英國文學簡史筆記全套

英國文學簡史筆記全套Chapter1伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治之前的時代分為三個階段：古英語（安格魯撒克遜）時期，中世紀英語（安格魯諾曼）時期，伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治前時期。大不列顛島相繼被卡爾特人、羅馬人和安格魯撒克遜人占據?！綯heOldEnglish(Anglo-Saxon)Period】2TheBritishcivilizationisoneoftheoldestintheworld.sign:theStonehenge（巨石陣）prehistoricmonumentalpileofstonesCelts（凱爾特人）wereprobablythefirstinhabitantsoftheBritishIslesinrecordedhistory.Oneoftheirtribes,theBritons（不列顛人），cameoverinthe5thcenturyBC.亞瑟王傳奇Arthurianlegends500yearsRomanConquest,JuliusCaesar（尤里烏斯凱撒）55BC500yearsAnglo-SaxonConquest,5thcenturyIn597ADtheAnglo-SaxonsbegantobeconvertedtoChristianity.paganelements/regularelementsreligionelementsInthesecondhalfofthe7thcentury,thefirstEnglishpoet,Caedmonbyname，begantosing.Anothercenturypassed,Beowulf.Inthe9thcentury,KingAlfreddecidedthatliteratureshouldbewritteninthevernacular（方言）ofOldEnglish.2WiththearrivalofSt.Augustinein597ADandthesubsequentspreadofChristianinfluenceandclassicallearning,heathenpoetrywasmaneuveredoutofthescene.atimeofintermingling（過渡時期）ofthepaganwiththeChristiancomponentsinpoetry.安格魯撒克遜時期唯一完整的詩歌：Beowulf：1.ThenationalepicofEnglishpeople,apaganpoem2.Anepicofwellover3000lines.3.ThegreatestepiceverleftbytheancientGermanictribes.4.ThemostancienteversincethedemiseoftheGreekandRomanliteratures.5.TheonlyorganicwholepoemtocomeoutoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.6.ThestorytakesplaceinScandinavia,nomentionofEngland.7.AngloSaxon’searlylifeinEnglandTheme:Thepoemtellsthestoryofa6thcenturyhero,Beowulf.Itisbasicallyatwo-partnarrative——Beowulf’sfightwiththesea-monstersGrendelandhismotherinthefirstpart,andhiskillingafierydragonandhisdeathinthesecond.1.humandesireforsomesuperpowertoconquernature.2.greattraditionofrealism（現實主義傳統(tǒng)）Versification:1.PaganstoryhasanChristianoverlay（覆蓋物，表面）.（作詩法）ThemixtureofpaganandChristianelements2.usingofkenning(一種描寫手法)e.g.:seaisoften“swan’sway”or“whale-path.3.conspiciousoccurrenceofalliteration(頭韻).4.narratorofthepoem,the“I”isaminstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游詩人）5.story’sdigressivemannerofnarration.6.elevatedtone（提高的音調）.7.theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements2Thenthepaganwassuperseded（超過）bythereligiousspirit,andminstrels（吟游詩人）gavewaytolearnedmen.2Caedmon（凱德蒙）:thefirstknownpoetinEnglishliteraryhistory.2TheEcclesiasticalHistoryofEngland（英格蘭教會史）bythevenerableBede（比得）.歐洲最早的編年史：Anglo-SaxonChronicle（編年史）foundedbyKingAlfredtheGreat（阿爾弗雷德大帝）.【Medieval（中世紀）Literature:abriefintroduction】21066NormanConquest:markedthebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishorAnglo-Normanperiod.(1066-1400)tIn1066,____,withhisNormanarmy,succeededininvadinganddefeatingEngland.A.WilliamtheConquerorB.JuliusCaesarC.AlfredtheGreatD.ClaudiustAftertheNormanConquest,threelanguagesexistedinEnglandatthattime.TheNormansspoke_____.A.FrenchB.EnglishC.LatinD.SwedishThechangesandreplacementofdynastyandgovernment:TheNormanlineofkings90years1154AngevinkingsKingHenryⅡandhisdescendants245years1399TheHouseofLancaster2Fewoccurrencesofhistoricmagnitude:TheEstablishmentoftheFeudalSystem（封建制）WilliamtheConquerorgrabbedAnglo-Saxonlandbyforceandgaveittohisnoblesandfollowers.The1381PeasantUprising（農民起義）LedbyWatTylerofKentandJackStrawofEssex1086TheCompletionoftheDomesdayBook（末日審判書）AhistoricalrecordofAnglo-Saxoninstitutions,customs,andwayoflifeTheLaunchingoftheCrusades.（十字軍東征）AseriousofwarsbetweenChristiansandtheMuslims(1096-1270)Thefirstcommunicationbetweeneastandwest1215ThesigningoftheMagnaCarter.（大憲章）KingJohnwasforcedtorecognizetherightsofthepowerfulbarons.（男爵）（Duke公Marquis侯Count伯Viscount子Baron爵）Asignificanteventinthelongdeclineofthemonarchy1337-1453TheWarwithFranceortheHundredYears’War（英法戰(zhàn)爭）NormanandAnglo-Saxonelementsbegantocoalesceintoonenation,andtheEnglishlanguagestartedtorevive.Theemergenceofnation（民族興起）2Fewimportantpointsofliterature:Legend傳奇：TheGrowthoftheArthurianLegends（亞瑟王傳奇）Notputdownonpaperuntil1147GeoffreyofMonmouthcameoutwithhisLatin

