英語國家概況練習題及答案1

Exercises1I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreach

unfinishedstatementorquestionfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,Cand

Daregiven.Choosetheoneyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementsor

answersthequestion.1.TheUnitedKingdomislocatedin____.

A.northernEuropeB.westernEurope

C.northwesternEuropeD.southeasternEurope2.ThetwolargeislandsthatmakeuptheBritishIslesare____.

A.ScotlandandIreland

B.BritainandScotland

C.GreatBritainandNorthernIreland

D.GreatBritainandIreland3.TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthorthe

CommonwealthofNationsin____.

A.1921B.1931

C.1945D.19504.TheCommonwealthofNationsisanassociationofindependentcountries

____.

A.thatwereoncecoloniesofBritain

B.thathavealargenumberofBritishimmigrants

C.thathavecloserelationswithBritain

D.thathavefoughtonthesideofBritaininthetwoworldwars5.TheEnglishChannelseparatestheislandofGreatBritainfrom____.

A.DenmarkB.Belgium

C.FranceD.theNetherlands6.Englandhasthreemainlandregions.TheyaretheSouthwesternPlateau,

thePennines,and___.

A.theEasternPlainB.theHighland

C.theCentralLowlandsD.theSouthernUplands7.Scotlandoccupiesthe____thirdoftheislandofGreatBritaininthe

BritishIsles.

A.southernB.northern

C.easternD.western8.NorthernIreland,whichtakesupthenorthernfifthofIreland,isa

fourthpoliticaldivisionof____.

A.theUnitedKingdomB.Ireland

C.ScotlandD.Wales9.Britain’slongestriversare____.

A.theSevernandtheClydeB.theThamesandtheClyde

C.theClydeandtheHumberD.theSevernandtheThames10.ThelargestlakeintheBritishIslesis____.

A.LochLomondB.LochNeagh

C.WindermereD.Ullswater11.Britain’sclimateisinfluencedby____,awarmoceancurrentthatpasses

thewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.

A.theNorthAtlanticDriftB.theBrazilCurrent

C.theLabradorCurrentD.theFalklandCurrent12.TheEnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguagewerebornfromtheunion

of____.

A.theAnglesandtheSaxons

B.GermanicconquerorsandtheNormanFrench

C.DanesorVikingsandtheNormanFrench

D.NormanconquerorsandthedefeatedAnglo-Saxons13.GenerallyspeakingtheEnglishsouthernersspeakthetypeofEnglish

closerto____.

A.theCockneyB.theQueen’sEnglish

C.theGaelicD.theBBCEnglish14.AlthoughWaleshasbeenunitedwithEnglandformorethan400years,the

Welshhaskeptalive____.

A.theirownlanguageB.theirownliterature

C.theirowntraditionD.Alloftheabove15.TheEisteddfodisa(n)____festivalofpoetry,musicandotherarts.

A.EnglishB.Scottish

C.WelshD.Irish16.NowadaystheGaeliclanguage,whichisanancient____,isstillheardin

theHighlandsandtheWesternIsles.

A.ScottishlanguageB.Englishlanguage

C.IrishlanguageD.Celticlanguage17.ManyScottishnamesbeginwithM’,McorMac,whichmeans__

A.fatherofB.sunof

C.sonofD.someof18.InNorthernIreland____makeupthedominantgroup.

A.RomanCatholicsB.EnglishProtestants

C.non-religiouspeopleD.Jewishpeople19.NorthernIrelandissmall,butitissignificantbecauseofthe__

A.theeconomicproblemsB.thepoliticaltroubles

C.theimmigrationissuesD.thenationalidentity20.AboutthreemillionpeoplehavemigratedtoBritainsinceWorldWarll.

TheyaremainlyfromtheWestIndies,Indiaand____.

A.IndonesiaB.Singapore

C.HongKongD.Pakistan1.C2.D3.B4.A5.C6.A7.B8.A9.D10.B1l.A12.D13.Dl4.D15.C16.D17.C18.B19.B20.DⅡ.DefineeachofthefollowingterminEnglish.

1.theUnitedKingdom

2.theBritishIsles

3.theCommonwealthNations

4.the‘Chunnel’

5.Eisteddfod

(答案參見課程精講)III.Giveabriefanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.

