高考語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)歸納

高考語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)歸納2高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納二五、動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞注意:?如果賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，就應(yīng)避免把副詞同動(dòng)詞分開(kāi)Sheturnedoffallthelightswhichhadbeenlefton.她關(guān)掉了所有還在亮著的燈。?如果賓語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間Shegavethemaway.她送掉了它們。?同一動(dòng)詞和不同副詞搭配時(shí)，意義上有很大的差異ringback回電話ringoff掛斷電話ringup打電話putaway放好puton穿，上演putup掛起，舉起。?不同動(dòng)詞和同一副詞搭配時(shí)，在意義上有很大的差異breakout發(fā)生，爆炸carryout進(jìn)行，開(kāi)展goout熄滅短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的構(gòu)成方式及其注意點(diǎn)handout分發(fā)letout放出lookout當(dāng)心sellout賣(mài)完setout出發(fā),takeout取出workout算出動(dòng)詞+介詞(及物)I'mlookingformyglasses.我在找我的眼鏡。注意:?當(dāng)它跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能把介詞放在賓語(yǔ)后面。?同一動(dòng)詞和不同介詞搭配時(shí)，意義上有很大的差異。lookafter照料，lookat看，lookfor尋找動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.我盼望不久就見(jiàn)到你。注:“動(dòng)詞+介詞”、“動(dòng)詞+名詞+副詞”、“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”，這三種搭配都是及物的，如變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不可漏掉介詞。Inthiswaybothgrainandvegetablecanbewelllookedafter.(不能漏掉after)這樣一來(lái)，糧食和蔬菜都能兼顧了?？键c(diǎn)聚焦及解題點(diǎn)撥(單個(gè)動(dòng)詞)同義詞近義詞辨析從三個(gè)方面考慮:詞的恰切含義、搭配(與介詞、名詞或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配)和用法(是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞)1狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞be持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest表象系動(dòng)詞seem,appear感官/感覺(jué)系動(dòng)詞look,smell,taste,sound,feel系動(dòng)詞的用法變化系動(dòng)詞become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come終止系動(dòng)詞prove,turnout解答這類(lèi)試題的關(guān)鍵首先是弄清題意，然后是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，由此可判斷出該動(dòng)詞是否用作系動(dòng)詞，最后確定所要填入的答案。特別關(guān)注:gohungry,cometrue,turnwritergivesb.sth=givesth.tosbbuysb.sth.=buysth.forsb接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞但是我們只能說(shuō):suggeststh.tosb.explainsth.tosb.readsth.tosb.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析熟記?？嫉亩陶Z(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的意義sell,write,wash,wear等詞的主動(dòng)形式后跟副詞表示被動(dòng)意義容易被我們忽視的知識(shí)點(diǎn)happen,occur,takeplace,breakout,comeout,belongto等無(wú)被動(dòng)形式六、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1.常用?？嫉膭?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和用法:(以do為例)2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)Heismovingtothesouth.1be+doing進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作AretheyleavingforEurope?表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.2beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形間狀語(yǔ)Themeetingisabouttoclose.3beto+動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.4一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)示將來(lái)Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.3.容易混淆的時(shí)態(tài)比較項(xiàng)目區(qū)別例句2Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.Whatdoyousuppose_______toher?A.washappeningB.happensC.hashappenedD.happened現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)說(shuō)明:說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào)Jane目前的狀況.作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或Mr.Lee,who________asacarpenterforover10years,isnowaveryfamousstatesmaninthis造成的結(jié)果country.A.hasworkedB.hadworkedC.workedD.works一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較(只說(shuō)明他過(guò)去當(dāng)過(guò)木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在)Hello,I____youwereinLondon.Howlong_________here?A.don’tknow;wereyouB.hadn’tknown;areyou一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去C.haven’tknown;areD.didn’tknow;haveyoubeen的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)說(shuō)明:didn’tknow強(qiáng)調(diào)見(jiàn)面前不知道Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。(知道那本書(shū)的內(nèi)容)時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)—Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)—Iamtired.I_______thelivingroomallday.比較行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，A.paintedB.hadpainted則用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)C.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted說(shuō)明:強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)Idon’treallyworkhere.I____untilthenewsecretary_______.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某A.justhelpout;comesB.havejusthelpedout;willcome個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在C.amjusthelpingout;comesD.willjusthelpout;hascome進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作說(shuō)明:指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,until引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較—Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)—Oh,I’mterriblysorry._______.候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行A.I’mnotnoticing.B.Iwasn’tnoticing.的動(dòng)作C.Ihaven’tnoticed.D.Idon’tnotice.說(shuō)明:對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.3Tom________intothehousewhennoone___________.A.slipped;wasnoticingB.hadslipped;noticed一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去C.slipped;hadnoticedD.wasslipping;noticed的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)說(shuō)明:slip和notice為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作(他溜進(jìn)去了)，whennoonewasnoticing指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況(沒(méi)有人注意)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較.He______abookaboutChinalastyear,butIdon’tknowifhe______it.