考研英語(yǔ)范文高分作文

考研英語(yǔ)范文高分作文

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研英語(yǔ)范文：OilRefiningAnimport...

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考研英語(yǔ)范文:OilRefining

Animportantnewindustry,oilrefining,grewaftertheCivilwar.

Crudeoil,orpetroleum-adark,thickoozefromtheearth-had

beenknownforhundredsofyears,butlittleusehadeverbeenmade

ofit.Inthe1850sSamuelM.Kier,amanufacturerinwestern

Pennsylvania,begancollectingtheoilfromlocalseepagesand

refiningitintokerosene.Refining,likesmelting,isaprocess

ofremovingimpuritiesfromarawmaterial.

Kerosenewasusedtolightlamps.Itwasacheapsubstitutefor

whaleoil,whichwasbecominghardertoget.Soontherewasalarge

demandforkerosene.Peoplebegantosearchfornewsuppliesof

petroleum.

ThefirstoilwellwasdrilledbyE.L.Drake,aretiredrailroad

conductor.In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania.

Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookers

calledit“DrakesFolly”.Butwhenhehaddrilleddownabout70

feet(21meters),Drakestruckoil.Hiswellbegantoyield20barrels

ofcrudeoiladay.

NewsofDrakessuccessbroughtoilprospectorstothescene.By

theearly1860sthesewildcattersweredrillingfor“blackgold”

alloverwesternPennsylvania.TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagold

rushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Andit

broughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.

Crudeoilcouldberefinedintomanyproducts.Forsomeyears

kerosenecontinuedtobetheprincipalone.Itwassoldingrocery

storesanddoor-to-door.Inthe1880srefinerslearnedhowtomake

otherpetroleumproductssuchaswaxesandlubricatingoils.

Petroleumwasnotthenusedtomakegasolineorheatingoil.

考研英語(yǔ)范文：RaisingOysters

Intheoysterswereraisedinmuchthesamewayasdirtfarmers

raisedtomatoes-bytransplantingthem.First,farmersselectedthe

oysterbed,clearedthebottomofoldshellsandotherdebris,then

scatteredcleanshellsabout.Next,they“planted"fertilized

oystereggs,whichwithintwoorthreeweekshatchedintolarvae.

Thelarvaedrifteduntiltheyattachedthemselvestotheclean

shellsonthebottom.Theretheyremainedandintimegrewintobaby

oysterscalledseedorspat.Thespatgrewlargerbydrawingin

seawaterfromwhichtheyderivedmicroscopicparticlesoffood.

Beforelong,farmersgatheredthebabyoysters,transplantedthem

oncemoreintoanotherbodyofwatertofattenthemup.

Untilrecentlythesupplyofwildoystersandthosecrudelyfarmed

weremorethanenoughtosatisfypeoplesneeds.Buttodaythe

delectableseafoodisnolongeravailableinabundance.Theproblem

hasbecomesoseriousthatsomeoysterbedshavevanishedentirely.

Fortunately,asfarbackastheearly1900smarinebiologists

realizedthatifnewmeasureswerenottaken,oysterswouldbecome

extinctoratbestaluxuryfood.Sotheysetupwell-equipped

hatcheriesandwenttowork.Buttheydidnothavetheproper

equipmentortheskilltohandletheeggs.Theydidnotknowwhen,

what,andhowtofeedthelarvae.Andtheyknewlittleaboutthe

predatorsthatattackandeatbabyoystersbythemillions.They

failed,buttheydoggedlykeptatit.Finally,inthe1940sa

significantbreakthroughwasmade.

Themarinebiologistsdiscoveredthatbyraisingthetemperature

ofthewater,theycouldinduceoysterstospawnnotonlyinthe

summerbutalsointhefall,winter,andspring.Latertheydeveloped

atechniqueforfeedingthelarvaeandrearingthemtospat.Going

stillfurther,theysucceededinbreedingnewstrainsthatwere

resistanttodiseases,grewfasterandlarger,andflourishedin

waterofdifferentsalinitiesandtemperatures.Inaddition,the

cultivatedoysterstastedbetter!

考研英語(yǔ)范文：Icebergs

Icebergsareamongnaturesmostspectacularcreations,andyet

mostpeoplehaveneverseenone.Avagueairofmysteryenvelops

them.Theycomeintobeingsomewhereinfaraway,frigid

waters,amidthunderousnoiseandsplashingturbulence,whichin

mostcasesnoonehearsorsees.Theyexistonlyashorttimeand

thenslowlywasteawayjustasunnoticed.

Objectsofsheerestbeautytheyhavebeencalled.Appearingin

anendlessvarietyofshapes,theymaybedazzlinglywhite,orthey

maybeglassyblue,greenorpurple,tintedfaintlyofindarker

hues.Theyaregraceful,stately,inspiringincalm,sunlight

seas.

Buttheyarealsocalledfrighteninganddangerous,andthatthey

areinthenight,inthefog,andinstorms.Eveninclear

weatheroneiswisetostayasafedistanceawayfromthem.Most

oftheirbulkishiddenbelowthewater,sotheirunderwaterparts

mayextendoutfarbeyondthevisibletop.Also,theymayrollover

unexpectedly,churningthewatersaroundthem.

Icebergsarepartsofglaciersthatbreakoff,driftintothewater,

floataboutawhile,andfinallymelt.Icebergsafloattodayaremade

ofsnowflakesthathavefallenoverlongagesoftime.Theyembody

snowsthatdrifteddownhundreds,ormanythousands,orinsomecases

maybeamillionyearsago.Thesnowsfellinpolarregionsandon

coldmountains,wheretheymeltedonlyalittleornotatall,and

socollectedtogreatdepthsovertheyearsandcenturies.

Aseachyearssnowaccumulationlayonthesurface,evaporation

andmeltingcausedthesnowflakesslowlytolosetheirfeathery

pointsandbecometinygrainsofice.Whennewsnowfellontopof

theold,ittooturnedtoicygrains.Soblanketsofsnowandice

grainsmountedlayeruponlayerandwereofsuchgreatthickness

thattheweightoftheupperlayerscompressedthelowerones.With

timeandpressurefromabove,themanysmallicegrainsjoinedand

changedtolargercrystals,andeventuallythedeepercrystals

mergedintoasolidmassofice.

考研英語(yǔ)范文：PlateTectonicsandSea-floorSpreading

Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthe

lithosphere,thecomparativelyrigidouterlayeroftheEarththat

includesallthecrustandpartoftheunderlyingmantle.The

lithosphere（n.［土也］巖石圈）isdividedintoafewdozenplatesof

varioussizesandshapes,ingeneraltheplatesareinmotionwith

respecttooneanother.Amid-oceanridgeisaboundarybetween

plateswherenewlithosphericmaterialisinjectedfrombelow.As

theplatesdivergefromamid-oceanridgetheyslideonamore

yieldinglayeratthebaseofthelithosphere.

SincethesizeoftheEarthisessentiallyconstant,new

lithospherecanbecreatedatthemid-oceanridgesonlyifanequal

amountoflithosphericmaterialisconsumedelsewhere.Thesiteof

thisdestructionisanotherkindofplateboundary:asubduction

zone.Thereoneplatedivesundertheedgeofanotherandis

reincorporatedintothemantle.Bothkindsofplateboundaryare

associatedwithfaultsystems,earthquakesandvolcanism,butthe

kindsofgeologicactivityobservedatthetwoboundariesarequite

different.

Theideaofsea-floorspreadingactuallyprecededthetheoryof

platetectonics.Initsoriginalversion,intheearly1960s,it

describedthecreationanddestructionoftheoceanfloor,but