《Business Letters》課件-Module 7 Business Contracts課件-課件-

BusinessContractsModuleSevenGenre-basedBusinessEnglishReadingLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading2learnsometermsaboutbusinesscontracts3getfamiliarwiththeformatandcontentofbusinesscontracts4learntheskillofscanning5practicethewritingofbusinesscontracts1knowhowtodraftabusinesscontractLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingWatchthebusinessnewsfromCNN,thentrytoanswerthefollowingquestions.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading1.Whyisawell-writtencontractimportant?2.Whataretheelementsofabusinesscontract?3.Whatdoes“consideration”mean?Becauseitlegallybindstwopartiesandcanprotectyourbusinessifsomethinggoeswrong.Amutualagreement,consideration,aclearintent,capacity.Thepartiesaregivingsomethingandgettingsomethinginreturn.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartOneGetYourselfPrepared:theBasicsI.Getyourselffamiliarwiththeterms.Thefollowingtermsarefromthepassageyouaregoingtoread.Readthedefinitionstogetyourselfpreparedforthecomprehensionofthepassage.?1.acceptance:?2.expiration:?3.counteroffer:adraftorbillthatisacceptedbybeingsignedthefactofcomingtoanendorthepointatwhichsth.endsanoffermadeinresponsetoanotherLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading?4.fraud:?5.compensation:?6.bargainingpower:?7.jurisdiction:wrongfulorcriminaldeceptionintendedtoresultinfinancialorpersonalgainsth.,typicallymoney,awardedtosomeoneasarecompenseforloss,injury,orsufferingtherelativecapacityofeachofthepartiestoanegotiationordisputetocompelorsecureagreementonitsowntermstheauthoritythatanofficialorganizationhastomakelegaldecisionsaboutsb.orsth.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingII.Testyourselfwiththeterms.FillintheblanksinsentenceslistedinColumnBwiththetermsinColumnA.ABacceptance1.Theso-callednetworkbuy,thatis,consumersdonotknoweachother,toincrease______________

withvendorstoobtainthebestprice.expiration2.Wehavetoaskfor

_____________ofthelossincurredasaresultoftheinferiorqualityofthegoodsconcerned.counteroffer3.Givenhowwidespread______seemstohavebecome,bythatcalculation,Chinamaywellprovideagoldenopportunity.fraud4.Correspondingtothe________dateofacontract,thelastdayonwhichanoptionmaybeexercisedintotheunderlyingfuturescontract.compensation5.Banksnormallyfinancethesebyatrustreceiptorabanker’s__________.bargainingpower6.Wewouldbeappreciatedifyoucouldgiveour__________

yourmostfavorableconsideration.jurisdiction7.Ifthetaxappliedtoallbanksoperatingwithinagiven_________,itwouldnotaffectcompetitivenessamongthem.bargainingpowercompensationfraudexpirationacceptancecounterofferjurisdictionLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPassage1WhatisaContract?/law-library/article/what-is-a-contract.html

DefinitionofBusinessContractAbusinesscontractreferstoanagreementbetweentwoprivatepartiesthatcreatesmutuallegalobligations.Acontractcanbeeitheroralorwritten.However,oralcontractsaremorechallengingtoenforceandshouldbeavoided,ifpossible.Somecontractsmustbewritteninordertobe,suchascontractsthatinvolveasignificantamountofmoney(over$500).Contractsarepartofeverydaydealingsinallaspectsoflife.Therefore,itiscrucialtounderstandtherulesgoverningthemtoensureyouhaveavalidcontract.(法律上)有效的;(正式)認(rèn)可的

thatislegallyorofficiallyacceptablevalidLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingAllvalidcontractsmustincludethefollowingelementstobe

:Anoffer(Iwillpayyou$1,000for1,000cupcakes);Andacceptanceoftheofferpresentedwith(Otherpersonaccepts$1,000for1,000cupcakes);Apromisetoperform(Otherpersonsaystheywillperform);Avaluableconsideration($1,000);Atimeoraneventofwhentheperformancemustbemade(1,000cupcakesexactly2weeksfromnow);Termsandconditionsfortheperformance(Thecupcakesmustbechocolateandhavevanillafrosting);Performance(The1,000cupcakesaredeliveredandthepersonispaid$1,000).enforced執(zhí)行

tomakesth.happenLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingLearningObjectivesPre-readingPost-readingFurtherReadingReadingOntopofthat,thecourtswillnotenforcecertaincontractsunlesstheyareinwriting.ThesecontractsfallundertheStatuteofFraudsandmustbeinwriting.Theyincludemarriagecontracts,contractsnottobeperformedwithinoneyear,interestinlandcontracts,paying

debtguarantees,andsaleofgoodscontractsoveraspecificamount.Mostcontractsaregovernedbythestatestatuesandthereforeitisimportanttoconsiderthelocallawswhendealingwithacontractissue.decedent’s逝者apersonwhoisnolongerlivingLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading

WhataretheRequiredElementsforaContract?Therearefiveelementsthatarerequiredforanycontract.First,thecontractmusthavealegalpurposeandcannotbeusedforillegalpurposes.Forexample,contractingtocommitacrime(likehiringahit-man).Second,theremustbeamutualagreementbetweentheparties.Thisisalsoknownas“themeetingoftheminds,”onepartymusthaveofferedanoffertoanotherpartyforacceptance.Forexample,asigningofacontractshowsthatthereisamutualagreementamongthepartiesandeveryoneisonthesamepage.Someoffersmaynothaveanexpirationperiod,ifsothentheofferremainsopenfora“reasonable”time.Offerscanalsoberevokeduntiltheacceptanceoccurs.Acceptanceusuallymeansagreeingtothetermsoftheofferandifthereisanychangetothetermsintheacceptance,thenitwouldbeconsideredacounteroffer.Statesdifferonthisanditwouldbeidealtoconsidertheregulationsinyourlocaljurisdiction.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingThird,considerationiskeyinorderforthecontracttobevalid.Considerationiswhenbothpartiesagreetoprovidesomethingofvalueinexchangeforabenefit.Considerationcanbesomethinglikeacar,money,orevenmanuallabor.Ithastobesomethingofactualvalue.Thereisalsoadistinctdifferencebetweengiftsandpromises.Forexample,ifsomeonegiftedyouahandbagitisnotconsideredacontractoreveniftheypromisedtogiveyouahandbagandtheydidnot,thereisstillnocontract.However,acontractexistswhenthehandbagisbeingexchangedforcompletingataskpromisedtoyoubyafriend.Like,ifyoucleanmyguttersthenIwillbuyyouahandbag.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading

Fourth,thepartiesmustbelegallycompetent.Minorsandmentally

cannotvalidlycontract.Additionally,thepartymustbeofasoundmindwhilecontractingandwithouttheinfluenceofdrugsoralcohol.Lastly,allpartiesmustcometoanagreementbasedontheirownwill.Contractswillbevoidifthereisamistake,

orfraudbyoneormoreparties.impairedduress損害

weakenordamagesomething(especiallyahumanfacultyorfunction)脅迫；強(qiáng)迫threatsorforcethatareusedtomakesbdosthLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading

WhatisConsideredaofaContract?Ifeitherpartyfailstofulfillthelegalobligationsunderthecontractthatpartyhasbreachedthecontract.Ifonepartyviolatesthecontract,thentheotherpartywillsuffereconomiclosses.Forexample,ifyouhiredaconstructioncompanytocompleteaprojectaccordingtoacertaindeadlineandthatcompanyfailedtodoso,thenyouwillmostlikelysufferfinanciallossesbecausetheyfailedtokeeptheirendofthedeal.Thereareseveraloptionsavailabletocompensateforthoselosses.Youcaneithersuefordamages,demandspecificperformanceorterminatethecontract.Intheend,thecourtwilldecidetheoutcomeandtheamountofcompensation.Breach（對(duì)法規(guī)等的）違背，違犯afailuretodosththatmustbedonebylawLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading

WhataretheDifferentTypesofContracts?Aunilateralcontracthastodowithapromiseinexchangeforaspecificperformance.Abilateralcontractisapromiseinexchangeforapromise.Thefollowingincludesomeothercommontypesofcontracts:Expresscontractsusuallyspecifyorallyorinwritingtheexacttermsofthecontract;Conditionalcontractsarebaseduponacompletionofacondition;Jointandseveralcontractshasmultiplepartiesinvolved;Impliedcontractswherecourtsfindsthatacontractexistsbasedonthesituation;LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingcontractsputonepartyatagreateradvantagethananotheroneandareconsideredunjust;Adhesioncontractsareconsideredtogiveonepartymorebargainingpowerthananotherandthereforeresultina“takeitorleaveit”situation;Optioncontractsallowyoutoentertoanothercontractwithanotherpartyatalatertime;Fixedpricescontractsinvolveabuyerandasellerthatagreetopayafixedpriceforaproject.Keepinmindthatcontractscancomeinallformsandaresomethingwedealwitheveryday.Ifyouareunsureofwhatsortofcontractyouarein,thenyouneedtoreachouttoalocallawyertofindoutmore.Unconscionable違背良心的

sobad,immoral,etc.thatitshouldmakeyoufeelashamedLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfor“True”andFfor“False”.T/FStatements____1.Businesscontractstakeforminbothoralandwrittenonesbutoralcontractsshouldbetterbeavoided.____2.Contractsdonotstipulateelementssuchasanoffer,avaluableconsiderationandtermsandconditionsfortheperformancemaybeconsideredasvoidones.____3.Therearefivemust-haveelementsrequiredforanycontract,namely,alegalpurpose,amutualagreement,consideration,alawyerandlegallycompetentparties.____4.Consideration,whichiskeytothevalidityofacontract,mustbesomethingofactualvaluesuchasacar,money,orevenmanuallabor.____5.Whenonepartybreachesacontract,theotheronehastherighttoterminateit.TTTFTLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfor“True”andFfor“False”.T/FStatements____6.Unconscionablecontractscanresultina“takeitorleaveit”situation.____7.Optioncontractsconstrainyourchoicesothatyoucanonlysignaspecificcontractwithoneparty.FFLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartTwoSampleBusinessContracts1Getyourselffamiliarwiththeterms.Matchthedefinitionwiththeterms.1.supplier2.liability3.dispute4.litigation5.licensing6.confidentiality7.forcemajeure______A.thegrantingofanofficiallicense______B.anargumentoradisagreementbetweentwopeople,groupsorcountries______C.apersonorcompanythatsuppliesgoods______D.asituationinwhichyouexpectsb.tokeepinformationsecret5316LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading______E.unforeseeablecircumstancesthatpreventsomeonefromfulfillingacontract______F.theamountofmoneythatapersonorcompanyowes______G.theprocessofmakingordefendingaclaimincourt7241.supplier2.liability3.dispute4.litigation5.licensing6.confidentiality7.forcemajeureLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.Therearesomequestionsandunfinishedstatements.BeneatheachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceoranswersthequestion.D1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisincorrect?A.Servicecontractsaimtoavoidmisunderstandingsbetweentwoparties.B.Asarepresentativeofacompany,itisimportanttosignformalcontracts.C.Adetailedcontractcanfixabrokenrelationshipbetweentwoparties.D.Self-employedentrepreneursshoulddesigncontractsbasedonbusinesssizeandlevelofliability.2.Whatlargelyenablesthesupplierandtheclienttocontinuethebusinesswithoutconstantlyreferringtoacontract?A.Thelegalcontractualprocess.B.Thethirdpartywhoguaranteestheirbenefits.C.Acontractsealedwithoutconflict.D.Thewell-establishedtradingrelationshipandconsensusonthecontract.C.Adetailedcontractcanfixabrokenrelationshipbetweentwoparties.D.Thewell-establishedtradingrelationshipandconsensusonthecontract.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.Therearesomequestionsandunfinishedstatements.BeneatheachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceoranswersthequestion.3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdoesnotfallintothecategoryoftradingcontracts?A.Managementcontracts.B.Salescontracts.C.Tradingagreements.D.Servicecontracts.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Servicecontractscanbeusedfordirectcontractingandsub-contractingofservices.B.Whensigningacontract,anattorneyisunnecessaryforcompanieswithconsiderableobligationsandpossibleliabilities.C.Thewordingofacontractenjoysgreaterimportanceoveritscontents.D.Regardingcontractsandobligations,corporationsandinstitutionsenjoyagreaterleveloflegalprotectioncomparedtoprivateconsumers.B.Salescontracts.A.Servicecontractscanbeusedfordirectcontractingandsub-contractingofservices.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.Therearesomequestionsandunfinishedstatements.BeneatheachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceoranswersthequestion.D5.Whoshouldberesponsibleforinstigatingthecontractualprocessinservicecontractswithprivateconsumers?A.Thethirdparty.B.Theconsumer.C.Thesupplier.D.Thesupplierortheconsumer.6.Whichofthefollowingisnotincludedinthecontracttemplate?A.Heading.B.Geographicalcoverage.C.Paymentterms.D.Expirationdate.C.Thesupplier.D.Expirationdate.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.Therearesomequestionsandunfinishedstatements.BeneatheachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceoranswersthequestion.D7.Whennecessary,_____canbeappendedtoacontract.A.paymenttermsB.confidentialityC.renegotiationD.SLA’s(servicelevelagreements)D.SLA’s(servicelevelagreements)LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReading1.Basedonthepopularityofentrepreneurshipinthemodernworld,itisimportanttoknowthetypesofcontractsinprocurement(A.采購(gòu)B.獲得).2.Forthebusinessownerandentrepreneur,contractsinvolvecustomers,vendors(A.小商販B.供應(yīng)商),staff,partners,andothers.3.Thisisusuallydeterminedbytheirstake(A.股份B.獎(jiǎng)金)inownership.(A.采購(gòu)B.供應(yīng)商)A.股份PartThreeSampleBusinessContracts2Getyourselffamiliarwiththeterms.Thefollowingsentencesaretakenfrompassage3.Therearetwosuggestedmeaningsforthewordsinitalics.Choosethecorrectoneusingthegivencontextandword-buildingskills.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartThreeSampleBusinessContracts2Getyourselffamiliarwiththeterms.

