalscouldbecomeahabit.63.Thewriterthinksthatsettingweightlossasagoalisamistakebecause________．A.itishardtoachieveformostAmericansB.itisfocusedtoomuchontheresultC.itisdependentontoomanythingsD.itisbasedonactionabledecisions64.InRolandFryer'sresearch,somestudentsdidbetterthantheothersbecause________．A.theyobeyedallthegeneralrulesB.theypaidmoreattentiontoexamsC.theyweremotivatedbytheirclassmatesD.theywererewardedforreadingsomebooks65.Accordingtothewriter,whichofthefollowingstatementsisagoodgoal?A.“I'llgiveupdessert.”B.“I'llstudyharder.”C.“I'llcutdownmyexpenses.”D.“I'llspendmoretimewithmyfamily.”66.Thewriterstronglybelievesthatweshould________．A.developgoodhabitsandfocusontheoutcomeB.beoptimisticaboutfinalgoalsandsticktothemC.pickspecificactionsthatcanbeturnedintogoodhabitsD.setambitiousgoalsthatcanbalancetheinputandoutput[2022·湖北卷]CWorkingwithagroupofbaboons(狒狒)intheNamibiandesert,DrAleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetask,whileothershadtolearnforthemselves.Toworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswere,DrCarterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.Shefoundthatpersonalityhadamajorimpactonlearning.Thebraverbaboonslearnt,buttheshyonesdidnotlearnthetaskalthoughtheywatchedthebaboonperformthetaskoffindingthenovelfoodjustaslongasthebraveonesdid.Ineffect,despitebeingmadeawareofwhattodo,theywerestilltooshytodowhattheexperiencedbaboondid.Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonscomparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings.Thefindingsaresignificantbecausetheysuggestthatanimalsmayperformpoorlyincognitive(認(rèn)知的)tasksnotbecausetheyaren'tcleverenoughtosolvethem,butbecausetheyaretooshyornervoustousethesocialinformation.Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning.Ifsomeindividualsareunabletogetinformationfromothersbecausetheydon'tassociatewiththeknowledgeableindividuals,ortheyaretooshytousetheinformationoncetheyhaveit,informationmaynottravelbetweenallgroupmembers,preventingtheformationofaculturebasedonsociallearning.59.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThedesignofDrCarter'sresearch.B.TheresultsofDrCarter'sresearch.C.ThepurposeofDrCarter'sresearch.D.ThesignificanceofDrCarter'sresearch.60.Accordingtotheresearch,whichbaboonsaremorelikelytocompleteanewlearningtask?A.Thosethathavemoreexperience.B.Thosethatcanavoidpotentialrisks.C.Thosethatliketoworkindependently.D.Thosethatfeelanxiousaboutlearning.61.Whichbestillustratesthe“mismatch”mentionedinParagraph4?A.Somebaboonsareintelligentbutslowinlearning.B.Somebaboonsareshybutactiveinsocialactivities.C.Somebabo