江蘇省揚(yáng)州市廣陵區(qū)揚(yáng)州市新華中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期3月階段練習(xí)（一）英語試題（含答案）

揚(yáng)州市新華中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高二年級(jí)階段練習(xí)（一）英語第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1.Whywasthewomanworried?A.Theboycutaline.B.Theboywentoutalone.C.Theboytoldalie.2.WhendoesthebankcloseonSunday?A.At9:00p.m.B.At5:00p.m.C.At4:00p.m.3.Whatisthemandissatisfiedwithaboutthestore?A.Theservice.B.Theclothes.C.Theprice.4.Howdidthemangethisshirt?A.Fromhisfather.B.Fromane-mall.C.Fromasouvenirshop.5.Wherewillthewomanputherplants?A.Inherbackyard.B.Inherwindow.C.Onherbalcony.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whatdoesthemanplantodothisafternoon?A.Goswimming.B.Gotoclass.C.Gotothelibrary.7.Whatdoesthewomanoffertodofortheman?A.Collectinformationforhispaper.B.Helphimwithhischemistry.C.Teachhimtostudymath.聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.Whatwillthemandonextmonth?A.Moveoutofhisapartment.B.Findanewroommate.C.Fixthewindowsanddoors.9.Whatdoesthewomanlikeabouttheapartment?A.Therent.B.Thelocation.C.Theroof.10.Whatwillthewomanprobablydonext?A.Callthehouseowner.B.Gobacktoheroffice.C.Bargainwiththeman.聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Whatisthewoman?A.Apolicewoman.B.Adriver.C.Acarparkattendant.12.Whereisthecarpark?A.It'snearahotel.B.It'saroundthecorner.C.It'sattheendofthestreet.13.Whatwillthemanprobablydonext?A.Driveaway.B.Gotothepolicestation.C.Showthewomanhislicense.聽第9段材料，回答第14至17題。14.Whathappenedtothewoman?A.Shelostherwallet.B.Shedidn'tfinishhispaper.C.Shewascaughtbypolicemen.15.Whendoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Inthemorning.B.Atnoon.C.Intheafternoon.16.Wheredidthewomangofirsttoday?A.Thepolicestation.B.Theshop.C.Therestaurant.17.Whodoesthemansuggestthewomanphone?A.Thewoman'sfriend.B.Theshop'smanager.C.Therestaurant'smanager.聽第10段材料，回答第18至20題。18.WhatwasSamuelParnell'sjob?A.Acarpenter.B.Alawyer.C.Adoctor.19.WhatdidSamuelParnellencourageotherworkerstodo?A.Demandtofoundaworkers'group.B.Reducetheworkingtimeto8hours.C.Requiretotakeholidayseveryyear.20.WhenwasLaborDayfirstcelebratedasapublicholiday?A.In1899.B.In1900.C:In1890.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AOldTown,History&TalesTour●AboutThiswalkingtourisaperfectwaytostartyourtrip&anexcellentbasisforourothertours,offeringyouanexcellentoverviewofthecity,soyoucanhaveacompleteEdinburghexperience!Coveringeverythingfromhistorytoreligion&folklore,thiswalkingtourisouroriginaltourofEdinburgh’smedievalOldTown.Byexploringthecitywithaguide,you’llbeabletostoplookingatamapandfocusonenjoyingthesitesaroundyou.OurtalentedandentertainingguideswillwalkyouthroughthestreetsandalleysofAuldReekie(Edinburgh)whileenthralling(迷住)youwithitshistory,folkloreandtales!WeareveryproudofthehighqualityofallofourtoursandtheOldTownTourisnoexception.However,don’ttakeourwordforit.CheckoutournearflawlessTripAdvisorreviews.StartTimeSummerSeason:Daily;10:00,12:00&14:00WinterSeason:Daily;10:30&13:30DurationApproximately2hCostAdult—￡20Child(5-15)—￡10Under5sfree!●AdditionalInformationNon-serviceanimalsarenotallowed.DigitaltranslationsinEnglish,German,French,Italian,Spanish&Mandarinavailableonrequest.Weunfortunatelydonotadviseguestsinwheelchairstojointhetour,duetothenarrowstairways.Weapologizeforanyinconvenienceordisappointmentcaused.ThesetoursrunalltheyearroundsopleasewearclothingthatisappropriatefortheScottishclimateandcomeinfootwearthatyouarecomfortableinforatwo-hourwalkingtouronthehistoricstreetsofEdinburgh.1.HowcanvisitorsbenefitfromtheEdinburghtour?A.Theywillchartthemapofthecity.B.Theywilldevelopgoodtieswithguides.CTheywillbecomemorefocusedinclasses.D.Theywillhaveabetterunderstandingofthecity.2.Howmuchwouldacouplewithtwokidsaged4and8payforadmission?A.