考研英語(yǔ)翻譯-(二)

考研英語(yǔ)翻譯-（二）

（總分：500.00,做題時(shí)間：90分鐘）

一、{{B}}SectionIUseofEnglish{{/B}}（總題數(shù)：5,分?jǐn)?shù)：500.00）

Muchhasbeenmadeofthe400thanniversarythisyearofGalileopointing

atelescopeatthemoonandjottingdownwhathesaw.But2009isalso

the400thanniversaryofthepublicationbyJohannesKepler,aGerman

mathematicianandastronomer,of^AstronomiaNovaz，.{{U}}{{U}}1{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Thiswasabookthatcontainedanaccountofhisdiscoveryof

howtheplanetsmovearoundthesun,correctingCopernicus，sownmore

famousbutincorrectlyformulateddescriptionofthesolarsystem.{{/U}}

AnditestablishedthelawsforplanetarymotiononwhichIsaacNewton

basedhiswork.

FourcenturiesagothereceivedwisdomwasthatofAristotle,whoasserted

thattheEarthwasthecentreoftheuniverse,andthatitwasencircled

bythespheresofthemoon,thesun,theplanetsandthestarsbeyondthem.

Copernicushadnoticedinconsistenciesinthistheoryandhadplacedthe

sanatthecentre,withtheEarthandtheotherplanetstravellingaround

thesun.

{{U}}{{U}}2{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}SomesixdecadeslaterwhenKeplertackled

themotionofMars,heproposedanumberofgeometricmodels,checking

hisresultsagainstthepositionoftheplanetasrecordedbyhis

boss{{/U}}.Keplerrepeatedlyfoundthathismodelfailedtopredictthe

correctpositionoftheplanet.Healtereditand,insodoing,created

firstegg-shaped〃orbits"and,finally,anellipse（橢圓）withthesun

placedatonefocus.{{U}}{{U}}3{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Keplerwentonto

showthatanellipticalorbitissufficienttoexplainthemovementof

theotherplanetsandtodevisethelawsofplanetary,motionthatNewton

builton.{{/U}}

A.E.L.Davisthisweektoldastronomersandhistoriansthatitwasthe

rotationofthesunthatprovideKeplerwithwhathethoughtwasoneof

thecausesoftheplanetarymotionthathislawsdescribed,althoughhis

reasoningwouldtodaybeconsideredentirelywrong.

{{U}}{{U}}4{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}In1609astronomyandastrologywereseen

asintimatelyrelated;mathematicsandnaturalphilosophy,meanwhile,

werequiteseparateareasofendeavor;however,Keplersoughtphysical

mechanismstoexplainhismathematicalresult.{{/U}}Hewantedtoknow

howitcouldbethattheplanetsorbitedthesun.{{U}}{{U}}5{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Oncehelearnedthatthesunrotated,hecomfortedhimselfwith

thethoughtthatthesun'sraysmustsomehowsweeptheplanetsaroundit

whilesomemagnetismaccountedfortheexactellipticalpath.{{/U}}As

today，sastronomersstruggletodeterminewhethertheycanlearnfromthe

past,Kepler，staleprovidesasalutaryreminderthatonlysome

explanationsstandthetestoftime.（分?jǐn)?shù)：100.00）

正確答案：（這部著作論述了他發(fā)現(xiàn)的行星圍繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的規(guī)律，從而修正了哥白尼給太陽(yáng)系作的錯(cuò)誤描述,

盡管哥白尼的論述更加廣為人知。）

解析：

正確答案：（大約60年后，開普勒為研究火星運(yùn)行軌跡假設(shè)了大量的幾何模型，但是根據(jù)這些模型預(yù)測(cè)出

的結(jié)果和他上司記錄的火星位置不一致。）

解析：

正確答案：（接著，開普勒又證明橢圓軌道模型同樣適用于解釋其他行星的運(yùn)行軌跡，并且依此模型足以歸

納出行星運(yùn)行定律，而這些定律日后成為了牛頓的理論基礎(chǔ)。）

解析：

正確答案：（1609年，天文學(xué)和星象學(xué)被視為聯(lián)系緊密的兩個(gè)學(xué)科，而數(shù)學(xué)和物理學(xué)則是完全獨(dú)立的兩個(gè)