HistoriaReugmBritanniae.Beenrichedbyagoodnumberoflaterwriters.1205Layamonwrotehiscastverseworkof32,000lines

Brut

inEnglish.ThebeginningoftherevivalofEnglishasaliterarymediumRomance騎士文學：SirGawainandtheGreenKnight:(《高文爵士和綠騎士》)astoryofadventure--fictitious,frequentlymarvelousorsupernatural--inverseorprose.tTheprevailingformofMedievalEnglishliteratureis____.A.novelB.dramaC.romanceD.essaytThestoryof___istheculminationoftheArthurianromances.A.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightB.BeowulfC.PiersthePlowmanD.TheCanterburyTalestThethemeof____tokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.A.loyaltyB.revoltC.obedienceD.mockeryAfamousromanaboutKingArthur’sstoryA4-partworkof2,530linesin101sections.knightlyvirtues:loyalty,valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,andintegrity.OneChristmas（故事發(fā)生的時間）1.某年圣誕節(jié)，亞瑟王在自己的宮廷里舉行宴會。一位綠衣騎士前來向圓桌騎士挑戰(zhàn)：有誰敢當場砍下他的頭，并讓他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑戰(zhàn)，砍下了綠衣騎士的頭。那具依然活著的軀體撿起頭顱，回到綠色的教堂。2.一年以后，高文踐約去尋找綠衣騎士，歷經千辛來到一座城堡。3.城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩獵耍盡花招引誘高文；高文不為所動。4.最后高文在向導的陪同下離開城堡前往綠色教堂。綠衣騎士原來就是城堡的男主人，他舉斧向高文進攻三次，前兩次落空，第三次在他的脖子上劃出輕傷。綠衣騎士向他解釋：落空的兩斧是對他兩次不受女主人誘惑并如實交換所得之物的回報，第三斧則是對高文隱瞞女主人送他腰帶的懲罰。高文辭別綠衣騎士返回亞瑟王的宮廷，將自己的歷險告訴眾人，騎士們一致認為他為圓桌騎士爭了光。那根女主人送他的腰帶成了純潔的道德的象征。Thedescriptionofthechangeofseasonsandthedifficultterrainofhisroutewithitswastelandandwildanimals,servesinfactasameansofexternalizing（外化）thecomplexinginnerworldofthemangoingtodeath.Heisaperfecthumanbutheisnotdivine.Toforgivehisdivinetoearnhishuman在詩行結構和運用頭韻等寫作方法上同《貝奧武甫》非常相似騎士就跟普通人一樣，也會犯錯民謠ballads:

RobinHoodthemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliterature.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.tThemostfamouscycleofEnglishballadscentersonthestoriesaboutalegendaryoutlawcalled_____.A.Morted’ArthurB.RobinHoodC.TheCanterburyTalesD.PiersthePlowmanAcollectionof15thcenturymedievalballadsaboutRobinHood,theheroofthepoor,andtheenemyoftherichandthepowerful.Agreenwoodoutlaw（綠林好漢）羅賓漢是英國民間傳說俠盜式英雄人物。人稱漢丁頓伯爵。從12世紀中葉起，關于羅賓漢的民謠和傳說就開始在民間流傳。14世紀，有關羅賓漢的故事首次作為文學作品問世。此后，不斷有作家以此為素材，寫出了許多膾炙人口的作品?！秱b盜羅賓漢》是法國文豪亞歷山大·仲馬在前人基礎上再創(chuàng)作的作品。Basicfeaturesoffolkballads:repetitionofwords/refrain,uniforminmood,anddramaticinplotorcharacterportrayal.JohnWycliffe約翰威克里夫(1320-1384):TranslatebiblefromLatintoEnglish:thefirstattemptevertotranslatetheHolyScriptureintoEnglish.威克里夫（英國宗教改革的晨星，英文圣經譯者）生于倫敦附近的約克郡，其父親是威克里夫農莊的主人。1345年到牛津大學默頓學院就讀，后來短時間任該大學巴略勒學院院長。他學識淵博，名噪一時，聽他講學的人極多，在神學教授中首屈一指。但為人不茍言笑。在哲學上他是“t______wasthegreatestofEnglishreligiousreformersandthe

firsttranslatoroftheBible.A.LanglandB.GowerC.WycliffeD.ChaucertThefirstcompleteEnglishBiblewastranslatedby_______,“themorningstaroftheReformation”andhisfollowers.A.WilliamTyndalB.JamesIC.JohnWycliffeD.BishopLancelotAndrewsWilliamLangland威廉朗蘭(1332-endof14thcentury):VisionofPiersthePlowman:

adreamallegory（諷寓體）of7,000linestoattackevilinbothChurchandstate.《農夫皮爾斯》是用中世紀夢幻故事的形式寫成的教誨詩，通過描繪夢中的景象來展現中世紀英國社會各方面的生活圖景，采用寓言故事來懲惡揚善。長詩分為兩部分，第一部分是皮爾斯的夢境，第二部分是稱為“尋求好、更好、最好”的一連串幻想。全詩由有重讀音和押頭韻的詩行寫成。tWilliamLangland’s____iswrittenintheformofadreamvision.A.KublaKhanB.PiersthePlowmanC.TheDreamofJohnBullD.Morted’ArthurtPiersthePlowmandescribesaseriesofwonderfuldreamstheauthordreamed,throughwhich,wecanseeapictureofthelifeinthe____England.A.primitiveB.feudalC.bourgeoisD.modernRomance

ChansondeRoland:（《羅蘭之歌》）法國英雄史詩，中世紀武功歌的代表作品。全詩共分為291節(jié)，長4002行，以當時民間語言羅曼語寫成。英雄史詩是法國最古老的文學。英雄史詩主要分為帝王系、紀堯姆·德·奧郎日系和敦·德·梅央斯系?！读_蘭之歌》是帝王系的主要作品。Chapter2【GeoffreyChaucer1340-1400】2GeoffreyChaucer:Thelastmedievalman,thefirstmodernman.tIn