￡30. B.￡40. C.￡50. D.￡60.3.Whatarethevisitorsadvisedtodo?A.Dressappropriately. B.Usewheelchairs.C.Takenon-servicepets. D.Hireatranslator.BAt67,MargaretBendingperformedherfirstprofessionalshow.TakingtothestageinFebruary2020,Bendinglaunchedintoadanceandtheatrepieceaccompaniedbythoseallagedover60.“Iwasterrifiedbutassoonaswegotgoing,IrealizedthatthiswaswhatIhadbeenlookingfor,”shesays.“Movingmybodyandbeingsurroundedbyallthesewonderfulperformers,Ifeltcompletelyliberated.”Growingupin1960sLincolnshire,Bending’sfirstlovewasspaceexploration.DeterminedtomakeitintospaceafterwitnessingYuriGagarin’sVostok1flightasaseven-year-oldin1961,BendingwentontodoaPhDatLeicesterUniversityandbeganworkingattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyonrocketlaunches.By1990,she’dhadherfirstchildanddecidedtopausehercareertohomeschool.Overthenexttwodecades,shehomeschooledherotherthreechildrenuntil,in2015,heryoungestsondepartedforuniversityandshefoundherselfwithanemptynestatherNorthYorkshirehome.“ItfeltasifIwasdonewithworkingandparentingsoitwasnowtimeforanewchaptertobegin,”shesays.Lookingbackonherchildhoodhobbiesforinspirationduringretirement.Bendinglandedononememory.“WhenIwas14or15,IplayedthepartofAnitrainaschoolproductionandIlovedit,”shesays.“Irememberthejoyofdancing.”BendingbeganresearchinglocalperformancecoursesandlandedonLeedsPlayhouse’sHeydaysprogramme.EveryWednesdaymorning,shewouldattendhalf-dayworkshopsoneverythingfromreadingplaysaloudtodancingsalsaandimprovisation(即興表演).Now71,Bendinghassincebecomesofondofstageworkthatin2023sheperformedherownone-womanshow,TheStoryofaRocketScientist,dramatisinghercareertoanaudienceof80people.ShehasalsomorerecentlybecomeapaidmemberofthePerformanceEnsemble,facilitatingcommunityoutreachprogrammestoencourageolderpeopletotrytheirhandattakingpartinperformance.“Thewholeexperiencehasbeenexciting,andit’smademesomuchmoreconfident,”shesays.“Peoplestopseeingyouasanindividualinyour60sbutbygettingonstagewecanshowtheworldthatwestillhavethingstosay,experiencestoshareandafuturetoworktowards.”4.HowdidBendingviewherfirstprofessionalshow?A.Itwasfarfromperfect. B.Itwouldbringherfame.C.Itwouldimproveherfitness. D.Itgaveherasenseoffreedom.5.WhatinspiredBendingtotakeupperforming?A.Ateenageencounter. B.Aspaceflightbroadcast.C.Herhomeschoolingexperience. D.Herlong-helddream.6.WhatdoweknowaboutTheStoryofaRocketScientist?A.Ithadahighboxoffice. B.Itisstarredbyfamousactors.C.ItisaboutBending’sexperience. D.Ithasattractedmoreseniorstotheshow.7.Whatmessagedoesthetextintendtoconvey?A.Romewasnotbuiltinaday. B.Oneisnevertoooldtostart.C.Manyhandsmakelightwork. D.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.CChildrenasyoungastwoyearsoldwentoutoftheirwaytohelpdogsgettoysandtastytreatsthatwereplacedbeyondtheirreach,despiteneverhavingmettheanimalsbefore,scientistsfound.Theworksuggeststhattoddlerscouldnotonlyunderstandthedogs’desires,butwerewillingandabletohelpthemout,eventhoughthechancesofthedogsreturningthefavourweresmall.Theresearchersrecruited97toddlersagedbetween20and47monthsandwatchedtheminteractwiththreechild-friendlydogsattheUniversityofMichigan’schildlab.Intheexperiments,researchersdroppedtoysorsnacksjustbeyondthedog’sreach,onthetoddler’ssideofafencethatseparatedthetwo.WritinginthejournalHuman-AnimalInteractions,thescientistsdescribehowtoddlersweretwiceaslikelytohandoverunreachabletoysandtreatswhendogsdisplayedcuriositytowardsthem.Thechildrenhelpedinhalfofallinstanceswhendogswantedtheobjects,butonlyinaquarterofcaseswhentheanimalsshowednointerest.“It’sbeenknownforalongtimethattoddlerswillgooutoftheirwaytohelpstrugglinghumans,evenstrangers,”saidProfHenryWellman,aseniorauthoronthestudyattheUniversityofMichigan.Butitwasunclearwhetherhumansdevelopedsuchaltruism(利他主義)onlytowardsotherpeople,whomighthelpback,andnototherspecies.Thestudyshows“itappliestootheranimalstoo”,Wellmansaid,“l(fā)ikedogstheywillneverseeagain”.Friendlybehaviourtowardsotherspecies,eveninchildrenwhoarestilllearningtowalkandtalk,mayhavehelpedhumansthrive(興旺)aroundtheworld,theresearcherssay.Apparentlyaltruisticacts,suchasleavingfoodoutforanimals,couldhaveunderpinnedpracticesthatledtothedomesticationofspeciesfromdogsandcatstocows,pigs,sheepandhorses.“Animaldomesticationwasreallyadvantageoustohumansurvival.Itreallyenabledustoliveandthrive,there’sahugebenefit,”saidWellman.“Whywecametodomesticateanimalsisabigmystery(謎),andthisisonepieceofevidencethatmighthelpustounderstandthatmystery.”Futurestudiesareneededtoexamineotherpsychologicalcomponentsofinstrumentalhelping,includingwhatemotionsunderlieachild’smotivationtohelpdogs,howcultureshapesthesemotivations,andhowtheseprocesseschangeasachildgrowsolder.8.Whatdidtheresearchfindingmainlyrevealaboutchildren?A.Theirplayinggameswithdogs. B.Theirhelpingbehaviourtowardsdogs.C.Theirsharingfavouritetreatswithdogs. D.Theireffectivecommunicationwithdogs.9.Childrenaremorelikelytoprovidedogswithout-of-reachitemswhen________.A.dogsignoredthem B.theirfavourwouldbereturnedC.dogsshowedaninterestinthem D.theitemswereonthetoddler’sside10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“underpinned”inparagraph6mean?A.Delayed. B.Strengthened. C.Assessed. D.Corrected.11.Whatisthelastparagraphofthetextmainlyabout?A.Thesignificanceoftheresearch. B.Theapplicationoftheresearch.C.Expectationsforfurtherresearch. D.Newperspectivesofscientists.DWithoutreadyaccesstoatimemachine,researchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havebuiltanAI-poweredchatbotthatsimulates(模擬)auser’solderselfanddishesoutobservationsandwisdom.Ithasthepotentialtosignificantlyimpacthowpeoplemakedecisionstodaywiththeirfuturewellbeinginmind.Tointeractwiththechatbot,usersarefirstaskedtoansweraseriesofquestionsaboutthemselves,theirfriendsandfamily,thepastexperiencesthatshapedthem,andtheideallifetheyenvisionforthefuture.Theythenuploadaportraitimage,whichtheprogramdigitallyagestoproducealikenessoftheuseraged60.Next,theprogramfeedsinformationfromtheuser’sanswersintoalargelanguagemodelthatgeneratesrichsynthetic(合成)memoriesforthesimulatedolderself.Thisensuresthatwhenthechatbotrespondstoquestions,itdrawsonarelevantbackstory.Thefinalpartofthesystemisthechatbotitself,poweredbyOpenAI’sGPT3.5,whichintroducesitselfasapotentialolderversionoftheuserthatisabletotalkaboutitslifeexperiences.Usersaretoldthe“futureself”isnotapredictionbutratherapotentialfutureself.Theyareencouragedtoexploredifferentfuturesbychangingtheiranswerstothequestionnaire.Pataranutaporn,whoworksontheFutureYouprojectatMIT’sMediaLab,hashadseveralconversationswithhis“futureself”,butsaidthemostprofound(深遠(yuǎn)的)waswhenthechatbotremindedhimthathisparentswouldnotbearoundforever,soheshouldspendtimewiththemwhilehecould.“Thesessiongavemeaperspectivethatisstillimpactfultometothisday,”hesaid.“Fromapracticalstandpoint,theeffectivenesswilllikelydependonhowwellitcansimulatemeaningfulandrelevantconversations,”headded.“Ifusersperceivethechatbotasgenuineandinsightful,itcouldsignificantlyinfluencetheirbehaviour.However,iftheinteractionsfeelshallow,theimpactmightbelimited.”12.Whatcanthe“futureself”chatbothelpitsusersdo?A.Improvetheirwelfare. B.Inspirewiselifechoices.C.Polishtheirfutureselves. D.Getaccesstoatimemachine.13.Whatiscrucialtotheproductionofanolderversionoftheusers?A.Theirportraitimage. B.Theirmemoryability.C.Theinformationprovided. D.Thelanguagemodelemployed.