研究領(lǐng)域，但開普勒卻試圖以物理機(jī)制來(lái)驗(yàn)證數(shù)學(xué)結(jié)果。）

解析：

正確答案：（當(dāng)他得知太陽(yáng)存在自轉(zhuǎn)現(xiàn)象時(shí)，他就自欺欺人地認(rèn)為太陽(yáng)的光線無(wú)論如何一定會(huì)照射到周圍的

行星，而某種磁力使得這些行星沿著規(guī)則的橢圓軌道運(yùn)行。）

解析：

Themiddleclasseshavealwaysbeenthedefensewallofsociety.{{U}}

{{U}}6{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Aristotlebelievedtheyweredemocracy'ssecret

weapon-theprotectorsofsocialvalues,themoderatorsofpolitical

extremism,andbelieversinasocietyrunbylawsinsteadofby

strongmen.{{/U}}Theyhavealsobeentheenginesofeconomicgrowth,

settingthestagecenturiesagofortheexpansionofcapitalismandglobal

trade,andcontinuingthroughtheagestosnapupeverynewgadgetinsight.

{{U}}{{U}}7{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Now,withtheWesternmiddleclasses

sinkingintodebtanddistress,manyeconomistslooktoanew

emerging-marketmiddleclassasthepotentialfoundationforanewage

ofglobalsafetyandprosperity.{{/U}}Aslargedevelopingnationsbecame

moreprosperous,itwasalwaysassumedthattheywouldbecomemorelike

thesuburbsofWashingtonorLondon-liberal,democratic,market-friendly

bastionsnotonlyofWestern-styleconsumerismbutalsoofpolitical

liberty.Withtimeandwealth,"they"wouldbecomejustlike〃us?〃

Thetruthisthat〃they〃arenotbecomingjustlike〃us.〃{{U}}{{U}}8

{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Theglobalmiddleclassisrisingfasterthanexpected,

innumbersandinwealth,butconvergingincomesarenotyieldingshared

values{{/U}}.Theemergingbourgeoisieisapatchworkofcontradictions:

clamorousbutrarelyconfrontationalpolitically,supportersof

globalizationyethighlynationalistic,proudoftheirnations，upward

mobilityyetinsecureandfearfultheywillfallback,fiercely

individualisticbutreliantongovernmentsubsidies,andoftensocially

conservative.Manyoftheaspiringeliteseemwillingtoletthepowers

thatbe-whetherauthoritariangovernmentsorelectedones-calltheshots

aslongastheydeliverthespoilsofgrowth.

It'salsoworthrememberingthatthenewmiddleclassesare

psychologicallydrivenbyanoddmixofprideandinsecurity.{{U}}{{U}}

9{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Closeto30percentofBraziFsnewmiddleclassowes

itslivelihoodtotheinformalmarket,whereincomeisirregular,safety

netsarenonexistent,andopportunityforentrepreneurshipis

limited{{/U}}.Manyhaveborrowedtheirwaytohigherlivingstandards,

onereasonperhapsthat53percentsaytheyliveinfearofunemployment,

lossofincome,orevenbankruptcy.Theyhavebenefitedfromtheexplosion

ofprivateschoolsbuthaveseentheoverallqualityofeducationplummet,

erodingoneoftheclassicmiddle-classpathstosocialmobility.{{U}}

{{U}}10{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Indeed,somedevelopmenteconomistsarguethat

thepoorwillbeagreaterforceforsocialchange,buttheirabilityto

becomeaforceforbettergovernment,greaterfreedoms,lesscorruption,

andmoreeconomiclibertyismuchlesscertain.{{/U}}“They"haveavery

longwaytogobeforebecoming〃us.〃（分?jǐn)?shù)：IOO.oo）

正確答案：（亞里士多德認(rèn)為中產(chǎn)階級(jí)是民主政治的秘密武器一一他們保護(hù)社會(huì)價(jià)值，調(diào)和政治極端主義，

并且相信社會(huì)是由法律而非一兩個(gè)強(qiáng)權(quán)者主導(dǎo)。）

解析：

正確答案：（現(xiàn)在，西方許多中產(chǎn)階級(jí)深陷債務(wù)和苦惱之中，因此，很多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都在指望新興市場(chǎng)上的中

產(chǎn)階級(jí)，將他們看做是全球安全繁榮新時(shí)代下的潛在基石。）

解析：

正確答案：（全球中產(chǎn)階級(jí)興起的速度，不論是從數(shù)量上看還是從財(cái)富上看，都要比想象中快得多。然而,

聚集在中產(chǎn)階級(jí)身上的那些財(cái)富并沒(méi)有相應(yīng)帶來(lái)統(tǒng)一的價(jià)值觀。）

解析：

正確答案：（巴西有將近30%的新興中產(chǎn)階級(jí)還靠著非正式市場(chǎng)謀生，那里收入不穩(wěn)定，沒(méi)有安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)，創(chuàng)

業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)也十分有限。）

解析：

正確答案：（的確，有些發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家爭(zhēng)論說(shuō)，貧困階級(jí)將是社會(huì)變革更大的推動(dòng)力，但是他們是否能推動(dòng)

建立一個(gè)更好的政府、實(shí)現(xiàn)更大程度的自由、減少腐敗滋生、最終達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)自由，這就未可知了。）

解析：

LeeKuanYew（李光耀）embodiesauniquelyAsianapproachtogovernance

thathasoftenbeenatoddswiththeWesterndemocraticprinciples.{{U}}

{{U}}11{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Fordecades,hehasspokeninfavorof"Asian

values”,apoliticalphilosophythatmightbelooselysummedupasrespect

forauthorityandorder,whileputtingthegoodofsocietyabovethatof

theindividual.{{/U}}Hiscriticismshavefocusedontheexcessesof

democracy,particularlyfreedomofspeech,andtheimpacttheyhaveon

thesearchforeconomicgrowth.

{{U}}{{U}}12{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Inthepast,Leehasnotbeenshyabout

singlingoutthosenationsinwhichanexcessofdemocracy，smessiness

hastemperedsteadyeconomicprogressandthebettermentofthelife

chancesofordinaryfolk.{{/U}}Butthestrengthofhisargumentdoesnot

restonlyonothernations，failures.Forasanyvisitorcanattest,the

scaleofwhatLeeandhiscolleagueshaveachievedbyapplyinghis

principlesissimplyastonishing.

Itisanalmostmiraculousachievement,andoneinwhichLeeandhis

colleaguestakejustifiablepride.Itis,moreover,somethingthathas

beenmuchadmired,tothepointofimitation,aroundtheregion.{{U}}

{{U}}13{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}AsianleaderslikeMalaysia，sPrimeMinister

MahathirandIndonesia，sPresidentSuhartomayrarelyhavechosentoadmit

it,buttheir"economyfirst"strategyowesmuchtotheintelligenceof

thisCambridge-educatedlawyer{{/U}}.AboveallChina，sleadershavefor

threedecadescometoSingaporetolisten,tolearn,andtoadmire.

YetforallSingapore，ssuccess,thereremainsafeelingthatithascome

ataprice.Lee'smethodshavefoundplentyofcriticsathomeandabroad.

{{U}}{{U}}14{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}OrdinarySingaporeanswhenquestioned

aboutticsofLeeandhisfamily,withoutquiteknowingit,theyoften

instinctivelylowertheirvoicesandglanceovertheirshoulders.{{/U}}

“Peoplearestilltoofrightenedtotalkaboutthetaboosubjects,wrote

CatherineLim.Therearefewvoicespreparedtospeakoutinfavorofwider

democraticdebate.

