醫(yī)學(xué)(中醫(yī))英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯

醫(yī)學(xué)（中醫(yī)）英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯分析英譯漢譯法分析1.分譯法①時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：Hardlyhadthepatientopenedhiseyeswhenthenurserushedtohisside.病人一睜開(kāi)眼睛，護(hù)士就趕緊跑上去。②地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句Mucousandmucoserousglandsarefoundasfaroutinthebronchialtreeasthecartilageextends.在支氣管樹(shù)中，凡是有軟骨的地方，都有粘液腺和粘液漿液腺。③原因狀語(yǔ)從句

Carefulexaminationofpatientsisnecessaryinthatithelpsustomakeacorrectdiagnosis.對(duì)病人進(jìn)行仔細(xì)檢查是必要的，因?yàn)樗軒椭覀冏龀稣_的判斷。④目的狀語(yǔ)從句Doseshouldberegulatedsothatthetotalamountrecommendeddailywillbeconsumedinthreeorfourdividedamounts.劑量應(yīng)分次服用，每日總量可分三到四次服完。

⑤結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句Alloronlysomeofthesefeaturesmaybepresentsothatonemayseeanerythemato-squamouseczema,anerythemato-papulo-vesiculareczemaetc.這些病變特征可全部或部分地出現(xiàn)，所以人們可以看到像鱗狀紅斑濕疹，丘泡紅斑濕疹等疾病。⑥條件狀語(yǔ)從句Thrombosisofthevesselstoapartisfollowedbynecrosisunlessacollateralcirculationcanbequicklyestablished.部分血管形成血栓，除非迅速建立側(cè)支循環(huán)，否則壞死隨之發(fā)生。⑦方式狀語(yǔ)從句Theskeleton,whichiscomposedof206bones,formstheframeworkandsupportsthebodyasthereinforcedconcreteconstructionsupportsthemodernbuilding.由206塊骨頭組成的骨骼形成框架，如同鋼筋水泥結(jié)構(gòu)支撐著現(xiàn)代化建筑物那樣支撐著人體。

⑧讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

Itiscustomaryandconvenienttoseparateleftfromrightventricularfailure,althoughrealizingthatneithercanlongexistinpureformsincecontinuationoftheoneinevitablyleadstotheother.習(xí)慣上把左心室衰竭和右心室衰竭加以區(qū)別，而且這樣做也較方便，盡管我們了解到，由于一室衰竭的延續(xù)，必然導(dǎo)致另一室衰竭，而不可能長(zhǎng)期存在單純一室衰竭的形式。

2.合譯法

1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句使用合譯法的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，常常為從句置于句首，與主句以逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),并且主句與從句的主語(yǔ)相同。因此翻譯時(shí)可以將主句和從句合并為一句由相同的主語(yǔ)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)的句子，根據(jù)具體的關(guān)聯(lián)詞可譯為“主語(yǔ)+在…時(shí)+謂語(yǔ)……或主語(yǔ)+一…就…”等結(jié)構(gòu)。Whenthepatientwasexamined,hecomplainedofstomachache.病人在被檢查時(shí)主訴胃痛。2)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)情況下，if＋any/ever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，當(dāng)主句含有否定的意義且句子較短時(shí)，可以使用合譯法，意譯為“……幾乎不/沒(méi)有……”。

Thedrugcauseslittle,ifany,myelosuppression.這種藥物幾乎不會(huì)造成脊髓抑制。3.順譯法

1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句Inearlyheartfailure,dyspneaisobservedonlyduringactivity,whenitmaysimplyrepresentanaggravationofthebreathlessnessthatoccursnormally.在心力衰竭早期，呼吸困難僅見(jiàn)于活動(dòng)時(shí)，此時(shí)它僅表現(xiàn)為常見(jiàn)的呼吸困難加重。2)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句Wheretheesophagusentersthestomach,thereisasphincter.在食道進(jìn)入胃的地方，有一個(gè)括約肌。3)目的狀語(yǔ)從句Thepatientshouldbekeptupinhisbedthathisbreathmaycomeeasier.病人應(yīng)該被扶坐在床上，以便使他易于呼吸。4)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句Rarely,afulminatingattackofrheumaticfeverinchildrenmakesaseriousandextensivedamagetothemyocardiumthatdeathfromcardiacfailureresultswithinafewweeks.罕見(jiàn)的是，兒童爆發(fā)性風(fēng)濕熱的發(fā)作使心肌受到嚴(yán)重而廣泛的損傷以致在幾周內(nèi)便死于心力衰竭。5)條件狀語(yǔ)從句Oncetheorthopedisthaselicitedapatient’ssymptomsandsigns,heneedstodecidehowfarthesephenomenaresembleordifferfromthoseofotherorthopedicspatients.一旦骨科醫(yī)生查出了某一病人的癥狀和體征，他就要確定這些表現(xiàn)與其他骨科病人的表現(xiàn)有何差異。6)方式狀語(yǔ)從句Duringtheoperationthepatientactedasifnothinghadhappened.手術(shù)時(shí)，病人表現(xiàn)出若無(wú)其事的樣子。7)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句Althoughthepatientwithbronchitishastomakeagreatefforttocoughupthesputum,hedoesnotalwayssucceed.盡管患支氣管炎的病人不得不用力咳痰，但不是總能咳得出來(lái)。4.倒譯法由于中英文語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣不同，所以翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)遵從目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，有時(shí)翻譯時(shí)要變換語(yǔ)序，把原來(lái)的主句譯為從句，原來(lái)的從句取代主句，這就是倒譯法。倒譯法在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句較常用。