4.ABillofSalecontractisasaleagreementthattransfersapieceofproperty(A.所有權(quán)

B.財(cái)產(chǎn))toactuallytraveltospace,VirginGalactichadencounteredseveralmajorhurdlesthathavesetitsplansbackbyyears.5.Licensingagreementsusuallycoverintellectualproperty,suchastrademarks,patents(A.知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)B.專利),orcopyrights.6.Termsmayincludethecountriesthepropertycanbeusedin,howlongitcanbeusedfor,exclusivity,royalty(A.專利費(fèi)B.忠誠(chéng))percentages.(A.所有權(quán)

B.專利)(A.專利費(fèi)7.Partnership(A.商業(yè)合作B.合伙公司),staff,partners,andothers.B.合伙公司)LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.Readthefollowingstatements.EachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneofthepartsmarkedAtoIinthepassage.Identifythesourceofthestatements.Writedownthecorrespondingletterbeforeeachstatement.______1.Thefivemaintypesofbusinesscontractsaregeneralbusinesscontracts,billofsale,employmentagreement,licensingagreementandpromissorynote.______2.Beforetwopartiesstartapartnershipagreement,theyhavetodecidetheprofit/lossdivisionfirst.______3.Alicensingagreementcantransfertherighttouseintellectualpropertysuchasanti-virussoftware.______4.Contractsrepresentaconsensusbetweentwoormorepartiesandcreatelegalresponsibilitiesthateachsidemustabideby.______5.Astudentloanisatypicalexampleofapromissorynote.BDHAILearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingCheckyourcomprehension.______6.BillofSalecontractsonlyapplyinbigpurchasesthatrequireregistration.______7.Whenanindividualsignsanemploymentcontractwitharestaurant,heandtheemployercanbothaddmanydetailsinthecontracttoprotecttheirrights.______8.Thefourmaintypesofgeneralbusinesscontractsarepartnershipagreement,indemnityagreement,nondisclosureagreementandpropertyandequipmentlease.______9.Employmentcontractsprotectbothsideslegallyandmightstipulatetheperiodofvalidity,therateofpayandconditions.EGCFLearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartFourFastReadingSkillsScanningWhatisscanning?Scanningisausefultoolforspeedingupyourreading.Whenscanning,youlookonlyforaspecificfactorpieceofinformationwithoutreadingeverything.Youscanwhenyoulookforyourfavoriteshowlistedinthecableguide,foryourfriend’sphonenumberinatelephonebook,andforthesportsscoresinthenewspaper.Forscanningtobesuccessful,youneedtounderstandhowyourmaterialisstructuredaswellascomprehendwhatyoureadsoyoucanlocatethespecificinformationyouneed.Scanningalsoallowsyoutofinddetailsandotherinformationinahurry.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartFourFastReadingSkillsHowtoscanBecauseyoualreadyscanmanydifferenttypesofmaterialinyourdailylife,learningmoredetailsaboutscanningwillbeeasy.Establishingyourpurpose,locatingtheappropriatematerial,andknowinghowtheinformationisstructuredbeforeyoustartscanningisessential.Thematerialyouscanistypicallyarrangedinthefollowingways:alphabetically,chronologically,non-alphabetically,bycategory,ortextually.AlphabeticalinformationisarrangedinorderfromAtoZ,whilechronologicalinformationisarrangedintimeornumericalorder.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartFourFastReadingSkills

Informationcanalsobearrangedinnon-alphabeticalorder,suchasatelevisionlisting,orbycategory,listingsoflikeitemssuchasanautopartscatalog.Sometimesinformationislocatedwithinthewrittenparagraphsoftext,alsoknownasatextualsense,asinanencyclopediaentry.Learningtouseyourhandswhilescanningisveryhelpfulinlocatingspecificinformation.Doyoudoanythingwithyourhandstolocateawordinadictionary?Tofindameetingtimeonyourcalendar?Toreadatrainorbusschedule?Usingyourhandorfingerisextremelyhelpfulinfocusingyourattentionandkeepingyourplacewhilescanningacolumnofmaterial.Yourperipheralvisioncanalsohelpyouscaneffectively.Whenyourhandmovesdownalistofnames,youseenotonlythenameyourfingerispointingto,butalsothenamesaboveandbelow.Letyoureyesworkforyouwhensearchingforinformation.LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartFourFastReadingSkills

Keeptheconceptofkeywordsinmindwhilescanning.Yourpurposewilldeterminethekeywords.SupposeyouarelookingforthetimeatrainleavesfromNewYorkCityforWashington,D.C.Thekeywordstokeepinmindare“fromNewYorkCity”and“toWashington,D.C.”IfyouarelookingforthecostofacomputerprinterwiththecodenumberPX-710,thekeywordtolocateinalistofmanyprintersis“PX-710.”LearningObjectivesPre-readingReadingPost-readingFurtherReadingPartFiveBusinessCase1.Businessethics:dobusinessintherightwayEthicsinBusinessContracts/ethics-in-contracts/

Whencreatingacontract,anegotiatorisnotonlydoingsotoreachanagreementbetweentwoormoreparties,buttocreateanagreementthatisdurable;wherebypartiesofthecontractarelegallyboundandcommittedtoitspromises.“Alegallybindingcontractisdefinedasanexchangeofpromisesoranagreementbetweenpartiesthatthelawwillenforce,andthereisanunderlyingpresumptionforcommercialagreementsthatpartiesintendtobelegallybound”.Whenacontractdoesnotexpresslyaddressacontingencythatoccurs,themoralityofbreachisassumedheretodependonwhatthecontractwouldhavesaidhaditaddressedthecontingency.Moralityincontractsbecomescrucialtopartiesenteringintoacontract.Thisiswheretheroleofethicscomesin.LearningObjecti