the14thcentury,themostimportantwriter(poet)is____.A.LanglandB.WycliffeC.GowerD.Chaucert______,the“fatherofEnglishpoetry”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland,wasborninLondoninabout1340.A.GeoffreyChaucerB.SirGawainC.FrancisBaconD.JohnDrydentChaucerdiedonOctober25th,1400,andwasburiedin____.A.FlandersB.FranceC.ItalyD.WestminsterAbbeytChaucer’searliestworkofanylengthishis_____,atranslationoftheFrenchRomandelaRosebyGaillaumedeLorrisandJeandeMeung,whichwasaloveallegoryenjoyingwidespreadpopularityinthe13thand14thcenturiesnotonlyinFrancebutthroughoutEurope.A.TheRomauntoftheRoseB.“ARed,RedRose”C.TheLegendofGoodWomenD.TheBookoftheDuchesstInhislifetimeChaucerservedinagreatvarietyofoccupationsthathadimpactonthewiderangeofhiswritings.Whichoneisnothiscareer?____.A.engineerB.courtierC.officeholderD.soldierE.ambassadorF.legislator(議員)tChaucercomposesalongnarrativepoemnamed_____basedonBoccaccio’spoem“Filostrato”.A.TheLegendofGoodWomenB.TroilusandCriseydeC.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightD.Beowulf他是最早有人文主義思想的作家，現實主義文學的奠基人，英國歷史上第一位卓越的詩人，英國文學史上用英語創(chuàng)作的第一位重要詩人。FounderofEnglishpoetrythemessengerofhumanismthefounderofEnglishrealismthefounderormasterofthemodernEnglishlanguagethepioneeroftheEnglishRenaissanceThefirstpreeminentEnglishpoet.ChaucerwasthefirstmostsignificantpoetinEnglishliteraryhistorytowriteinMiddleEnglish.Amasterofrealism.2作品：TheBookofDuchess《公爵之書》TheHouseofFame《聲譽之堂》TheLegendofGoodWife《賢婦傳奇》TroilusandCriseyde《特羅勒斯與克麗西德》TheParliamentofFowls《百鳥議會》2Themostfamousofallhisworks：TheCanterburyTales(《坎特伯雷的傳說》)tGeoffreyChaucer’swork____givesusapictureoftheconditionofEnglishlifeofhisday,suchasitsworkandplay,itsdeedsanddreams,itsfunandsympathy.A.TheRomauntoftheRosesB.TheHouseofFameC.TroylusandCriseydeD.TheCanterburyTales英國文學史上現實主義第一部杰作acollectionof20-oddstories,4fragmentsTheframingofthestoriesbymeansofafictitiouspilgrimage（朝圣）asthe

Tales

usesasaunifyingdevice.Acollectionofstoriesstrungtogetherwithasimpleplan（章回體，像西游記）124storiesplanned,only24finishedwritten

inMiddleEnglish2作品特點：突出兩個群體：神職人員和中產階級Substanceisfromothers,thetellingisChaucer’sown.Enormoussenseofhumor.Loyaltytoreality.Stickstohispolicyofhonestyandstaystruetolife.Offerssuchapanorama(全景)ofsociallife.Infinitesenseofhumanity.Itismorethanamerecollectionoftrue-to-lifepictures.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.form:

heroiccouplet（英雄偶句詩）

afour-linestanzaaverseunitconsistingoftworhymed(押韻)linesiniambicpentameter(五步抑揚格)2ContributiontoEnglishpoetry:IntroducedfromFrancetherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(theheroiccouplet),ThefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.MakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.2喬叟的詩歌創(chuàng)作分為三個時期：①法國影響時期（1359～1372）：主要翻譯并仿效法國詩人的作品，創(chuàng)作了《悼公爵夫人》，用倫敦方言翻譯了法國中世紀長篇敘事詩《玫瑰傳奇》等。②意大利影響時期（1372～1386）：詩人接觸了資產階級人文主義的進步思想。這一時期的創(chuàng)作如《百鳥會議》、《特羅伊勒斯和克萊西德》、《好女人的故事》，反映了作者面向生活現實的創(chuàng)作態(tài)度和人文主義觀點。③成熟時期（1386～1400）：喬叟在這最后15年里從事《坎特伯雷故事集》的創(chuàng)作。無論在內容和技巧上都達到他創(chuàng)作的頂峰。他首創(chuàng)的英雄雙韻體為以后的英國詩人所廣泛采用，被譽為“英國詩歌之父”。喬叟早期的創(chuàng)作受意大利和法國文學的影響。他把法國文學中的騎士傳奇、抒情詩和動物寓言故事等引入英國文學。其早期作品《特羅勒斯和克萊西德》（1385），人物性格塑造生動細膩，語言機智幽默。從1377年開始，喬叟多次出使歐洲大陸，接觸了但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品。這些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主義思想，使喬叟的創(chuàng)作思想發(fā)生了深刻的變化，開始轉向現實主義。根據薄伽丘的一部長詩改寫的敘事詩《特羅勒斯和克面西德》擯棄了夢幻和寓言的傳統(tǒng)，代之以對現實社會中的人物和生活細節(jié)的描寫，這是喬叟的第一部現實主義作品。喬叟在他生活的最后十五年進行了《坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400）的創(chuàng)作。這是他最杰出的作品。2