1.WhatisthefullnameoftheUnitedKingdom?

2.WhatarethetwolargeislandsthatmakeuptheBritishIsles?

3.WhatarethefourpoliticaldivisionsoftheUnitedKingdom?

4.WhatistheprincipalmountainchainofEngland?

5.WhatisthelargestlakeintheBritishIsles?

6.WhydoestheUnitedKingdomhaveamildclimate,eventhoughitlies

farthernorththanourHeilongjiangProvince?

7.WhatarethenaturalcalamitiesinBritain?

8.FromwhatlanguageisEnglishderived?

9.WhataretheancientlanguagesoftheWelsh,theScots,andtheIrish?

10.WhatisanEisteddfod?

(答案參見課程精講)IV.Writeabout100wordsoneachofthefollowingquestionsortopics.

1.WhatwastheBritishEmpire?Howlargewasitatitsheight?

2.WhatistheCommonwealthofNations?Howdoesitwok?

3.HowimportantistheEnglishChanneltotheBritishpeople?

4.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheancestorsoftheEnglishandScots,

WelshandIrish?

5.WhatistheissueofNorthernIreland?1.Britainhasbeenoneofthemostimportantcountriesintheworld.

Aboutahundredyearago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion，

Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworld'speopleand

onefourthoftheworld’slandarea.IthadcoloniesnotonlyinNorth

America,butalsoinAsia,AfricaandAustralia.However,thetwoworld

warsgreatlyweakenedBritain.TheBritishcoloniesbecameindependent

oneafteranother.TheBritishEmpiregraduallydeclinedanditwas

replacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsin

1931.2.(1)TheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationisan

associationofindependentcountriesandotherpoliticalunitsthat

havelivedunderBritishlawandgovernment.ItincludestheUnited

Kingdom,about50independentnationsthatwereonceBritishcolonies,

andabout25otherpoliticalunits,suchasterritoriesand

dependencies.

(2)AlloftheindependentmembersrecognizetheBritishMonarchas

headoftheCommonwealth.Butthemonarchismainlyasymbolandhasno

realpowertogovern.Britainandaboutl5otherCommonwealthnations

aremonarchiesthatregardtheBritishrulerasheadofstate.Afew

othershavetheirownmonarchs.OverhalftheCommonwealthnationsare

republics.TheCommonwealthcountrieshaveatraditionofmutual

cooperationthatstemsfromtheircommonhistory.TheCommonwealth

headsofgovernmentassemblefromtimetotimetoexchangeviewson

importantinternationalissues.Atthesemeetings,theleadersseekto

identifycommongoalsineconomicandforeignaffairs.Theyworkto

coordinatetheirnationalpoliciestopursuethesegoals.Butthe

nationsarenotrequiredtoobeyconclusionreachedattheconferences.3.TheEnglishChannelseparatestheislandofGreatBritainfromFrance.

Thisnarrowstretchofwaterhelpshapedthecharacterandhistoryof

theBritishpeople.IthelpedprotectBritainfrominvasionandgave

thepeopleafeelingofsecurity.In1066,agroupofVikingscalled

theNormanssailedacrossthechannelfromnorthwesternFranceand

conqueredEngland.AftertheNormanConquest,noenemyeveragain

crossedthechannelandinvadedthecountry.4.(1)TheancestorsoftheEnglishareAngle-Saxons.TheAnglo-Saxons,

andsometimesincludingtheJutes,wereoriginallytribesofthe

Germanicpeoplewholivedinthenorthwestoftoday'sGermany.During

the5thcenturywhentheRomanEmpirefell,theseGermanictribes

invadedandconqueredthesoutheasternpartofBritain,drivingthe

nativepeopleCeltsoutoftheirhomelandsandintothewesternand

northernmountainareas.Theybecamethenewmasteroftheland,which

theynamedEngland,meaning‘thelandoftheAngles'.

