呼吸科常用英文

1、!乎吸科常用英文詢問病史case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history

2、of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical data,marital status, nativity, occupation, informant, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious

3、diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse's health status, menorrhea (menarche age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last me

4、nstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions ,premature delivery, stillbirths, difficult labor; family history (any congenital diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings

5、and children)常用的癥狀symptomsfeverCough咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent 膿性的,copious green sputum 大量綠色痰, tenacious yellow sputum 黃粘痰，frothy white sputum 白色泡沫痰, rusty sputum鐵銹色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion or at rest 呼吸困難Orthopnea端坐呼吸Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea夜間陣發(fā)性呼吸困難Shortness of breath (SOB)Chest tightness

6、胸部緊迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia; pharyngodynia 咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 嗆咳Sneeze噴嚏snore打鼾malaise不舒服myalgia 川L扁insomia 失眠hoarseness 聲嘶dysphonia發(fā)聲困難常見的體征physical signsclubbed fingers 杵狀指：increased longitudinal and transverse curvature Joss of concave nail fold angle, bogg

7、iness of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin more than 5g/dl, 02 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral cyano

8、sis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: due to C02 retentionasterixis撲翼樣震顫papilloedema視乳頭水腫chemosis球結(jié)膜水腫enlarged supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia心動過速pulsus paradoxus

9、: >10 mmHg Jon inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased expansionkyphosis駝背,脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration: sternocleidomastoid muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal spacetactile vocal fremitus 觸覺語顫subcutaneous cre

10、pitus 皮下捻發(fā)感Percussion:resonancedullnessflatnesshyperresonancetympanylower borders: scapular line X left/right intercostal spacerange of mobilityAuscultation:vocal resonance 語音共振ronchi: wheeze, stridor, crackles, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse, medium, fine, crepitus 捻發(fā)音pleural friction rubs

11、complete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss, cachexia 惡病質(zhì)，cachectic 惡病質(zhì)的decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia 食欲減退常做的檢查 examinations or laboratory findings(to take,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 體溫圖 (take one's body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/u

12、rine/stool routine, occult blood testBlood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity testsputum cytologyPulse oximeter 脈氧i十：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral artery puncturePaCO2: partial pressure

13、of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemiarespiratory failure:type 1: decreased 02 supply, PaO2 < 60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonary edema, pneumon

14、ia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2>50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular (sedatives, myasthenia), structural (ankylosing s

15、pondylitis), pleural diseases,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular, linear, military nodules 粟粒 樣結(jié)節(jié))coin lesions 硬幣樣cavities 空腔:amphoric 空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification 渾濁：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent shadowing and air bron

16、chogramcollapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasispleural effusionmediastinal mass: thyroid ,thymoma, teratoma, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma and aneurysmChest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(posi

17、tron-emission tomography)Abdominal ultrasoundskin prick test 皮膚點刺試驗(dust mites 塵蛾，pollen 花粉， cockroach 螳螂)tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test: Spirometry呼吸量測定法，肺量測定法 obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and T

18、LC KCO<0.7 J 個 Jrestrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumesintraparenchymal >0.75 J J J J extraparenchymal variable J J J normal FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacity RV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor (

19、 diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop (inspiration and expiration)bronchoprovocation/challenge test 支氣管激發(fā)試驗：histamine or methacholine-inhalationbronchodilatation支氣管舒張試驗:salbutamol沙丁胺醇fiberoptic bronchoscopy: biopsies, bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bron

20、chial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protected specimen brush (PS transthoracic percutaneous needle aspirationpercutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimer

21、selectrocardiogram (ECG) echocardiogram 一聲心動圖V/Q isotope scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning) spiral CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography) pulmonary angiographyDoppler USS thigh and pelvis (USS: ultrasound scanning) cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常見弛病名diseases一acute upper respiratory tract

22、infection 急性上呼吸道感染 common cold普通感冒influenza 流感pharynigitis 咽炎acute broncho-bronchitis急性氣管-支氣管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP)社區(qū)獲得性肺炎 hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)度晚獲得性肺炎 nosocomical pneumonia (NP)醫(yī)院內(nèi)肺炎 bronchiectasis支氣管擴張 chornic bronchitis慢性支氣管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺氣腫chronic obst

23、ructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性發(fā)作bronchial asthma支氣管哮喘allergic rhinitis 過敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺膿肺pulmonary tuberculosis 肺結(jié)核病lung cancer:肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原發(fā)性支氣管肺癌squamous cell carcinoma 鱗癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma

24、支氣管肺泡細胞癌small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)小細胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤pulmonary embolism (PE)肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)肺血栓栓塞癥pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深靜脈血栓形成empyema 膿胸pneumothorax 氣胸pyopneumothorax 膿氣胸chronic suppurative disease 慢性化膿性疾病congenital cyanotic disease先夫

25、性紫綃性心臟病cor pulmonale肺源性心臟病 pulmonary hypertension 肺動脈高壓pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性腦病right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD彌漫性面質(zhì)性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特及性肺纖維化cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隱海性纖維化性肺泡炎 co

26、nnective tissue related lung diseases 結(jié)締組織相關(guān)性肺疾病 systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE 系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡rheumatoid arthritis, RA 類風濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系統(tǒng)性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren's syndrome 感知綜合征 polymyositis多發(fā)性肌炎 dermatomyositis 皮0JL炎sarcoidosis 結(jié)節(jié)病Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, PAP 肺泡蛋白沉積癥Idiopathi

27、c pulmonary hemosiderosis特發(fā)性肺含鐵血黃素沉著病Langerhans cell granulomatosis朗格漢斯細胞肉芽腫病Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽腫Histiocytosis X組織細胞增多癥XWegener granulomatosis Wegener 肉芽腫extrinsic allergic alveolitis夕卜源性過敏隹肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 塵肺drug-induced lung disease 藥物性肺病aspergillosis 曲 菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary asper

28、gillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支氣管胸膜疹oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病,鵝口瘡osteoporotic bone change 骨質(zhì)疏松樣改變glaucoma青光眼cataract白內(nèi)障acute lung injury , AU 急性肺損傷acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫綜合征 urticaria尊麻疹eczema濕疹hypertension 高血壓diabetes糖尿病常用的藥物drugs or agents be ad

29、ministered, treat sb. withempirical 經(jīng)驗性的，prophylactic 預防性，remedial 治療性Expectorant 祛痰藥Mucolytics祜液溶球劑bronchodilatorB2-agonists: short-acting :salbutamol 沙丁胺醇long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特羅muscarinic antagonists: ipratropium bromide 異丙托濱胺aminophylline 氨茶堿steroids inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德， beclomethasone

30、倍氯米 松,fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone po., hydrocortisone iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium 色甘酸鈉leukotriene receptor antagonists: montelukast 孟魯司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamidecardiac tonic 強心劑diuretics利尿劑albumin白蜃白antitussive agents 鎮(zhèn)咳藥ammonium chloride 氯化鍍ambroxol 氨浸索

31、 (mucosolvan 沐舒坦)常用的治療措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae 鼻導管，Venturi face-mask nebulizer 噴霧軀：finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure v

32、entilation (IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation 插管，tracheostomy 氣管造口術(shù)，tracheotomy 氣管切開術(shù))、synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步間歇 指令通氣pressure support ventilation, PSV 壓力支持通氣thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺術(shù)chest

33、 drain/drainage 引流術(shù)chemotherapy 化療radiation therapy 放療pneumonectomy 肺切除術(shù)lobectomy of lung, pulmonary lobectomy 肺葉切除術(shù)thoracotomy開胸術(shù)，胸廓切開術(shù)pleurodesis胸膜剝脫術(shù)pleurectomy胸膜切除術(shù)pleural adhesion胸腹粘連術(shù)thromboendarterectomy血栓動脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)inferior vena cava filter 下腔靜寐過濾器常見的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most

34、days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputumbronchiectasis:cystic 囊性的/varicose 曲張樣/cyclindrical 柱狀-tram-tracks 軌道樣 hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmon

35、alemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneum

36、othoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural bleb ruputurelactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy ,esp. biopsy types: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex shift contralaterallyCXR: translucency +collapse: visible

37、rim between lung and chest wall>2 cm =>50% lung volume lossaspiration 吸引術(shù)，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent: pleurodesis, pleurectomy, bulla stapling or laseringpleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate 漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces

38、across microcirculation, diuretics can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L or pleura: serum protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<羽；often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism .Exudate 滲出液：capillary permeability inc

39、reases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscus-shaped,rises towards axillaAppearance: clear straw-coloured: suggests transduateturbid, green: indicates exudates(pus cells) or empyema (bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax 血胸)：tumor ,pulmonary