TheWifeofBath《巴斯夫人》:manshouldloveawomanforherworthratherthanherface2

TheMiller’sTale《磨坊主的故事》:oneofjealousy,infidelity,courtlylove,andobscenityinthestyleofthemedievalfabliau（諷刺性寓言詩）(afunnyvulgarstory)【ThePre-ElizabethanPeriod:ABriefIntroduction】The150yearsbetweenthedeathofChaucerandtheascensionofQueenElizabethI(1400-1557)wasaveryimportantperiodinhistory.2Reformation（宗教改革）firststartedinGermanybyMartinLuther(1483-1546)Thefollowersofthemovement,distinctnowfromtheCatholics,becameknownastheProtestants,andtheReformationhasalsobeenknowninhistoryastheProtestantReformation.JohnannesCalvin(1509-1564)Theybelieveinthedoctrineofjustificationbyfaith,thatman’sjustificationorsalvationdependsonthegraceofGodwhichcomesthroughfaithalone.（因信稱義）2RenaissancetEnglishRenaissancePeriodwasanageof______.A.proseandnovelB.poetryanddramaC.essaysandjournalsD.balladsandsongstWhichofthefollowingis

NOT

regardedasoneofthecharacteristicsofRenaissance?A.Exaltationofman’spursuitofhappinessinthislife.B.Cultivationofthegenuineflavorofancientculture.C.Toleranceofhumanfoibles.D.Praiseofman’seffortsinhavinghissouldelivered.tThemostsignificantintellectualmovementoftheRenaissancewas____.A.theReformationB.humanismC.theItalianrevivalD.geographicalexplorationstherebirthofletterstheactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcenturymarkingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworldTwofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Theotheroneisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.【ThomasMore托馬斯莫爾（1478-1535）】2ahumanist2hewitnessedtheevilsofthefutureoftheworldandsoughttohelpmendthings2

Utopia:tUtopiawaswrittenintheformof_____.A.proseB.dramaC.essayD.dialoguet_____isoneoftheforerunnersofmodernsocialistthought.A.PhillipSidneyB.EdmundSpenserC.ThomasMoreD.WalterRaleighconsistoftwobookwithemphasisonbooktwoinwhichtheUtopianwealrepublicisdescribedindetailbooktwohas9sections:geographiccontours,citylife,administrationofthecountry,lifestyle,familystructure,utopiatravel.Section7:bondmen,attitudetowardswar,religion作品特點:nothingprivateinUtopia,noonehasanything,yeteveryisrichoffersbestidealsocialsystempossiblesomeproblems:strictadherencetoconformityslavesystemsuperpowerpoliticsmale-dominatedChapter3【TheElizabethanAge(1558-1625):abriefintroduction】2TheElizabethanperiodbeganwiththeascensionofQueenElizabethIin1558,anditsafterglowshonewellbeyondthe16thcentury.TheElizabethanagewasoneinwhichRenaissancetransformedChaucer’sMedievalEnglandintoShakespeare’smodernone.Allthethreemajordepartmentsofliterature——poetry,drama,andprose,andcountlessauthorsviedinofferingtheirverybestinatremendousoutburstofcreativepower.2TheElizabethanagecanbedividedintothreesub-periods:Thefirstofthesestretchesovertwodecades(1557-1579)beginningwiththeprintingof

Tottel’sMiscellany

《雜錄》andconcludingwiththepublicationofEdmundSpenser’s

TheShepheardesCalendar《牧羊人日歷》Spenser’sfirstknownworkPlacehimattheheadoftheEnglishpoetsofhisdayThesecondphasecoverssometwodecadesfrom1580through1599.aperiodofintenseliteraryactivityinwhichthegreatestElizabethanwritersmadetheirpresencefelt斯賓塞《仙后》、菲利普西德尼《愛星者和星星》、《為詩辯護》《阿卡荻亞》indramatheexuberanceshoweditselfwellinthegreatnumberofgreatplaysthatwerewrittenandstagedatthetimeinthisperiodShakespearewrotesonnetsandsome20ofhis37playsShakespearesonnet:ababcdcdefefggThethirdphasespansoversomethreedecades(1599-1625).出現大批大學才子ThiswastheperiodinwhichShakespearefinishedallhislaterplays,andBenJonsondidalmostthewholeofhiswork.【EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)埃德蒙斯賓塞】2anon-dramaticpoetofQueenElizabeth’speriodreadandlovedChaucerandsawhimashispatterninliterarycreation2majorworks:TheShepheardesCalendar

1579

《牧羊人日歷》consistsof12pastoraleclogues(田園牧歌)，oneforeachmonthoftheyeardialoguesbetweenshepherdsorofsoliloquies,theeverydaylifeofcountrypeople,theirfeelingsandattitudes,andtheirsimplelifeofharmonywithnaturearoundwithsuchobservationsonthereligiousstrifeandpoliticalturbulenceofhisdayfullofarchaic(古代的)or“Chaucerian”words,bringintoreliefarustic（鄉(xiāng)村的，純樸的）effecttheecloguesintheCalendarfallintothreegroups-plaintive,recreative,andmoralTheFaerieQueene

1590,1596《仙后》praiseofElizabethⅠ’sEnglandinitselfconsistentofsixbooksandafragmentoftheseventhbooktellrespectivelyabouttheRedCrossKnightofHoliness,theKnightofTemperance,thelegendofchastity,thatoffriendship,theKnightofJustice,andtheKnightofCourtesy.courageousexperimentationwiththemetersSpecialrhymeschemeoftheSpenseriansonnets,andintheSpenserianstanza.impressesuswithhisskillfulblendingofreligiousandhistoricalallegorywithchivalricromance.ColinCloutsComeHomeAgaine

1595

《科林克勞德又回家了》twoodestoMarriage：

Epithalamium

1595

《新婚頌》and

Prothalamiun

1596

《結婚曲》acollectionofsonnets：Amoretti

1595,

《愛情小唱》2Spenserianstanza斯賓塞詩節(jié)TheFaerieQueen

《仙后》

anallegory寓言詩Anine-linestanzaof8linesiniambicpentameterplusaniambichexameter(6-footline)一共九行詩，前八行揚格五步音，第九行抑格六步音。Therhymeschemeisababbabac.【PhilipSidney(1554-1586)菲利普西德尼】ApologieforPoetrie《為詩辯護》

古典文論（poetics）必讀Sidney’ssonnetcycle

AstrophelandStella

愛星者和星星(1591)containshisbestpoeticcompositionsof108sonnetsand11songs.Asasonnetsequences,thiswasprobablythefirstofitskindevertoappearinEnglishliteraryhistory.英國文學史上第一組十四行組詩【EnglishDrama:ASketchAccount】2Thedramahadgonethroughanumberofphasesoverthecenturiesincludingthoseofthemysteries（神秘劇）,themiracles（奇跡?。?themorality（道德?。?theinterlude（插?。?andthetruedrama（經典戲?。?tMoralityplaysappearedafter_____.A.miracleplaysB.mysteryplaysC.interludeD.ClassicalplaystOneofthepopularmoralityplay·swas____.A.TheShepherdsB.EverymanC.ThePlayoftheWeatherD.GammerGurton’sNeedle【ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)】2ThemostpreeminentfigureamongtheUniversityWits大學才子tThemostgiftedofthe“universitywits”was____.A.LylyB.PeeleC.GreeneD.MarlowetItwasWilliamShakespeareand_____whomade

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theprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.A.EdmandSpencerB.ChristophorMarloweC.RobinHoodD.FrancisBacon2works:TamburlainetheGreat帖木兒大帝TheJewofMalta馬耳他的猶太人TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus浮士德博士的悲劇firstpartoftheplaytellsofFaustus’sdissatisfactionwithearthlyknowledgeandofhispartwiththedevilsecondpartabouthissatisfactionwithhisnewlyacquiredknowledgeandpowerthirdpartsoulbeingdraggeddowntohell,triestopraytoGod’ssave.famousbothforitsthematicandformalfeaturesthematically,FaustusrepresentsthearchetypalRenaissancehumanistof16thcentury,andasupremespecimenofEverymanforalltimeFormally,usessomedramaticdeviceslikethechorusesAsa“photo”recordofnewman主題：Humanlimitation人類局限性塑造了一個renaissancehero的形象marksanewphaseinhumanepistemology,認識論inwhichmanemergesfromhisinitialtotalsubmissiontoexternalforcesandawakenstohisownimportanceandpowerandbeginstoasserthimself.Chapter4【WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)】2四大悲?。汗防滋?，麥克白，李爾王，奧賽羅2InSonnet18,heeulogizesthepowerofartisticcreation2blankverseistheprincipalformofhisdramas2ShakespearewasborninStratford-on-Avon2Non-dramatic:Twolongnarrativepoems:

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TheRapeofLucreShakespeare’ssonnets,154intotal,werefirstpublishedasacollectionin1609tAmongmanypoeticforms,Shakespearewasespeciallyathome(goodat)withthe_______.A.dramaticblankverseB.songC.sonnetD.couplettIn_____appearedShakespeare’sSonnet，NeverbeforeImprintedwhichcontains154sonnets.A.1606B.1607C.1608D.1609tIntheplays,Shakespeareusedabout______words.A.15000B.16000C.17000D.18000theme:love,passion,andsparksofwisdomclearvisionoflifeandpeopleRenaissancepaeanofmanafaithfulrecordofthemoodandtenorofthetimes.style:graceinform,depthinthought,andvivacityintone2Drama:37Hiscreativeuseofthelanguage,especiallyitsvocabularyOver17000wordsusedinhiswriting,10%newinventionsEnglishtodaystillfullofechoesfromhisplaysVariety:before1600:thehistoriesandcomediesofhisearlyperiodgenerallyhappyandcheerful.Alldramasthisperiodendhappily1600-1608:thetragediesofthemiddleortragicperiodfrustration,allhismajortragedieswerewrittenwithinthespaceofafewyears1608-1612:thelateperiodofromancesortheperiodofserenityacceptanceoftheinevitabilityoflifetShakespeare’splayswrittenbetween_____aresometimescalled“romances”andallendinreconciliationandreunion.A.1590and1594B.1595and1600C.1601and1607D.1608and1612TheGreatTragediesTheTragedyofHamlet哈姆雷特/王子復仇記Othello奧塞羅TheTragedyofMacbeth麥克白TheLaterComedies(romances)Pericles波里克利斯Cymbeline辛白林TheWinter’sTale冬天的故事TheTempest暴風風雨特點：highlymoral:evilbepunishedandgoodrewardedpraisesvirtueandcensuresvicewisdomandprofoundphilosophytolerantofhumanfoiblesandfaults(新古典主義觀點：humanbeingsarenorperfectbutperfectable)avoidstheuseofjustonecolor-pureblackorwhite，charactersaremorethanone-dimensional.(不只是一維)comicelementalongsidetheserious（喜劇和嚴肅元素并置）senseofindividualworthmethodofcreation:(unique&originality)borrowsfromexistingworksbutrevisesandmakesthemsubstantiallyandsuperiorKingLear:

tragiccomedy悲喜劇theme:everyoneinlifehavetheirowndutytheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyanalysisofthesocialcrisiscriticismofthebourgeoisegoism利己主義resignationwithfateandacceptanceoftheworkingsoftheworldspiritualrebirth,spiritualsublimityingratitude(忘恩負義)TheTempesttMirandaisaheroineinShakespeare’s______.A.PericlesB.CymbelineC.TheWinter’sTaleD.TheTempestShakespeare’sdesirethathumanbeingsshouldcometotermswiththeworkingsofnaturetheplayexpressesthecomplexityofhumanexistencesowellthatitiscapableofmorethanoneinterpretationHamlet,thePrinceofDenmarkovera60-yearperiod,doctoraldissertationsontheplayhaveappearedatthefrequencyofoneinevery12days.hesitation:Hamlet’stragicflawthesecretofsuccess:whereasrevengeandviolencereceivemostoftheemphasisinpreciousversions,ShakespeareinjectsthethrillingRenaissancespiritintothestory.MacbethLadyMacbeth:oneofShakespeare’sgreatestwomen:AmoralityTheMerchantofVeniceShylockportraysanarchetypeofvice,createdasheistobodyforththesumtotalofsocialandhumanevilandiseventuallybroughttojustice.withasupremesenseofjustice【FrancisBacon(1561-1626)】2成就：Philosophy:hisinductivemethodofreasoningandlearning(歸納推理法)provedtobeseminalandcriticallyimportanttothedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtheprogressofhumankindhisthoughtsystemrepresentedthebeginningsofmaterialisminEnglishphilosophy（英國唯物主義哲學）hiswell-knownphilosophicalworks:AdvancementofLearning學問的演進NovummOrganum新哲學NewAtlantis新大西島Prose:Essays隨筆wasthefirstofitskindtoappearinEnglishliterature.英國文學史上第一部隨筆作品Bacondrewchieflyonthecariousphenomenaofnatureandhiscarefulobservationsandanalyses特點：wisdomandhisuniquestyle.deliberationsonmanandhislife他對人類和人類生活的反思itrevealshisintimateknowledgeofhumannature揭示了他對人類特性的深入認識OfStudies:“Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested”【BenJonson(1573-1637)】他的去世標志著伊麗莎白時代的結束2hewasthelastgreatElizabethanandprobablythefirstpoetlaureate（桂冠詩人）andthefirstliterarydictator（文學泰斗）inEnglishhistory第一位桂冠詩人，第一位文學泰斗2hisreputationasaplaywrightwasestablishedbythesuccessofhisfirstcomedy,