(2)TheScots,WelshandIrisharedescendantsoftheCelts.TheCelts

weredifferentgroupsofancientpeoplewhooriginallylivedinthe

uppervalleysoftheDanubeRiver.Later,theyspreadtoFrance,Spain,

PortugalandNorthernItaly.About700BC,theycametoBritainand

settleddown.TheyweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish.5.NorthernIrelandwasseparatedfromtherestofIrelandandbecamepart

oftheUnitedKingdomin1921.SincethenNorthernIrelandhasremained

areallycomplicatedissuefortheBritishgovernment.TheIrishin

NorthernIrelandmostlyfeeldiscontentedwiththeBritishgovernment

andareseekingmoresocial,politicalandeconomicopportunities,and

someofthemevenhopetoreunitethewholeofIreland.Buttoday,the

IrisharetheminorityinNorthernIreland.Theyonlyaccountforone

thirdofthetotalpopulationthere.Two-thirdsoftheinhabitantsare

descendantsoftheEnglishandScottishimmigrants.Inreligionthe

IrisharealmostentirelyCatholicswhiletheEnglishandtheScotsare

Protestants.Conflictsarisefrequentlyamongthesedifferentpeoples.

TheBritishgovernmentandthegovernmentofIrelandarenowworking

togethertobringpeacetoNorthernIreland.Exercises2I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreach

unfinishedstatementorquestionfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,Cand

Daregiven.Choosetheoneyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementsor

answersthequestion.1.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainwerethe____.

A.CeltsB.Iberians

C.BeakerFolkD.Romans2.TheCelts'religionwas____.

A.BuddhismB.Islam

C.DruidismD.Christianity3.Romancontrolwasonlyeffectivein____.

A.ScotlandB.Wales

C.LondonD.ThesoutheastofBritain4.ChristianitywasfirstbroughttoEnglandbythe____.

A.RomansB.Celts

C.Anglo-SaxonsD.Danes5.TheRomansremainedincontrolofBritainfornearly400yearsandthey

pulledoutin____.

A.306ADB.410AD

C.446ADD.1066AD6.WhichofthefollowingtribescametoBritainfirst?

A.TheAngles.B.TheSaxons.

C.TheGaels.D.TheJutes.7.____becamethefirstrealkingofEngland,thoughhedidnotassumethat

style.

A.OffaB.Egbert

C.VortigernD.Hengist8.____becamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.

A.ColumbaB.Ethelbert

C.St.AugustineD.Egbert9.TheVikingsbegantoattackvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe

____century.

A.7thB.8th

C.9thD.10th10.WhoweretheancestorsoftheEnglishandthefoundersofEngland?

A.TheAnglo-Saxons.B.TheNormans.

C.TheVikings.D.TheRomans11.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.AlfredtheGreatstartedtheEnglishnavy.

B.AlfredtheGreatreorganizedtheSaxonany,makingitmore

efficient.

C.AlfredtheGreatestablishedschoolsandformulatedalegalSystem.

D.AlfredtheGreatimposeatax,calledtheDanegeld,ontheSaxons.12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.CanutewaschosenbytheWitanaskingofEngland.

B.Canutewasawarriorkingandfoughtmanybattlesagainstthe

Normans.

C.CanutedividedpowerbetweenDanesandSaxons.

D.CanuteforcedMalcolmII,kingoftheScots,torecognizehimas

overlord.13.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.EdwardtheConfessorwasmoreFrenchthanEnglish.

B.EdwardtheConfessorfilledhiscourtwith'foreign'favorites.

C.EdwardtheConfessorwasonverygoodtermswithhisfather-in-law,

EarlGodwin.

D.EdwardtheConfessorappointedaNormanpriestArchbishopof

Canterbury.14.WhenEdwardtheConfessordied,____waschosenbytheWitanaskingOf

England.

A.thekingofNorway

B.HaroldGodwinson,EarlofWessex

C.Edgar,Edward'snephew

D.Tostig,thedeposedEarlofNorthumbria15.Tostig,Harold'sbrother,joined____,andmadeanattempttorecoverhis

lostearldomofNorthumbria.

A.HaroldHardrada,KingofNorway

B.Edgar,Edward'snephew

C.MalcolmII,KingoftheScots

D.Hardicanute16.William,DukeofNormandy,foughtKingHaroldofEnglandattheBattleof

Hastingsin____.

A.1086B.1066

C.1035D.138117.WilliamwontheBattleofHastings.Later,on____,hewascrownedkingof

England.

A.EasterDayB.St.Andrew'sDay

C.ChristmasDayD.BoxingDay18.William,DukeofNormandy,isnowknownas____.