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“session”inparagraph6referto?A.Pataranutaporn’sworkatMIT’sMediaLab.B.ThegoodolddaysofPataranutaporn’sparents.C.TheprecioustimePataranutapormspentwithhisparents.D.Pataranutaporn’smostprofoundtalkwithhis"futureself".15.HowdoesPataranutaporncommentontheeffectivenessofthechatbot?A.Itdepends. B.Itdoesn’tlastlong.C.Itwillbecarefullychecked. D.Itwillbedisastrous.第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。HowtoOvercomeChallengesWhenLearningfromFailureFailureisabitterpilltoswallow,isn’tit?But,it’softeninthemostdifficultmoments,intheashesofdefeat,thatwefindourgreatestopportunitiesforgrowth.___16___Thisguidewilllookintothecommonchallengesassociatedwithlearningfromfailureandhowtoovercomethem.●DealingwithemotionalstressandburnoutFailureoftencomeswithaheavyemotionalburden.___17___Thefirststepinovercomingthischallengeisacknowledgingtheseemotions.It’sokaytofeeldisappointed—butdon’tletyourfailuredefineyou.Instead,viewitasatemporarysetback,notanendpoint.●MaintainingfocusandvisionAfterafailure,it’seasytolosesightofyouroriginalvision.Butmaintainingyourfocusonyourlong-termgoalsiscritical.Takeastepback,reflectonyourvision,andrearrangeyourstrategiesaccordingly.Yes,youmightneedtoadjustyourplansortimelines,butdon’tletfailureruinyouroverallvision.___18___●ContinuouslearningandskilldevelopmentThegreatestlessonfromfailureistheopportunitytolearn.Developagrowthmindsetandinvestincontinuouslearning—attendworkshops,readbooks,ortakeonlinecourses.___19___Analyzeyourmistakes,drawlessons,andusethoseinsightstorefineyourstrategies.Witheachfailure,you’rebeginningwithmoreexperience.●Acceptingfailureasapathwaytosuccess___20___It’smerelyadetourontheroadtosuccess.Itoffersanincomparableopportunityforgrowthandinnovation.Byaddressingthesechallengeswiththerightmindset,youcantransformyoursetbacksintocomebacksandtransformfailureintoyourstepping-stonetowardssuccess.A.Don’tforgetthatfailureitselfisateacher.B.Learningfromfailurecanbecomplicated.C.Tostrikethisbalance,makedata-drivendecisions.D.Failureisnottheoppositeofsuccess—it’sapartofit.E.Youcanadapttochangesandavoidthesamemistakes.F.Youkickedoffthisjourneyforareason—holdontothat.G.Feelingsofinadequacy,stress,andfearcanquicklyleadtoburnout.第三部分語言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。Iusedtobe20kgoverweightandunfit.Afterstrugglingwithmy___21___allmylife,Ifinallysawadietitian.Ilost20kginninemonths.Myself-esteem(自尊)increasedandIhadmore___22___forlife.Losingtheweightmadeahugedifferencetomyabilityto___23___myselfanddomore.At54,I___24___a14-daytrek(旅行)toNepal.I’doncebeenabig___25___—IleftAustraliaattheageof23anddidn’treturnuntilIwas31,backpackingandlivingonthesmellofanoilyragforyears.Itfeltliketimeto___26___withtravel.ThatNepaltrekwasthebeginningofmy___27___forremotelandsandlong-distancewalking.Igotfitterandstronger.Iloved___28___inremotecountries,seeingwideopenspaces,fallingintoatenteverynightandsleeping10hours.Thenonsenseofmylifewas___29___.Therewasnothingto___30___exceptputtingonefootinfrontoftheotherand___31___theday.At70,I’mstillouttherehiking.Overthepast10yearsIhavedonesome___32___stuff:Nepal,SouthAmerica,AfricaandMongolia.Themore___33___,theharder,thebetter.Iworkhardatcreatinganinteresting___34___formyself.Icontinuetothinkbig,to___35___myself,tosettargetsthatIcannotimagineIcanmake.21.A.budget B.weight C.study D.identity22A.energy B.help C.duty D.concern23.A.relax B.protect C.push D.express24.A.droppedoutof B.signedupfor C.cutdownon D.thoughtbackto25.A.dreamer B.consumer C.dealer D.traveller26.A.reconnect B.break C.wrestle D.live27.A.passion B.greed C.respect