40、embolism, acute pancreatitis, traumawhite) chylothorax 乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic duct, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic streptokinase via chest drain: to lyse fibrinous adhesionspleural adhesion: tetracycline, bleomycinl

41、ung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsydysphagiapancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ganglion resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathysuperior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival edema, plethora, vein dilati

42、on, pericardial tamponade( JVP 個ABPj,quiet HSparaneoplastic syndromes: endocrinef ACTH: Cushing's; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma), skin (dermatomyositis)immunocompromised e.g. shingles 帶狀皰疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primar

43、y lung tumours, but decreasing incidence relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemiaf PTH-rp secretion)adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early,

44、 gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of ad

45、enocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputumNSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon i

46、f liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (024/,patient awakes from sleep), awakenin

47、g with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structurai features of

48、 upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down's; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smokingf exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway t

49、one),neuromuscular or CNS diseasesPSG( polysommography): overnight sleep studyTherapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine positioncontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)mandibular advancement device (MAD)adenoidectomy (curative in children) uvulopalatopharyn

50、goplasty 懸雍垂-腭-咽成形術(shù) maxillomandibular osteotomyobesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive J常用的化療藥cisplatin 順鐺Gemcitabine吉西他濱:一 Gemzar （鹽酸吉西他濱注射劑） paclitaxel; taxinol 紫杉醇（Taxol 泰素） do

51、ce匕xel多西他賽（泰素帝） 常見的抗生素 beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis penicillin skin test amoxicillin阿莫西林 piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他北坐巴坦鈉 ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉維酸鉀 cephamycin頭狗菌素類 cefradine頭也拉咤 cefaclor頭?？寺?cefoperazone/sulbactam 頭泡哌酮/舒巴坦 ceftriaxone頭抱曲松 cefpira

52、mide頭抱毗咤 ceftazidime頭抱他定 ceftizoxime頭狗座污 carbopenems碳青霉烯類 azactam氨曲南 meropenem美羅培南 imipenem and sodium cilastatin亞胺培南/西司他丁鈉（泰能 tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽類 inhibit cell wall assembly vancomycin萬古霉素 norvancomycin去甲萬古霉素 teicoplanin替考拉林Macrolides 大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類：inhibit protein synthesisroxithromycin 羅紅楚素 clarithrom

53、ycin 克拉霉素 azithromycin阿奇霉素 erythromycin 紅霉素 Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖甘類 reno- and ototoxic inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin阿米卡星（丁胺卡那） gentamicin慶大霉素 streptomycin 鏈霉素Sulfamido磺胺類sulfamethoxazole compound （SMZ.CO）Quinolones 喳諾酮類：inhibit DNA gyrase norfl

54、oxacin諾氟沙星 ofloxacin氧氟沙星 levofloxacin左氧氟沙星 gatifloxacin加替沙星 moxifloxacin莫西沙星 ciprofloxacin 環(huán)丙沙星 Tetracycline四環(huán)素類minocycline美滿霉素Nitromidazole硝基麻口坐類metronidazole 甲硝唾tinidazole 替硝口坐ornidazole 奧硝理Antitubercular agents 抗結(jié)核藥rifampicin利孑將坐rifapentine 利福噴丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 異煙月井pyra

55、zinamide 口比嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌藥nystatin制霉菌素amphotericin 兩性霉素 Bfluconazole 氟康理voriconazole伏立康理itraconazole 機曲康口坐Antivirus agentsribavirin利巴韋林oseltamivir奧司他韋acyclovir阿昔洛韋ganciclovir 更昔洛韋valaciclovir伐昔洛韋foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid 瞬甲酸鈉(可耐)lamivudine拉米夫定entecavi恩

56、替卡韋常見的病原微生物，microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 細菌lipopolysaccharide (LPS)脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen致熱原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin內(nèi)毒素Gram stain童蘭染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成單位antibacterial agents 抗菌藥resistance 耐藥性ESBLs： extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光譜 B 內(nèi)酰胺酶MRSA： methicillin-resistant staphylococcus

57、aureus 耐甲氧西林金 黃色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血癥toxemia毒血癥endotoxemia內(nèi)毒素血癥septicaemia 敗血癥pyemia膿毒血癥pathogen致病焜pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50)半數(shù)致死量median infective dose (ID50)*數(shù)感染量virus病毒replication 復制viremia病毒血癥normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota IE常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失調(diào)dysbacteriosis菌群失調(diào)癥opportunistic infection 機會性感染conditioned infection條件致病性感染endogenous infection 內(nèi)感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial s