北京市海淀區(qū)2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期末英語試題 含解析

海淀區(qū)2024—2025學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期末練習(xí)高三英語本試卷共8頁，100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘?？忌鷦?wù)必將答案答在答題紙上，在試卷上作答無效?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題紙一并交回。第一部分知識運用（共兩節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。Lastweekend,ItookRio,myenergetic3-year-oldgrandsonwhocouldn’tsitstillforamoment,totheparksohecouldrunaroundandseetheduckpond.Mygoalwastogethimoutsideforawhile,lethim___1___someenergy,andteachhimabouttheducks.Buthehadnogoals.Three-year-oldsdon’tneedgoals.ThatwasthefirstofseverallessonsIlearnedthatday.Ihadexpectedtobetheteacher,butIhadit___2___.Mygrandsonhelpedmerememberthingswe’rebornknowingbutforgetintheprocessofbecominganadult.Riohadasenseof___3___.Assoonaswewalkedintothepark,helookedupatthesky.Itwasacoldday,withpillowycloudsdriftingacrossthesky,andhefound___4___inwatchingthem.I’dforgottenhowmagicalcloudscouldbe.Hisexplorationwasendless.Hewasalwaysonthesearchforsticks.Heknewthatastickcouldbeusedformanythings.Hescrapedthegroundwiththem,rappedadrumbeatwiththemontreesandbenches,and___5___themintheairlikeaflag.Noneedfortoysorelectronicdevices,unlikeathome.Juststicks.Therewereafewkidsplayingintheparkwithaparentandpeoplewalkingdogs.Riosaidhitoeveryoneandstuckouthishandforahigh-fivewithafew4-to5-year-olds.Hetriedto___6___conversationswithenthusiasm.Itwasclearhedidn’tcarewhatpeoplelookedlike,howoldtheywere,orwhethertheysaidhellofirst.No___7___.Justasinceredesireto___8___.MybiggestrevelationfromourhourintheparkwasthatRiowasfully___9___nomatterwhathewasdoing.Heneveraskedwhattimeitwas,whenwewereleaving,orwhatweweregoingtodonext.Hewas,everysecondwewerethere,completelyandabsolutelyinthe____10____.IwishIcouldbe.Don’tweall?1.A.burn B.feel C.waste D.produce2.A.together B.here C.out D.backwards3.A.direction B.wonder C.security D.purpose4.A.joy B.hope C.difference D.relief5.A.broke B.threw C.waved D.kicked6.A.writedown B.strikeup C.reflecton D.lookinto7.A.envy B.guilt C.judgment D.amazement8.A.show B.improve C.explain D.connect9.A.aware B.prepared C.present D.informed10.A.way B.lead C.balance D.moment【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.A5.C6.B7.C8.D9.C10.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者帶孫子Rio外出消耗一些能量，并且從孫子身上學(xué)到了很多人生道理?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我的目標(biāo)是帶他出去一會兒，讓他消耗一些能量，教他認(rèn)識鴨子。A.burn消耗，燃燒；B.feel感覺；C.waste浪費；D.produce產(chǎn)生。根據(jù)上文“Lastweekend,ItookRio,myenergetic3-year-oldgrandsonwhocouldn’tsitstillforamoment,totheparksohecouldrunaroundandseetheduckpond.(上周末，我?guī)е?歲的孫子Rio去公園，他精力充沛，一刻也不能安靜地坐著，這樣他就可以到處跑，看看鴨子池塘)”可知，孫子精力充沛，一刻也不能安靜地坐著，所以去公園是為了消耗孫子的能量。故選A?！?題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：我本想當(dāng)老師，但我把事情搞反了。A.together一起；B.here這里；C.out出去；D.backwards向后，相反。根據(jù)后文“Mygrandsonhelpedmerememberthingswe’rebornknowingbutforgetintheprocessofbecominganadult.(我的孫子幫助我記住了一些我們出生時就知道，但在長大成人的過程中卻忘記了的事情)”可知，作者本來應(yīng)該教導(dǎo)孫子，但是孫子卻幫助了作者，所以事情是反過來了。故選D。【3題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：Rio有一種驚奇的感覺。A.direction方向；B.wonder驚奇，奇跡；C.security安全；D.purpose目的。根據(jù)后文“Hisexplorationwasendless.Hewasalwaysonthesearchforsticks.Heknewthatastickcouldbeusedformanythings.(他的探索永無止境。他總是到處找棍子。他知道一根棍子可以用來做很多事情)”可知，孫子對世界充滿好奇，總是有驚奇的感覺。故選B。【4題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這是一個寒冷的日子，云霧飄過天空，他看著它們感到很快樂。A.joy快樂；B.hope希望；C.difference差異；D.relief安慰。根據(jù)后文“inwatchingthem”可知，孫子對世界充滿好奇，看著云霧也感到快樂。故選A。【5題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他用它們一起刮地面，在樹上和長凳上敲鼓，像旗幟一樣在空中揮舞。A.broke打破；B.threw扔；C.waved揮動；D.kicked踢。根據(jù)后文“themintheairlikeaflag”指棍子像旗幟一樣在空中揮舞。故選C。【6題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：他試圖熱情地開始談話。A.writedown寫下；B.strikeup引起，開始；C.reflecton反思；D.lookinto調(diào)查。根據(jù)上文“Riosaidhitoeveryoneandstuckouthishandforahigh-fivewithafew4-to5-year-olds.(Rio向每個人打招呼，并伸出手與幾個4到5歲的孩子擊掌)”可知，孫子主動發(fā)起對話。故選B。7題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：不會評頭論足。A.envy嫉妒；B.guilt內(nèi)疚；C.judgment判斷，評判；D.amazement驚訝。根據(jù)上文“Itwasclearhedidn’tcarewhatpeoplelookedlike,howoldtheywere,orwhethertheysaidhellofirst.(很明顯，他不在乎人們的長相、年齡，也不在乎他們是否先打招呼)”指孫子不會評判別人。故選C?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：只是一種想要聯(lián)系的真誠渴望。A.show展示；B.improve改善；C.explain解釋；D.connect連接。根據(jù)上文“Riosaidhitoeveryoneandstuckouthishandforahigh-fivewithafew4-to5-year-olds.(Rio向每個人打招呼，并伸出手與幾個4到5歲的孩子擊掌)”可知，孫子主動發(fā)起談話，是因為想要建立聯(lián)系。故選D?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：從我們在公園的那一小時里，我最大的收獲是Rio無論在做什么都是全身心投入的。A.aware意識到的；B.prepared準(zhǔn)備好的；C.present當(dāng)前的，目前的；D.informed有知識的。根據(jù)后文“Heneveraskedwhattimeitwas,whenwewereleaving,orwhatweweregoingtodonext.(他從不問現(xiàn)在是什么時間，我們什么時候離開，或者我們下一步要做什么)”可知，指孫子總是活在當(dāng)下。故選C。【10題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他在當(dāng)下，我們每一秒都在那里，完全和絕對在那一刻。A.way方法；B.lead帶領(lǐng)；C.balance平衡；D.moment時刻。根據(jù)上文“Heneveraskedwhattimeitwas,whenwewereleaving,orwhatweweregoingtodonext.(他從不問現(xiàn)在是什么時間，我們什么時候離開，或者我們下一步要做什么)”可知，孫子活在當(dāng)下，他們在一起的每一秒都是完全和絕對在那一刻。故選D。第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題紙指定區(qū)域作答。ThelargestdesertinChina,theTaklamakanDesert,isnowcompletelyencircledbyagreenbelt____11____(stretch)3,046km.ThisispartofChina’sThree-NorthShelterBeltForestProgramtoaddressdesertificationandrestoreecologicalbalance.Sincethelaunchoftheprogram____12____1978,China____13____(expand)itsafforestationareaby32millionhectares(公頃).TheprojectfullydemonstratesChina’s____14____(innovate)approachtoecologicalconstructionandoffersvaluableexperienceforglobaleffortsinfightingdesertification.【答案】11.stretching12.in13.hasexpanded14.innovative【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講述了中國的三北防護(hù)林工程的實施對生態(tài)恢復(fù)的貢獻(xiàn)以及對全球防治荒漠化的啟示?！?1題詳解】考查現(xiàn)在分詞。句意：全長3,046公里的綠色帶現(xiàn)在完全環(huán)繞著中國最大的沙漠——塔克拉瑪干沙漠。此處greenbelt和stretch在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式stretching作后置定語修飾greenbelt。故填stretching。【12題詳解】考查介詞。句意：自1978年該項目啟動以來，中國的造林面積增加了3200萬公頃。根據(jù)句意，此處表示在哪一年，應(yīng)該用介詞in。故填in?！?3題詳解】考查現(xiàn)在完成時。句意：自1978年該項目啟動以來，中國的造林面積增加了3200萬公頃。句中“Sincethelaunchoftheprogram

21978”作時間狀語，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時，謂語動詞用hasexpanded，故填hasexpanded?！?4題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：該項目充分展示了中國在生態(tài)建設(shè)中創(chuàng)新方法，并為全球防治荒漠化提供了寶貴的經(jīng)驗?？仗幮栌眯稳菰~修飾名詞approach，故填innovative。B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題紙指定區(qū)域作答。Today’sparentsfacesomethingdifferentandmoredemanding.Theyareexpectedtospendevermoretimeandmoneyeducatingandenrichingtheirchildren.Thesepressures,researcherssay,____15____(drive)inpartbyfearsthatifparentsdonotequiptheirchildrenwitheverypossibleadvantage,theirchildrencouldfailtoachieveasecurelife.Thisparentingstyleinvolvespainstakinglyandmethodicallycultivatingchildren’stalents,academicsandfuturesthrougheveryday____16____(activity).Butwemayhavegotintoasituation,someexpertssuggest,____17____intensiveparentinghasbecometoointenseforparents.【答案】15.aredriven##havebeendriven16.activities17.where【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講當(dāng)今父母面臨育兒壓力，以密集方式培養(yǎng)孩子，卻陷入對父母而言過于緊張的困境。【15題詳解】考查時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。句意：研究人員說，這些壓力部分是由恐懼所驅(qū)動的，即如果父母不能給孩子提供一切可能的優(yōu)勢，他們的孩子可能無法過上安穩(wěn)的生活。分析句子可知，這里考查謂語動詞，句子的主語Thesepressures和drive之間是被動關(guān)系，且句子描述的是客觀事實，用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，也可用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，主語pressures是復(fù)數(shù)。故填aredriven或havebeendriven?！?6題詳解】考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意：這種育兒方式包括通過日常活動精心、有條不紊地培養(yǎng)孩子的才能、學(xué)業(yè)和未來。分析句子可知，activity是可數(shù)名詞，此處表示“日?；顒印?，由句意可知，這里指不止一項活動，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式activities。故填activities?！?7題詳解】考查定語從句關(guān)系詞。句意：但一些專家認(rèn)為，我們可能陷入了一種情況，即密集育兒對父母來說已經(jīng)過于緊張了。分析句子可知，asituation是先行詞，后面的從句intensiveparentinghasbecometoointenseforparents是定語從句，先行詞在從句中作地點狀語，所以用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。故填where。C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題紙指定區(qū)域作答。Weallhavebeeninthissituation:Atameeting,everyoneelseagreesonasolution,andyouaretheonlyonestillopposingit,oratleastdoubting____18____itwillwork.Employeesoftenfacethisdilemma,referredtoas“conformitybias(從眾偏差)”—individualsfeel____19____(stress)togoalongwiththedecisionofthemajority,evenifitseemswrong.____20____(avoid)thisbias,leadersshouldensurethateveryoneatthetablehasavoiceandthatalloptionsareconsideredinordertoworktowardabettersolution.【答案】18.whether##if19.stressed20.Toavoid【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要解釋了什么是“從眾偏差”以及如何避免?！?8題詳解】考查賓語從句。句意：我們都有過這樣的經(jīng)歷：在會議上，每個人都同意一個解決方案，而你是唯一一個反對它的人，或者至少是唯一一個懷疑它是否有效的人。引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示“是否”應(yīng)用whether或if。故填whether/if?！?9題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：員工經(jīng)常面臨這種困境，這種困境被稱為“從眾偏見”——個人會感到壓力，不得不遵從大多數(shù)人的決定，即使這些決定看起來是錯誤的。修飾人，作表語，用形容詞stressed。故填stressed。20題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：為了避免這種偏見，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該確保每個人都有發(fā)言權(quán)，并考慮所有的選擇，以尋求更好的解決方案。此處avoid作目的狀語，用不定式，首字母大寫。故填Toavoid。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。ATakepartinouraward-winningsummerSTEM(Science,Technology,Engineering,Math)teenacademicprograms.Allcoursesareconductedonline.Currentcourseofferingsinclude:BiotechResearch:Completeanaward-winning,competitiveadmissionsprogramthisyear.You’llthankyourselfwhenyouhaveonemoreprestigiouscredentialtoaddtoyourcollegeapplications.Weprovidestudentswithstate-of-the-artlabequipmentandmaterialstouseathome—allshippedtoyourdoorstep.ThetimeisNOWtoapply.Biomedical&SurgicalResearch:TheBiomedicalandSurgicalResearchprogrambringsanatomy(解剖)tolifethroughdiscussionandpracticeofsurgicalprocedures.Fromcasestudiesandlecturestomocksurgicalprocedures,studentsspendthreeweekslearningwhatittakestobeasurgeon.PolymerChemistry:MaterialsScienceisanewexcitingfieldthatincludespolymerchemistryandplasticsengineeringofmaterialstosynthesize(合成)andtocreatecustomorbrandnewmaterialswithspecificproductsforspecificuses.Receivematerialsrighttoyourhometocreateyourownpolymers!IntrotoRobotics:Areyoualwaystakingthingsapart,seeinghowtheyworkandthenputtingthembacktogetheragain?Areyoucurioushowrobotsandothermachineswork?Fromvoiceactivated,digitalpersonalassistantslikeAlexaandSiritooureverydaykitchenappliances,theworldofroboticsisadvancingandrobotsarebecominganintegralpartofoureverydaylife.Thefutureisnowandthefieldofroboticsisbooming!Forensics(法醫(yī)學(xué)):Domysteriesexciteyou?DoyoudiveintocrimesceneshowssuchasCriminalMindsandLaw&Order?Doyouwanttogobehindthescenestolearnwhathappensduringacrimeinvestigationortrial?Thisremoteprogramisdesignedforstudentsallovertheworldinterestedinthescientificapproachtocrimescenes.Thisprogramwillintroducetheprinciplesofforensicscienceandwillprovidetheopportunitytoexplorelabtechniques,fingerprintmethodsandmorethroughtheVRtechniques!Clickheretoseesessiondatesandcosts.21.Whichcoursesoffertoshipmaterials?A.PolymerChemistryandForensics. B.IntrotoRoboticsandBiotechResearch.C.BiotechResearchandPolymerChemistry. D.ForensicsandBiomedical&SurgicalResearch.22.StudentswhochooseForensicscan______.A.watchTVserieswithVRequipment B.studycriminalmindsonthesceneC.drafttheprinciplesofforensicscience D.experiencecrimeinvestigationvirtually23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Topromotesummeracademicprograms. B.Tocomparedifferentonlineprograms.C.Tointroducethecontentoftheprograms. D.Toexplainthebenefitsoftheprograms.【答案】21.C22.D23.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。介紹線上夏季STEM青少年學(xué)術(shù)項目，包括生物技術(shù)、法醫(yī)學(xué)等課程，呼吁學(xué)生參與并提供查看課程日期和費用的途徑?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)BiotechResearch部分“Weprovidestudentswithstate-of-the-artlabequipmentandmaterialstouseathome—allshippedtoyourdoorstep.(我們?yōu)閷W(xué)生提供最先進(jìn)的實驗室設(shè)備和材料供在家使用，所有這些都會送貨上門。)”以及PolymerChemistry部分“Receivematerialsrighttoyourhometocreateyourownpolymers!(材料會直接送到你家，讓你創(chuàng)造自己的聚合物！)”可知，BiotechResearch和PolymerChemistry這兩門課程提供寄送材料服務(wù)。故選C項?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Forensics部分“Thisprogramwillintroducetheprinciplesofforensicscienceandwillprovidetheopportunitytoexplorelabtechniques,fingerprintmethodsandmorethroughtheVRtechniques!(這個項目將介紹法醫(yī)學(xué)的原理，并提供通過虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)探索實驗室技術(shù)、指紋識別方法等的機會！)”可知，選擇Forensics課程的學(xué)生可以通過VR技術(shù)，虛擬地體驗犯罪調(diào)查。故選D項?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章開頭“Takepartinouraward-winningsummerSTEM(Science,Technology,Engineering,Math)teenacademicprograms.Allcoursesareconductedonline.(參加我們屢獲殊榮的夏季STEM（科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學(xué)）青少年學(xué)術(shù)項目。所有課程均在線進(jìn)行。)”以及最后“Clickheretoseesessiondatesandcosts.(點擊此處查看課程日期和費用。)”可知，文章旨在推廣這些夏季學(xué)術(shù)項目，吸引學(xué)生報名參加。故選A項。BOnabriskOctobermorning,with20poundsofgearonmyback,Ihikedupasteep,rockytrail.Witheachstep,Ifeltmythroattighterandmylungsheave.Thiswasanexperiment.Growingup,myfamily’sannual“hikes”oftenleftmeweepingwithexhaustionafteronly2miles.Decadeslater,Iwondered,attheripeageof26,couldIlearntolovetheoutdoors?Idecidedtostartinthedeependwiththishiking.Preparedwithweeksofexercise,Ijoinedmygroupatthetrailheadnearthecityborder.Anhouraftersettingoff,Ifellbehind,notsureifIcouldmakeit.Frank,myhikingcompanion,sloweddowntoaccompanyme.“Lookatthesky,thetrees!”heexclaimed.Wheezing,Istoppedtocranemyneck.Natureinallitsmagnificencechosetoshowoff.Thewindwhistled,rustlingtheyellowcanopyoverhead.Continuingon,Imadeapointtostopandlookaroundeveryfewminutes.Threehourslater,wereachedourcampsite,avastgrassyarea.Frankguidedmethroughputtingupmytent,asmallvictoryafterachallengingmorning.Wethensoughtouronlywatersource,SunfishPond.Muchtomyannoyance,Irepeatedlylostmyfootingandreturnedtocampaftercountlessfalls.Atcamp,Ibuiltafireusingonlyflint(火石)sticks.Mycheapsleepingpadkeptlosingair,andmysleepingbagdidlittletokeepthecoldairout.Around2a.m.Itearedupinfrustrationandlaysleepless.However,emergingfrommytentintothemistymorning,Ifeltmymoodlifted.Autumnseemedtohavekickedinovernightandtheleavesglowed.Iateabreakfastofinstantnoodlesandthenjoinedtheothers,sharingintimatethoughtsIusuallykepthidden.Backatthetrailheadwherewestarted,myfriendaskedwhatweweregratefulfor.IpipedupaboutthevulnerableandfunnyconversationsI’denjoyedwithfellowhikers—andthespacetoreflect.TheforestanditstemporarydwellershadconvincedmeIwascapableofmuchmorethanIthoughtpossible.Didtheexperimentwork?Memoriesofthatsleepless,freezingnightmightgivemepausebeforeIcrawlintoatentagain.Butthatdoesn’tmeanI’mawayfromthewoodscompletely.IreturnedtoNewYorksmellyandsore,butwhenIsteppedoffthebusintothecity’shustleandbustle,Ialsofeltanunexpectedcalm.24.Whydidtheauthordecidetogoonahikingtrip?A.Toimprovehisphysicalhealth. B.Toescapefromthefast-pacedcitylife.C.Toexplorehispotentialfortheoutdoors. D.Torevisitachildhoodpassionforhiking.25.Whichbestdescribestheauthor’semotionaljourney?①amazed②doubtful③annoyed④peaceful⑤upliftedA.③②⑤①④ B.②①③⑤④ C.②③①④⑤ D.③④②①⑤26.Whathastheauthorlearnedfromtheexperience?A.Successliesinself-acceptance. B.Wildernesshealsabrokenheart.C.Smallsetbacksleadtogreatachievements. D.Naturegivesmorethanexpected.【答案】24.C25.B26.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者為了探索自己的戶外活動潛力，決定去徒步旅行，講述了旅行的經(jīng)過以及作者的內(nèi)心變化?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thiswasanexperiment.Growingup,myfamily’sannual“hikes”oftenleftmeweepingwithexhaustionafteronly2miles.Decadeslater,Iwondered,attheripeageof26,couldIlearntolovetheoutdoors?Idecidedtostartinthedeependwiththishiking.(這是一個實驗。在成長過程中，我們家每年“徒步旅行”經(jīng)常讓我在走了兩英里后就筋疲力盡地哭泣。幾十年后，我想知道，在26歲這個成熟的年齡，我能學(xué)會熱愛戶外嗎？我決定從這次遠(yuǎn)足的最深處開始)”可知，作者為決定去徒步旅行是為了探索他在戶外活動的潛力。故選C。【25題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Decadeslater,Iwondered,attheripeageof26,couldIlearntolovetheoutdoors?(幾十年后，我想知道，在26歲這個成熟的年齡，我能學(xué)會熱愛戶外嗎？)”可知，②“懷疑”排序第一，故排除A、D選項；根據(jù)最后一段“IreturnedtoNewYorksmellyandsore,butwhenIsteppedoffthebusintothecity’shustleandbustle,Ialsofeltanunexpectedcalm.(我回到紐約，身上又臭又酸，但當(dāng)我下了車，走進(jìn)城市的喧囂時，我也感到了一種意想不到的平靜)”可知，④“平靜”排序第五，故排除C選項。故作者的情感歷程是懷疑、驚訝、惱火、振奮和平靜。故選B。【26題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“IpipedupaboutthevulnerableandfunnyconversationsI’denjoyedwithfellowhikers—andthespacetoreflect.TheforestanditstemporarydwellershadconvincedmeIwascapableofmuchmorethanIthoughtpossible.(我滔滔不絕地講述了我和徒步旅行者同伴們愉快的脆弱而有趣的談話——以及反思的空間。森林和它的臨時居民讓我相信，我的能力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了我的想象)”可知，作者從這次經(jīng)歷中學(xué)到了大自然給予的比預(yù)期的要多。故選D。CAsglobaltemperaturescontinuetoriseduetohuman-inducedclimatechange,precisecomputerizedclimatemodelswillbecrucialinsheddinglightonhowourclimatewillevolveinthecomingyears.AstudypublishedinJournalofGeophysicalResearch:AtmospheresbyChloeClarkandherteamfromUCIrvinehighlightsasignificantissuewithacommonlyusedclimatemodelknownastheEnergyExascaleEarthSystemModel(E3SM).TheresearchrevealsthatthismodelcurrentlyoverestimatesakeyphysicalpropertyofEarth’sclimatesystemcalledalbedo,whichisthedegreetowhichicereflectsplanet-warmingsunlightintospace.Albedoisameasureofthereflectivityofasurface,expressedasthefractionofincomingsolarradiationthatisreflectedbythatsurfacebackintospace.ItisacriticalfactorindeterminingEarth’sclimateandenergybalance.Surfaceswithhighalbedo,suchassnowandice,reflectalargeportionofsolarenergy,whereasdarkersurfaceslikeforestsoroceansabsorbmoresolarenergy.“Wefoundthatwitholdmodelversions,theiceistooreflectivebyaboutfivepercent,”saidChloeClarke,“Icereflectivitywasmuchtoohigh.”Theamountofsunlighttheplanetreceivesandreflectsisimportantforestimatinghowmuchtheplanetwillwarminthecomingyears.PreviousversionsofE3SMoverestimatedalbedobecausetheyfailedtoaccountformicrophysicalpropertiesoficeinawarmingworld.Thesepropertiesincludetheeffectsthingslikealgae(藻類)anddusthaveonalbedo.Darkcoloredalgaeanddustcanmakesnowandicelessreflectiveandlessabletoreflectsunlight.Todotheanalysis,ClarkeandherteamstudiedsatellitedatatotrackthealbedooftheGreenlandIceSheet.TheyfoundE3SMoverestimatesthereflectivityoftheicesheet,meaningthemodelestimateslessmeltthanwhatwouldbeexpectedfromtheicemicrophysicalproperties.Butwiththenewicereflectivityincorporatedintothemodel,theydiscoveredtheGreenlandIceSheetismeltingatarateofaboutsixgigatonsmorethaninoldermodelversions.Thisisbasedonalbedomeasurementsthataremoreconsistentwithsatelliteobservations.Clarkehopesherteam’sstudystressestheimportanceoftheseeminglyminusculepropertiesthatcanhavefar-reachingconsequencesfortheoverallclimate.“Ithinkourworkisgoingtohelpmodelsdoamuchbetterjobofhelpinguscapturesnowandice-relatedclimatefeedbacks,”shesaid.Next,Clarkewantstostudydifferenticypartsoftheplanettocalculatehowwidespreadthealbedodiscrepancy(差異)isinE3SM.“OurnextstepsaretogetitsothemodelisfunctionalgloballyandnotjustvalidoverGreenland,”saidClarke,whoalsointendstocomparethenewGreenlandIceSheetmeltratestoobservationstomeasurehowmuchmoreaccuratethenewicealbedois.“ItwouldbeusefultoapplyittoglaciersinplacesliketheAndesandAlaska.”27.Accordingtothepassage,albedo______.A.changeswiththelightnessofsurfacesB.matchesupwiththeshapeoftheiceorsnowC.isameasureofthesolarenergyarrivingatthesurfaceD.varieswiththedirectionoftheincomingsolarradiation28.Whatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.Thenewmodelismorereliablethansatelliteobservations.B.ThepreviousmodelversionsoverestimateGreenlandmelt.C.Modeladaptationimprovestheaccuracyofclimatepredictions.D.Scientistshaveusedthemodelgloballytoreducethediscrepancy.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“minuscule”inParagraph7probablymean?A.Tiny. B.Invisible. C.Plain. D.Stable.30.Thelastparagraphiswrittento______.A.notethelimitationsofthefinding B.pointoutfurtherresearchdirectionsC.illustratethebenefitsofanewapproach D.sumupthechangesmadeinE3SM【答案】27.A28.C29.A30.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了由于人類引起的氣候變化導(dǎo)致全球氣溫持續(xù)上升，精確的計算機化氣候模型對于揭示未來幾年氣候?qū)⑷绾窝葑冎陵P(guān)重要。介紹了改編過的模型的特點?！?7題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“TheresearchrevealsthatthismodelcurrentlyoverestimatesakeyphysicalpropertyofEarth’sclimatesystemcalledalbedo,whichisthedegreetowhichicereflectsplanet-warmingsunlightintospace.(研究表明，該模型目前高估了地球氣候系統(tǒng)的一個關(guān)鍵物理特性，即反照率。反照率是指冰將地球變暖的陽光反射到太空的程度)”可知，反照率隨表面亮度的變化而變化。故選A?！?8題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“TheyfoundE3SMoverestimatesthereflectivityoftheicesheet,meaningthemodelestimateslessmeltthanwhatwouldbeexpectedfromtheicemicrophysicalproperties.Butwiththenewicereflectivityincorporatedintothemodel,theydiscoveredtheGreenlandIceSheetismeltingatarateofaboutsixgigatonsmorethaninoldermodelversions.Thisisbasedonalbedomeasurementsthataremoreconsistentwithsatelliteobservations.(他們發(fā)現(xiàn)E3SM高估了冰蓋的反射率，這意味著該模型估計的融化程度低于從冰的微物理特性中得出的預(yù)期。但是，將新的冰反射率納入模型后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)格陵蘭冰蓋的融化速度比舊模型版本快了約60億噸。這是基于與衛(wèi)星觀測更一致的反照率測量)”可知，模式改編版提高了氣候預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確性。故選C?！?9題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Clarkehopesherteam’sstudystressestheimportanceoftheseemingly(克拉克希望她的團隊的研究強調(diào)看似……特性的重要性)”以及后文“propertiesthatcanhavefar-reachingconsequencesfortheoverallclimate(這些特性可能對整體氣候產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響)”可知，某些特性看似微不足道，但可能對整體氣候產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響，所以克拉克希望她的團隊的研究強調(diào)了這些小特性的重要性。故劃線詞意思是“小的”。故選A。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Next,Clarkewantstostudydifferenticypartsoftheplanettocalculatehowwidespreadthealbedodiscrepancy(差異)isinE3SM.“OurnextstepsaretogetitsothemodelisfunctionalgloballyandnotjustvalidoverGreenland,”saidClarke,whoalsointendstocomparethenewGreenlandIceSheetmeltratestoobservationstomeasurehowmuchmoreaccuratethenewicealbedois.“ItwouldbeusefultoapplyittoglaciersinplacesliketheAndesandAlaska.”(接下來，克拉克想要研究地球上不同的冰區(qū)，以計算反照率差異在E3SM中的分布范圍?？死苏f：“我們的下一步是讓這個模型在全球范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮作用，而不僅僅是在格陵蘭島有效?！彼€打算將新的格陵蘭冰蓋融化率與觀測結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較，以衡量新的冰反照率有多準(zhǔn)確?！皩⑵鋺?yīng)用于安第斯山脈和阿拉斯加等地的冰川將是有用的?！?”可知，最后一段的目的是為了指出進(jìn)一步的研究方向。故選B。DCrucialsystemsacrosstheworldcollapsedonFriday,triggeredbyonemistakeinasinglecompany.ThepowercutofCrowdStrike,agiantinthecybersecurityindustry,hitbanks,airlines,andhealth-caresystems.Itmayendupbeingtheworstinformationtechnologydisasterinhistory.Thiswasnot,however,anunforeseeablefreakaccident,norwillitbethelastofitskind.Instead,thedevastationwastheinevitableoutcomeofmodernsocialsystemsthathavebeendesignedforhyperconnectedoptimization(優(yōu)化),notdecentralizedresilience.Thereisoftenatrade-offbetweenmaximumoptimizationandresilience.Considerabasicprehistoricalsocialsysteminwhichmanyhumanslivedinsmall,isolatedbands.Whatanysinglepersondidwouldhavelittletonoeffectonthoselivingelsewhere.Itwasaninefficient,basicsystem—butifonepartofthehumansystemfailed,fewotherswereaffected.Throughoutouradvancementasaspecies,frombuildingempirestobuildingmachines,socialsystemshaveevolvedtobemoreconnectedandcentralized.Inthe21stcentury,thecombinationofglobalizationanddigitizationhascreatedalandscapecharacterizedbythethreatofcatastrophic,immediaterisk.Globalizationenableslargeefficiencygains,whereaproductcanbeputtogetherfromcarefullymanagedlinksintheglobalsupplychain.Butthosesystemslackresilience.Everylinkmustfittogetherperfectly;thesystemfallsapartifevenonechainbreaks.Centuriesago,thephilosopherDavidHumewrotethatwecanneverbecertainthatthepatternsofthepastwillremainthepatternsofthefuture.Thisisespeciallytrueinthe21stcenturyaswearebettingmoreandmoreofourworldonunstablesystems.Canwereallytrustourspeciestoflawlesslygovernunimaginablycomplexsystems—systemswedon’talwaysfullyunderstand—thatcanbebroughtdownbyasinglescrew-up?Modernsocietieshavediscountedthecostofthatriskbecauseourcurrentrewardsystemsfavoroptimizationoverresilience.CEOstrytodelivershort-termimprovements,notlong-termplanning.Nobodygetsreelectedbyinvestinginarainy-dayfund.Businessleadersarehiredorfiredbasedonquarterlyresults.Eventhoughthemodernquestforoptimizationhastoooftenmaderesilienceanafterthought,itisnotinevitablethatwecontinuedowntheriskypathwe’reon.Andmakingoursystemsmoreresilientdoesn’trequiregoingbacktoadisconnected,primitiveworld,either.Instead,ourcomplex,interconnectedsocietiessimplydemandthatwecompromiseabitofefficiencyinordertoallowalittleextracushion(緩沖).Ifsocialsystemsrelyonamorediversedigitalarrayofcompanies,thesocietieswillbelessvulnerable(脆弱的).Forthebroadersetofrisksfacingglobalsociety,betterregulationisessentialtoensurefail-safes,backups,andstresstesting—sothatoneerrordoesn’tbringdownentiresystems.TheCrowdStrikebreakdownisaclearwarmingthatthemodernworldisfragilebydesign.Sofar,wehavedecidedtomakeourselvesvulnerable.Thatmeanswecandecidedifferentlytoo.31.TheauthormentionstheCrowdStrikemainlyto______.A.highlightitscrucialroleincybersecurity B.introduceaninformationtechnologycollapseC.explainwhypeopleareinaconnectedsystem D.indicatepredictablefailuresofthemodernsystem32.Whatcanbeinferredaboutamoreglobalizedsystem?A.Itleadstoahighlyadvanceddigitalizednetwork.B.Ittendstoprioritizeadaptabilityoverproductivity.C.Itenlargestheimpactoflocalerrorstoaglobalscale.D.Itguaranteesimmediateeconomicrewardsforparticipants.33.Asforthefutureofsocialsystems,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Themoredisconnectedtheyare,themoreresilienttheywillbe.B.Someefficiencyshouldbesacrificedformoreflexibility.C.Long-termplanningpreventsstructuralbreakdowns.D.Historycanhelppeoplepredictfuturepatterns.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?AHyperconnectivity:ThePriceofPerfectionB.AWakefulWarning:TheLessonfromCrowdStrikeC.SystemCollapse:AnInevitableTechnologyDisasterD.Resiliencevs.Optimization:ADebateforBetterSystems【答案】31.D32.C33.B34.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇議論文。文章以CrowdStrike系統(tǒng)崩潰事件為例，探討現(xiàn)代社會系統(tǒng)重優(yōu)化輕彈性的問題及應(yīng)對之策?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“CrucialsystemsacrosstheworldcollapsedonFriday,triggeredbyonemistakeinasinglecompany.ThepowercutofCrowdStrike,agiantinthecybersecurityindustry,hitbanks,airlines,andhealth-caresystems.Itmayendupbeingtheworstinformationtechnologydisasterinhistory.(周五，全球關(guān)鍵系統(tǒng)崩潰，起因是一家公司的一個失誤。網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全行業(yè)巨頭CrowdStrike的停電影響了銀行、航空公司和醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)。這可能最終成為歷史上最嚴(yán)重的信息技術(shù)災(zāi)難。)”以及第二段