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)A.wrote;hasfinishedB.waswriting;hasfinished候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行C.waswriting;hadfinishedD.wrote;willfinish的動(dòng)作說(shuō)明:正確選項(xiàng)為B.從Idon’tknowifhehasfinishedit.推斷，他去年一直在寫(xiě)。II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer.Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示:Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…注Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…意被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型1.常見(jiàn)句式是:主語(yǔ)(受動(dòng)者)，be，過(guò)去分詞，(by，施動(dòng)者):HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.事2.主語(yǔ)，get，過(guò)去分詞，其它成分:Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by，施動(dòng)者”項(xiàng)3.帶有雙賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ))的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。Shelentmeabike.,被動(dòng):?Iwaslentabike(byher).?Abikewaslenttome(byher).4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，be，過(guò)去分詞:Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5.雙重被動(dòng)式:主語(yǔ)，被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)，不定式的被動(dòng)式，其它成分Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.4下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞是:cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。Thisknifecutswell.這把刀好切。Thesebookssellwell.這些書(shū)好賣(mài)。Thepenwritessmoothly.這支筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)流暢。Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。Theclothwasheswell.這種布好洗。2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式，形容詞。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。Theapplestastegood.Theflowersmellswonderful.Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue.Cottonfeelssoft.不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況1.IteachmyselfFrench.不可變?yōu)镸yselfistaughtFrench.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語(yǔ)。2.Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可變?yōu)镋achother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語(yǔ)。3.Helostheart.不可變?yōu)镠eartwaslostbyhim.因?yàn)橄髄oseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought這類(lèi)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不能變?yōu)門(mén)hesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.因?yàn)橄髏akepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能丟Muchattentionmustbepaidtoyourhandwriting.特別注意以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu):EveryminutemustbemadefulluseoftostudyEnglsih.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài):leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法功能注:現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過(guò)去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分generallyspeaking一般說(shuō)來(lái);franklyspeaking坦白地說(shuō);judgingfrom/by...根據(jù)……來(lái)判斷;considering.../oconsideration考慮到……;totellyouthetruth說(shuō)實(shí)話;seeing...考慮到……;supposing假設(shè)，如果;providing如果;given考慮到，鑒于;providedthat如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式時(shí)態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式todotobedone進(jìn)行式tohavedonetohavebeendoneforsb.todosth.在“to”前加not不定式或完成式tobedoing/或neverofsb.todosth.完成tohavebeendoing/進(jìn)行式5一般式doingbeingdone在前加notsb.或sb’sdoing特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式:動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)要用sb’snotdoing完成式havingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoingsb’snothavingdone現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞變化形式相同在前加not在解非謂語(yǔ)習(xí)題時(shí)同學(xué)們遇到最大的困難有兩個(gè):一是如何判別是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;二是如何選用哪一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及其恰當(dāng)?shù)男问?。一、謂語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)的比較非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。漢語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用而動(dòng)詞不用作任何形式的變化。如:他明天來(lái)拜訪你。翻譯成英語(yǔ)不是Hewillcomevisityou，而是Hewillcometovisityou.這里就用了不定式tovisit。因此同學(xué)們要特別注意弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。例:Tomsatunderatreeandseeinghisfriend,upinnotime.A.tostandB.standingC.stoodD.wouldstand分析:stood是與sat并列的謂語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法功能的比較做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist只接動(dòng)名詞feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforward做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)to,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,sticktobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為)意義基本相同need,want,require(主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式)意義相反stoptodo停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事兩remember/forget/regrettodo(指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生)goontodo(接著做另外一件事)者remember/forget/regretdoing(指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生)goondoing(接著做同一件事)都trytodo(設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力)meantodo(打算做，企圖做)可意義不同trydoing(試試去做，看有何結(jié)果)meandoing(意思是，意味著)以beconsideredtohavedone被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)做了can’thelp(to)do(不能幫忙做)consider…tobe認(rèn)為是can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)considerdoing考慮做某事非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別分類(lèi)常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句ask,be