1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

Itisdifficulttorecognizehypochromiauntilthehemoglobinconcentrationdecreasestolessthanthe8~9g/dlrange.在血紅蛋白濃度低于8~9g/dl的范圍之前，血紅蛋白過(guò)少很難被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

②地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句Placeabsorbentcottontoabsorbtheperspiration,whereveracontactmayoccur(asbetweenthetoesorthefingers)在（皮膚）可能發(fā)生接觸的任何地方（如腳趾間手指間），放上脫脂棉以吸收汗水。③讓步狀語(yǔ)從句Thereareonlythreematerials(carbohydrates,fatandprotein)whichgointothemakingofallfoods,nomatterofwhattypetheyare.無(wú)論其類(lèi)型為何，所有食物的組成中只有三種物質(zhì)（碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)）。

醫(yī)古文中特定語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象與狀語(yǔ)從句的對(duì)應(yīng)特定詞類(lèi)的翻譯對(duì)應(yīng)

“而”與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的對(duì)應(yīng)昔在黃帝，生而神靈，弱而能言，幼而徇齊，長(zhǎng)而敦敏，成而登天。（《素問(wèn)?上古天真論篇第一》）Inancienttimes,theYellowEmperorwasverycleverafterborn.Asababy,helearnedtospeakbeforetheotherscould.Inhischildhoodhewasthoughtful.TheYellowEmperorwashonestandshrewdinhisyouth,andmountedthethronesincehewasgrown-up.

“而”與條件狀語(yǔ)從句的對(duì)應(yīng)傷寒先厥后發(fā)熱，下利必自止，而反汗出，咽中痛者，其喉為痹。（《傷寒論》）Whenfeveroccursaftertheprevalenceofcoldnessontheextremities,diarrheawillcometoastop.Ifthereisperspiration,throatpainandinflammationwilloccur.2.2“則”與條件狀語(yǔ)從句的對(duì)應(yīng)寒中之屬則便熱。（《靈樞?師傳篇第二十九》）Ifthepatientsuffersfromthediseaseduetocoldinthemiddle,hewillpreferheat.特定句式的翻譯對(duì)應(yīng)

1“…之所…”與where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的對(duì)應(yīng)此皆衛(wèi)氣之所留止，邪氣之所客。Allthesearelocationswheretheguardqi[can]cometoahaltandwheretheevilqi[can]settleasvisitor.2“…，…主之”與if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的對(duì)應(yīng)百合病渴不差者，栝蔞牡蠣散主之。IfthesyndromeremainsaftertheadoptionofWashingtherapy,PowderofRadixTrichosanthisandConcha

Ostreaecanbegiven關(guān)聯(lián)詞when的翻譯與應(yīng)用

1、when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

1、1when翻譯成：“當(dāng)…”Whenanabscessreachesasurface,eitherskinormucousmembrane,theoverlyingtissuesbecomesnecrosed,formingaslough,andwhenthesloughisdischarged,anopensoreorulcerisproduced.當(dāng)膿腫達(dá)到皮膚或粘膜表面時(shí)，其覆蓋組織就壞死了，形成腐肉，當(dāng)腐肉排出時(shí)，則形成開(kāi)放瘡口或潰瘍。1.2when翻譯成：“之后”或“之前E1:Whenproteinsareeaten,theyareduringdigestionbrokenupintoaminoacids.蛋白質(zhì)被吃下去后，在消化過(guò)程中分解成氨基酸。E2:Thewholeoperationhadalreadybeendonewhenthepatientopenedhereyes.在病人睜開(kāi)眼睛之前，整個(gè)手術(shù)都已經(jīng)完成了。1.3when翻譯成：“…時(shí)…突然”Thenewhousephysicianwasmakingnightlyvisitwhenonepatientbegantovomit.新來(lái)的住院醫(yī)生正在晚查房時(shí)，一個(gè)病人突然嘔吐起來(lái)。

1.4省略不譯Thepatienthadhisrightlegbrokewhenanautomobileranoverhim.病人的右腿被汽車(chē)軋斷了。2.when引導(dǎo)的表示非純粹時(shí)間意義的狀語(yǔ)從句

①when引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句Acromegalyoccurswhenthepituitaryglandattachedtobaseofthebrain,producesanexcessiveamountofgrowthhormoneafterthecompletionofpuberty.肢端肥大癥是由于青春期發(fā)育完全后，大腦基地部的腦垂體產(chǎn)生過(guò)量的生長(zhǎng)激素而造成的。②

when引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句Successfulelectroversionislessthan50%when

atrialfibrillationhasbeenpresentfor5yearsorlonger.如果心房纖顫的現(xiàn)象已有五年以上,電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)成功率不到百分之五十。

3)when引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句Whenmildtoxemiadoesoccur,advancementtomoresevereformcanoftenbepreventedbyearlyrecognitionandpropertreatment.即使輕度毒血癥確實(shí)出現(xiàn)，經(jīng)過(guò)早期識(shí)別和正確治療通?？梢员苊鈵夯?。漢譯英①譯為when引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句正氣本虛，無(wú)力驅(qū)邪，形成虛中夾實(shí)的錯(cuò)雜證候Deficiencysyndromecomplicatedwithexcesssyndromeappearswhenthevitalqiistooweaktodispeltheevil.②譯為when引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句精神內(nèi)守，病安從來(lái)。Whenessenceandspiritareguardedinternally,wherecouldadiseasecomefrom?3.陰陽(yáng)相過(guò)曰溜。Whenyinandyangsurpasseachother,itiscalledstream[-like].3.when引導(dǎo)的三大從句辨析

1：Thedosewillbereducedto5g/dwhenthepatientbecomesafebrile.病人不發(fā)燒時(shí)，劑量會(huì)減至每日5克。2：Thedoctorcannottellwhenthecomplicatedoperationwillbefinished.醫(yī)生不能告知何時(shí)會(huì)做完這個(gè)復(fù)雜的手術(shù)。3：Thelungcancerhasdevelopedtoaworsestagewhenthepatientcannotlivewithoutmorphia.肺癌已經(jīng)發(fā)展到病人依賴(lài)嗎啡存活的更糟糕的階段。狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯練習(xí)1.Insomecases,areboundbronchoconstrictionoccursasthebronchodilatoraffectwearsoff.在某些病例中，隨著支氣管擴(kuò)張作用的逐漸減弱，會(huì)出現(xiàn)反跳性支氣管收縮。2.Itseemsunlikelythatinfectionplaysaninitialroleasculturesmadeinearlycasesareusuallysterile.

看來(lái)，感染在開(kāi)始時(shí)不起作用，因?yàn)閷?duì)早期病例所進(jìn)行的培養(yǎng)通常是無(wú)菌的。3.Diagnosismaybeonthehistoryprovidedthatotherconditionswhichmaybeassociatedwithchroniccoughhavebeenruledout.如已排除與慢性咳嗽有關(guān)的其他疾病，就可以根據(jù)病史做出診斷。4.Thebonemarrowfailstoproduceeitherredorwhitecells,sothatanemiaisaccompaniedbyleucopenia.

骨髓不再產(chǎn)生紅、白細(xì)胞，因此貧血的同時(shí)伴有白細(xì)胞減少。5.Seeing(that)patientswithrheumaticorcongenitalvalvulardiseaseoftheheartundergodentalextraction,tonsillectomy,oranyotherprocedureslikelytoresultintransientbacteremia,antibioticsshouldbegivenasapreventivemeasureagainstthedisease.

由于風(fēng)濕性或先天性心臟辨膜病的患者在拔牙、摘除扁桃體或施行任何其他手術(shù)時(shí)易于出現(xiàn)短暫的菌血癥，因此應(yīng)給予抗菌素作為預(yù)防此病的措施。6.Themoresensitivetreponemalantibodytestsrarely,ifever,becomenegativewithouttreatment.更敏感的螺旋體抗體測(cè)試幾乎沒(méi)有不治療而轉(zhuǎn)為陰性的。7.Adequatesleepisasvitalinpatientswithmyocardialinfarctionasitiswiththosesufferingfromcardiacfailure.適當(dāng)?shù)乃邔?duì)于心肌梗塞的病人來(lái)說(shuō)，有和對(duì)于心臟衰竭的病人同樣的重要性。漢譯英（中醫(yī)）1、虛則補(bǔ)其母，實(shí)則瀉其子。Ifhypofunctionisfoundintheson-organ,themother-organshouldbetonified.Ifhyperfunctionisfoundinthemother-organ,theson-organshouldbetreatedwithpurgation.2、其治療原則是化陽(yáng)為陰，以求恢復(fù)人體的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。Theprincipleoftreatmentwillbetoallowthetransformationoftheexcessyangintoyininordertoreestablishastateofequilibriumandalsoofbiologicalhomeostasis.3、脾氣健運(yùn)，精微四布，營(yíng)養(yǎng)充足，則肌肉豐滿(mǎn)壯實(shí)，四肢活動(dòng)有力。Whenthespleenfunctionswellintransportation,distributionandtransformation,thefoodessenceisdistributedthroughoutthebodysothatthemusclesarewell-developedandstrongandthelimbshavestrengthtomovebecausetheyreceiveplentifulnutrients.4、從冬至春至夏，氣候由寒變溫變熱，即為“陰消陽(yáng)長(zhǎng)”的過(guò)程。The