D.talent28.A.volunteering B.working C.hiking D.settling29.A.critical B.troublesome C.impressive D.forgotten30.A.leavebehind B.thinkabout C.weighup D.makeout31.A.wasting B.saving C.celebrating D.finishing32.A.tough B.pleasant C.plain D.safe33.A.civilized B.remote C.diverse D.populous34.A.life B.job C.story D.bond35.A.amuse B.comfort C.accept D.challenge第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Atthe2024ChinaIceandSnowTourismDevelopmentForum___36___(hold)inHarbinonFriday,HarbinIceandSnowWorldwasrecognizedbyGuinnessWorldRecordsas___37___largesticeandsnowparkintheworld,withanareaof816,682.5squaremeters.Thepark,___38___combinesice,snow,soundandlights,isinits25thyearofoperation.Visitorscanappreciatemorethan1,000artworks___39___enjoyarangeofotheractivities,includinga521-metericeslide,thelongestbuiltattheparksofar.AgiantFerriswheel(摩天輪)intheshapeofasnowflakehasalsobeenset___40___toprovidetheexperienceofan___41___(impress)landscapeafterdark.AlsoonFriday,the40thHarbinInternationalIceandSnowFestival—thecity’sannualwintergala—___42___(open)atthepark,welcomingvisitorsfromaroundtheworld.LiangHuiling,governorofHeilongjiang,saidattheopeningceremony:“Heilongjianghasabundanticeandsnow___43___(resource)andisalsothebirthplaceofChina’smoderniceandsnowindustry.Theprovinceis___44___(energetic)developingcharacteristicculturaltourismand____45____(carry)outaseriesofactivitiestopromotetheiceandsnoweconomy.”第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)；滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）46.假定你是李華，上周末你們班在當(dāng)?shù)氐闹现行膮⒓訉W(xué)雷鋒志愿者活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你給英國朋友Chris寫一封郵件分享這次經(jīng)歷，內(nèi)容包括：（1）你所做的工作；（2）你的感想。注意：（1）寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80個(gè)左右；（2）請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置作答。DearChris,___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua第二節(jié)（滿分25分）47.閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Itwasthedayoftheannualschooldancingshow,andstudentsfromdifferentschoolsinthetownwerewarmingupinthehall,aimingtodeliveranoutstandingperformance.Theairwasthickwithanticipation,asthewallsweredecoratedwithcolorfulbannersandposters.Inonecornerofthehall,InoticedSophia,aneighth-graderwithadeeplovefordance,sittingalone.Herusualbigtoothysmilewasabsenttoday,withherhandsclaspingtightlyinherlap.Iwalkedoverandaskedherwhyshewasn’twiththeotherchildren.Shehesitated,herheadlowereddownasifsearchingforanescape.Iwalkedoverandaskedhimwhyhewasn’twiththeotherchildren.Hehesitated.Then,inavoicebarelyaboveawhisper,shesaidshehaddecidednottotakepartinthecompetition.“Whatwaswrong?”Iasked.Iscannedtheroomandfoundthedanceteacherinchargeoftheevent,Ms.Lawrence,awomanknownforherstrictyetfairapproachtoteaching.“Iknowshetakesgreatprideinherwork,butshewasafraidthatkidsfromotherschoolswouldlaughather,”theteacherexplained.“She’sbeenworkingonatraditionaldance,butit’sdifferentfromthecontemporaryroutinestheothershavechosen.She’sworriedabouthowitwillbereceived.”IcouldseethestruggleinMs.Lawrence’seyes.IglancedbackatSophia,whowasnowwatchingtheotherdancerswithamixtureoflongingandfear.Itwasclearthatherlovefordancewasatwarwithherfearofjudgment.Theclockonthewalltickedaway,eachsecondbringingusclosertothestartofthecompetition.Thehallwasslowlyfillingwithanexcitementasfamiliesandfriendsoftheparticipantsbegantoarrive.Thestageworkersmadefinaladjustmentstothelightingandsoundsystems.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；2.開頭已給出IsatdownnexttoSophia,butshewouldn’tlookatme.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________IwatchedasSophiamoveduptothestage.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________