A.WilliamtheConfessorB.WilliamLion-Heart

C.thefatheroftheBritishnavyD.WilliamtheConqueror19.MostofthelandbelongingtotheSaxonswasconfiscatedbyWilliamand

givento____.

A.theNormanbaronsB.theDanes

C.theIrishD.theScots20.TheNormanConquestisperhaps____eventinEnglishhistory.

A.atriflingB.thebest-known

C.ahorrifyingD.asensational1.B2.C3.D4.A5.B6.C7.B8.C9.Bl0.A11.D12.Bl3.Cl4.Bl5.A16.B17.Cl8.D19.A20.BⅡ.DefineeachofthefollowingterminEnglish.

1.Stonehenge

2.theHadrian'sWall

3.Heptarchy

4.theSynodofWhitby

5.theDanelaw

(答案參見課程精講)III.Giveabriefanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.

1.HowlongwasBritainundertheRomanoccupation?

2.WhywastheimpactupontheBritonssurprisinglylimited?

3.WhendidtheAnglo-SaxonsbegintosettleinBritain?

4.WhendidEnglandbegintobechristianized?

5.WhatwastheresultoftheSynodofWhitbyinYorkshirein664?

6.WhatdidEnglandbelongtoafterCanutewaschosenkingofEngland?

7.WheredidHarolddefeatTostigandHardrada?

8.BywhomwasWilliamcrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey?

9.WhatdidWilliamdoafterhesuppressedtheSaxonrisingsinthe

north?

10.WastheNormanConquestthelastsuccessfulinvasionofEngland?

(答案參見課程精講)IV.Writeabout100wordsoneachofthefollowingquestionsortopics.

1.WhatcontributionsdidtheAnglo-Saxonsmaketowardsbuildingthe

Englishstate?

2.WhoweretheAnglo-SaxonsandhowdidtheHeptachycomeintobeing?

3.WhoweretheVikingsandhowdidtheyinvadeBritain?

4.WhatdoyouknowaboutKingAlfred?Whatmakeshimworthyofthetitle

of'AlfredtheGreat'?

5.WhatweretheconsequencesoftheNormanConquest?1.AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonswereferociouspeople,constantly

quarrelling,theylaidthefoundationoftheEnglishState.Thename

'England'derivedfromtheAngles.TheAnglo-Saxonsdividedthecountry

intoshireswithshirecourtsandshirereeves,responsiblefor

administeringlawascomprehensiveasanyintheearlymedievalworld.

Theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem,which

continueduntiltheagriculturalrevolutioninthe18thcentury.They

alsoestablishedthernanorialsystem,wherebythelordofthemanor

collectedtaxes,andorganizedthelocalarmy.Andtheycreatedthe

witantoadvicetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncil,whichstill

existstoday.2.TheAnglo-SaxonsrefertotheAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes.They

werethreeWestGermanictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedin

Jutland(nowsouthernDenmark),cametoBritainfirstandsettledin

Kentinthemid-5thcentury.ThentheSaxons,usersoftheshort-sword

fromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdomsinEssex,Sussex,and

Wessexfromtheendofthe5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6th

century.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngles,whoalso

camefromnorthernGermany,settledinEastAnglia,Merciaand

Northumbria.ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,

Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameof

Heptarchy.3.TheVikings(orNorsemen)wereancestorsofmodernNorwegians,Danes

andSwedes.TheywereseafarersandharassedEuropefromthe9thtothe

11thcenturies.TheNorwegiansandtheDanesraidedvariouspartsof

Englandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.Theybecameaseriousproblem

inthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.Theyevenmanaged

tocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianityin867.Bythe

middleofthe9thcentury,theDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxon

kingdomofWessex.Alfred,KingofWessex,wasstrongenoughtodefeat

theDanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879.

TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland('the

Danelaw'),whileAlfredruledtherest.4.AlfredwastheKingofWessex.Asawarriorking,hefoughtmany

battlesagainstDanishinvaders.FinallyhedefeatedtheDanesandcame

toarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879.Healsopersuaded

someDanishleaderstobebaptizedasChristians.Alfredisknownas

'thefatheroftheBritishnavy'ashefoundedastrongfleet,which

firstbeattheDanesatsea,thenprotectedthecoastsandencouraged

thetrade.HealsoreorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmore

efficient.AlfredtaughthimselfLatinandtranslatedintoEnglish

Bede'sEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishpeople.Alearnedman

himself,heencouragedlearninginothers,establishedschoolsand

formulatedalegalsystem.This,aswellashisadmirableworkwiththe

armyandthenavy,makeshimworthyofhistit1e'AlfredtheGreat'.5.TheNormanConquestofl066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglish

history,andprobablyremainssoimportantbecauseEnglandhasnever

beeninvadedsince.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthe

landandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxon

rulewithastrongNormangovernment.Sothefeudalsystemwas

completelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwere

opened,andcivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-French

culture,language,manners'andinnovationsinarchitectureandmethods

ofwarfarewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloser

connectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthe

civilcourts.Exercises３I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreach

unfinishedstatementorquestionfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,Cand

Daregiven.Choosetheoneyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementsor

answersthequestion.1.InthereignofWilliamI,the____wereatthebottomofthefeudalscale.

A.knightsB.villeins

C.lessernoblesD.freemen2.TheDomesdayBookwascompletedin____.

A.1086B.1085

C.1087D.10063.WhenWilliamIdiedinNormandyin____heleftEnglandtohissecondson

William.

A.1100B.1153

C.1087D.11354.WilliamIIwasknownasWilliamRufusbecauseofhis____

A.independenceB.efficiency

C.filialpietyD.redcomplexion5.____wasthefounderofthePlantagenetdynastyandruledEnglandfor35

years.

A.HenryIB.KingStephen

C.HenryIID.CountofAnjou6.WilliamRufus(WilliamII)waskilledbyanarrowwhenhewashunting

in____inAugustl100.

A.theNewForestB.Pevensey

C.WinchesterD.Gloucester7.HenryIItooksomemeasurestobringthedisordersof____reigntoanend.

A.HenryI'sB.KingStephen's

C.WilliamII'sD.EdwardtheConfessor's8.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.HenryIIdidsomerenovationsofcastlesbuiltinStephen'stime.

B.HenryIIrecalledgrantsofRoyallandsmadebyStephen.

C.HenryIIstrengthenedthepowersofhissheriffs.

D.HenryIIreliedforarmedsupportuponamilitiamadeupofEnglish

Freemen.9.HenryIIdividedthecountryinto____circuitsandappointedtraveling

judgestoeachofthem.

A.threeB.four

C.fiveD.six10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.TheBishop'scourtscouldpunishbymeansofcensure.

B.TheBishop'scourtscouldinflictcorporalpunishment.

C.TheBishop'scourtscouldpunishbymeansofexcommunication.

D.TheBishop'scourtscouldpunishbymeanofpenance.11.AfterThomasBecketrejectedtheConstitutionsofClarendonHenryII____.

A.appointedhimChancellorofEngland

B.madehimArchbishopofCanterbury

C.drovehimintoexile

D.increasedtheJurisdictionofthechurchcourts12.ThomasBecketspent____yearsonthecontinentandreturnedtoEnglandin

1l70.

A.fourB.five

C.sixD.seven13.TheGreatCharter(orMagnaCarta)wassignedbyKingJohnatRunnymede

in____.

A.1162B.1164

C.1210D.121514.SimondeMontfortsummonedin____theGreatCounciltomeetat

Westminster,togetherwithtwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizens

fromeachtown.

A.1242B.1258

C.1265D.126615.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.Inthe13thcenturyaBlackRodwentbetweenthetwoHousesof

Parliamentforliaisonandtodisciplinethemembers.

B.Inthe13thcenturyParliamentonlymetbyroyalinvitation.

C.Inthe13thcenturyParliament'srolewastoofferadvice,notto

makedecisions.

D.Inthe13thcenturythemostimportantpartofParliamentwasthe

HouseofLords.16.Duringthereignof____,WaleswasbroughtunderEnglishrule.

A.HenryIIIB.EdwardI

C.EdwardIID.EdwardIII17.____becamethefirstprincetoholdthetitleofPrinceofWales,which

continuestobebornebytheeldestsonofthereigningmonarch.

A.RichardIB.HenryIII

C.EdwardIID.EdwardIII18.ThechiefdemandofthepeasantsduringthePeasantUprisingof1381

was____.