{{U}}{{U}}15{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Forhispart,LeeKuanYewacknowledges

thatthereisaneedtomakeSingaporeanslessdependentonthegovernment

andtoencouragemoreopendebate{{/U}}.HeinsiststhattherulingParty

canabsorbandbenefitfromdissentingvoices.Butheisdeterminedthat

Singaporeansarenotyetreadyforthevociferousfreemarketofideas

thattypifies,forexample,politicsintheU.S.〃Iseethemarketplace

ofideas,asinthePhilippines,andIseechaos,〃hesays,whileadding:

''Gradually,wewillloosenup.〃（分?jǐn)?shù)：100.00）

正確答案：（幾十年來(lái)，他始終提倡“亞洲價(jià)值觀”，這一政治哲學(xué)思想大致可概括為尊重權(quán)力和秩序，同

時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)利益高于個(gè)人利益。）

解析：

正確答案：（過(guò)去，李光耀總是毫不顧忌地指出哪些國(guó)家因民主造成了過(guò)度混亂的局面，因此阻礙了經(jīng)濟(jì)的

穩(wěn)步發(fā)展以及老百姓生活的改善。）

解析：

正確答案：（一些亞洲國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，如馬來(lái)西亞總理馬哈蒂爾、印度尼西亞總統(tǒng)蘇哈托可能不愿承認(rèn)這一點(diǎn),

但他們推行的“以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心”的策略很大程度上都是受到這位劍橋畢業(yè)的律師的啟發(fā)。）

解析：

正確答案：（普通的新加坡公民?旦被問(wèn)及李光耀的執(zhí)政情況和他的家庭時(shí)，通常不自覺(jué)地壓低了聲音，回

頭張望，盡管他們知道的并不多。）

解析：

正確答案：（在李光耀看來(lái)，減少公民對(duì)政府的依賴，鼓勵(lì)更多的公開言論是有必要的。）

解析：

Likeotherformsoflifeonthisplanet,humanbeingsconfrontabasic

task:todealsatisfactorilywiththeirconflictsandtherebysecurethe

advantagesofcommunityandcooperation.{{U}}{{U}}16{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}Uniikeotherformsoflife,humanbeingsareendowedwitha

capacitytoreflectonthistaskandtosearchforbettersolutionsby

consciousthoughtanddeliberatechoices.{{/U}}

Thetaskofovercomingconflictsandachievingcommunityandcooperation

arisesbecausehumanbeingsareunableandunwillingtoliveincomplete

isolation.{{U}}{{U}}17{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Theadvantagesofcooperation

andcommunitylifearesonumerousandsoobviousthattheymusthavebeen

evidenttomanfromearliesttimes.{{/U}}Bynow,ourancestorshave

closedoffthechoice;formostofustheoptionoftotalisolationfrom

acommunityis,realisticallyspeaking,nolongeropen.

{{U}}{{U}}18{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Nonetheless,howeverstrongly_human

beingsaredriventoseekthecompanyofoneanother,anddespitethousands

ofyears'practicetheyhaveneverdiscoveredawayinwhichtheycanlive

togetherwithoutconflict{{/U}}.Conflictexistswhenoneindividual

wishestofollowalineofactionthatwouldmakeitdifficultor

impossibleforsomeoneelsetopursuehisowndesires.Conflictseemsto

beaninescapableaspectofthecommunityandconsequentlyofhumanbeing.

Whyconflictseemsinescapableisaquestionthathastroubledmanypeople:

philosophers,theologians,historians,socialscientists,anddoubtless

agreatmanyordinarypeople.JamesMadisonheldthatconflictwasbuilt

intotheverynatureofmenandwomen.Humanbeingshavediverseabilities,

hewroteinTheFederalist,andtheseinturnproducediverseinterests.

{{U}}{{U}}19{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}“Aslongasmanhasirrationalideas,

andheisatlibertytoexerciseit,〃Madisonwrote,“differentopinions

willbeformed.z/{{/U}}

Whatevertheexplanationforconflictmaybe,andMadison'sisbutone

ofmany,itsexperienceisoneoftheprimefactsofallcommunityoflife.