EveryManinHisHumour（1598）《個性互異》2In1616hepublishedhis

Works《作品》,thecompletecollectionofhispoetry2bringtheclassicformofthetreeunities——unityofaction,unityoftime,andunityofplace——backtothestage2把古典的三一原則——情節(jié)一致，時間一致和地點一致帶回舞臺t“Thethreeunites”,formulatedbyrenaissancedramatists,aretheunitesofthefollowingelementsbut____.A.timeB.placeC.actionD.character2theheroiccouplet英雄雙韻體thatheusedinthepoemwastobecomeatyrannicalbogueinthenextcentury,andhisemphasison“nature”thebasicprinciplein18thcenturyliterarycriticism【KingJames’Bible】2最終形成于3世紀初2consistsof2parts:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament舊約和新約2TheOldTestamentbecametheHolyScripturefortheJewsattheendofthefirstcenturyAD,andacenturylaterboththeOldandtheNewTestamentswereacceptedbytheChristiansastheirholybook.2TheOldTestament:historyandreligiousbeliefsoftheJewsTheNewTestament:thelifeofJesusChristandthebirthandthegrowthoftheChristianfaith2theauthorizedbiblecameintobeingin1611Chapter5【The17thCentury:AbriefIntroduction】2basicfeaturesoftheliteratureoftheperiod:Seekcertaintyandintellectualharmonyontheonehand,andtoaddressthequestionofvaluesthroughviolenceandsexuality2Themainliteraryformoftheearly17thcenturywaspoetry.【JohnDonne約翰鄧恩(1571-1631)】2MetaphysicalPoetry/Poet玄學派詩歌/詩人tThemainliteraryformoftheearly17thcenturywaspoetry.JohnMiltonwasacknowledgedasthegreatest.Besideshim,thereweretwogroupsofpoets.TheyweretheCavalierpoetsand______.A.thelakepoetsB.theuniversitywitsC.theMetaphysicalpoetsD.theRomanticpoetstWhichofthefollowingisnottypicalofmetaphysicalpoetrybestrepresentedbyJohnDonne’sworks?A.CommonspeechB.ConceitC.ArgumentD.Elegantlanguaget____istheleadingfigureofMetaphysicalpoetry.A.JohnDonneB.GeorgeHerbertC.AndreMarvellD.HenryVaughantWhichofthefollowingisnotaMetaphysicalpoet?A.RichardCrashawB.HenryVaughanC.AndrewMarvellD.RobertBurton2AlthoughofaCatholicbackground,herenouncedalldenominationsandwascontentedwithbeingaChristian.BeforeheswitchedtotheChurchofEngland:youthfullovepoetry's,interweavingofpassionwithreasonAfterheswitchedtotheChurchofEngland:religiouspoemst____poemscanbedividedintotwocategories:theyouthfullovelyricsandthelatersacredverses.A.JohnMiltonB.JohnBunyanC.JohnDonneD.JohnDryden2Criticalandreception批評與接受17thcenturypoet-criticJohnDrydencommentedthathislovestoplaywithmetaphysicsbothinhissatiricalandlovepoetry,lovepoems