A.theabolitionofvilleinage

B.thepunishmentoftheKing'sministers

C.theincreaseofwages

D.thereformofthechurch19.WatTylerwaskilledbyWilliamWalworth,____.

A.ArchbishopofYorkB.MayorofLondon

C.ArchbishopofCanterburyD.theTreasurer20.ThePeasantUprisingof1381didnotdirectagainst____.

A.therichclergyB.thelawyers

C.thelandownersD.thetowntraders

1.B2.A3.C4.D5.C6.A7.B8.A9.Dl0.B11.Cl2.C13.Dl4.C15.A16.B17.C18.Al9.B20.DⅡ.DefineeachofthefollowingterminEnglish.

1.theDomesdayBook

2.ThomasBecket

3.GeoffreyChaucer

4.JoanofArc

5.TheLollards

(答案參見課程精講)III.Giveabriefanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.

1.WhydidWilliamIgivehisbaronslargeestatesinEngland?

2.WhatwasthePeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEngland?

3.WhydidWilliamIhavetheDomesdayBookcompiled?

4.WhatwasWilliamI'spolicytowardsthechurch?

5.WhydidHenryIImakeThomasBecketArchbishopofCanterbury?

6.WhatbroughtHenryIIintocollisionwithThomasBecket?

7.WhatarethetwoaspectsoftheNormanlegacythatcontributedto

greatdomesticunrestinEnglandinthe12thand13thcenturies?

8.WhowastheFrenchnationalheroineduringtheHundredYear'sWarwho

helpedtheFrenchtodrivetheEnglishoutofFrance?

9.Whendidthegovernmentestablishrulesforthefirsttimetokeep

downwages?

10.HowmanypeasantsinKentandEssexwerekilledbyRichardII's

troops?

(答案參見課程精講)IV.Writeabout100wordsoneachofthefollowingquestionsortopics.

1.HowdidKingHenryIIreformthecourtsandthelaw?

2.WhatdoyouknowabouttheGreatCharter?

3.WhatharmdidtheBlackDeathdototheEnglishsociety?

4.WhatdoyouknowaboutWatTyler'sUprising?

5.WhoweretheLollards?WhatroledidtheyplayinthePeasantUprising

ofl381?1.HenryIIgreatlystrengthenedtheking'scourtandextendedits

judicialwok.Hedividedthecountryintosixcircuitsandappointed

itinerantjusticestoeachofthem.Caseswhichwouldformerlyhave

beenheardintheoldcourtofalocalbaronwerenowincreasingly

heardbeforeroyalitinerantjusticeswhoappliedthelawimpartially.

InHenryII'sreignacommonlawwasgraduallyestablishedinplaceof

thecustomsofthemanor,andthejurysystemwasatlastreplacingold

EnglishordealbyfireandwaterandoldNormantrialsbybattle.As

partofhislegalreforms,HenryIIinsistedthatallclerkscharged

withcriminaloffencesshouldbetriedintheKing'scourtsinsteadof

intheBishop'scourts.2.TheGreatCharter,orMagnaCarter,wasamajorconstitutionalcharter

forcedonKingJohnbyagroupofpowerfulbaronsatRunnymedeinJune

l215.ThebaronsrebelledbecauseofJohn'sheavytaxationtofinance

warsandhisexclusionofthemfromgovernment.TheCharterfallsinto

63clauses,designedtopreventroyalrestrictionofbaronial

privilegesandfeudalrights.Itwasalsoaguaranteeofthefreedomof

theChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.AlthoughMagna

CartahaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglish

liberties,thespiritofitwasthelimitationofthepowersofthe

king.3.BlackDeath,thedeadlybubonicplague,sweptthroughEnglandinthe

summerof1348withoutwarningandwithoutanycure.Itkilledbetween

onehalfandonethirdofthepopulationofEngland.Theeconomic

effectsofBlackDeathwerefar-reaching.Asaresultoftheplague,

muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasaterribleshortageoflabor.

Landownerstendedtochangefromarabletosheep-farming.Thesurviving

peasantshadbetterbargainingpowerandwereinapositiontochange

theirserfdomintopaidlabor.Somelandownerstriedtoforcepeasants

backintoserfdomandthegovernmentintervenedforthefirsttimeto

establishrulestokeepdownwags.Thegovernment'srepressivemeasures

causeddeepandwidediscontentinthe