Yetifthisweretheonlyfact,thenhumanlifewouldfitthedescription

bytheEnglishpoliticalphilosopher,ThomasHobbes,inhisLeviathan

（1651）.Hobbesdescribesmankindinastateofnature-aconditionwithout

government-havinglittleinthewayofagriculture,industry,trade,

knowledge,arts,lettersorsociety.{{U}}{{U}}20{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}“Andwhichisworstofall,〃heconcludedinafamoussentence,

toexistwithoutgovernmentwouldmean"continualfear,anddangerof

violentdeathandthelifeofman,solitary,poor,nastyandshort.z，{{/U}}

（分?jǐn)?shù)：100.00）

正確答案：（不同于其他生物的是，面對(duì)這一難題，人類生來(lái)就能認(rèn)真思考，慎重選擇，尋找更好的解決辦

法。）

解析：

正確答案：（人類在遠(yuǎn)占時(shí)期一定已經(jīng)明白，合作和社群生活有諸多明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。）

解析：

正確答案：（然而，盡管人類強(qiáng)烈需要結(jié)伴生活，也經(jīng)歷了幾千年的磨合，但人類還是沒(méi)有找到能和睦共處

的方法。）

解析：

正確答案：（“只要人類一直存在不理性的想法，并能隨意付諸實(shí)施，”麥迪遜寫道，“意見(jiàn)分歧就會(huì)形

成。”）

解析：

正確答案：（“最糟糕的是，”他以一句名言做了總結(jié)，無(wú)政府的人類存在就意味著“持續(xù)的恐慌、暴斃的

危險(xiǎn)，以及孤獨(dú)、窮困、骯臟而短暫的人生”。）

解析：

Environmenta1istsclaimthemoralhighground:theirinterestsarein

preservingourpreciousplanet,protectingdefenselessanimals,ensuring

ourchildrenhavecleanwatertodrinkandairtobreathe.Yet

environmentalists*policieshavebeenamuchmoremixedbagintermsof

theiractualconsequences.{{U}}{{U}}21{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Indisputably,

manyregulationsandinitiativeshavereducedpollutionandimprovedair

andwaterquality,tothebenefitofeveryone,butotherenvironmental

effortshavebackfired,somewithtrulydisastrousconsequences.{{/U}}

Considerwhat'shappenedwithDDT(achemicalusedtokillinsectsthat

harmcrops).ThepesticidecameintouseduringWorldWarIIandhelped

eliminatemalaria.Howeverin1962,anenvironmentalistwrotethatthe

chemicalwascausingcanceranddestroyingwildlife.In1972,DDTwas

bannedintheU.S.andultimatelyworldwide.Asaresultoftheban,

malariaremainedaplagueinmanypoorcountries.{{U}}{{U}}22{{/U}}

{{/U}}{{U}}SoduringthedecadesinwhichDDTwasnotused,whentheworld

bowedtoundoubtedlywell-intentionedenvironmentalactivists,about50

millionpeople-overwhelminglyAfricanchildren-died,mostly

unnecessarily.{{/U}}

Ethanolprovidesanotherexample.Foryears,biofuelswereheraldedas

thepromisingalternativetofossilfuels,yetitturnsoutbiofueTs

environmentalimpactismuchmorecomplicated.In2008,Timemagazine

wroteaboutethanol，sdubiousenvironmentalbenefits.{{U}}{{U}}23

{{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Thearticlewarnedthatforests,wetlands,and

grasslandswerebeingsacrificedinarushtofarmcropsthatcouldbe

turnedintogasoline,sotheonceenvironmentallyfavoredsolutiontoour

energyproblemsisnowrecognizedasapotentialenvironmental

catastrophe{{/U}}.It'sworthnotingthat,beyondbiofueTs

environmentaleffects,usingfoodforfuelha