2025年高考英語二輪熱點題型歸納與變式演練專題09 閱讀理解議論文（解析版）

專題09閱讀理解議論文目錄題型綜述 2解題攻略 3題型01主旨大意題 3題型02細節(jié)理解題 5題型03推理判斷題 6題型04詞義猜測題 9高考練場題型簡介高考英語閱讀理解議論文，通常圍繞某一觀點、現(xiàn)象或問題展開論述，作者通過擺事實、講道理，運用邏輯推理來闡明自身看法，說服讀者接受其觀點。文章往往結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，包含論點、論據(jù)與論證過程，選材涉及社會熱點、教育理念、科技發(fā)展爭議、文化現(xiàn)象剖析等諸多領域，旨在考查學生對復雜文本的理解、分析及批判性思維能力。命題類型主旨大意題：要求提煉文章核心論點，常以“What'sthemainideaofthepassage?”這類問句出現(xiàn)，選項可能是對全文中心思想的精準概括，也可能是過于寬泛、片面的干擾表述。細節(jié)理解題：針對文中論據(jù)、支撐性事例或特定關鍵信息設題，題目會明確指向文章某一處，如“Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsabout...istrue?”，考查學生捕捉精準細節(jié)的能力。推理判斷題：需依據(jù)文章現(xiàn)有論述、語氣傾向推測隱含意義、作者態(tài)度，題干表述多為“Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?”，答案并非原文直白呈現(xiàn)，要經(jīng)適度推導。詞義猜測題：聚焦文中超綱詞、熟詞僻義或特定語境下有特殊含義的詞匯，例如“Theunderlinedword‘XXX’intheparagraphmostprobablymeans...”，要求結(jié)合上下文破解詞義謎團。解題思路讀題預判：快速瀏覽題目與選項，圈出關鍵信息，像主旨題中的“mainidea”、細節(jié)題里的專有名詞等，預判閱讀重點，帶著問題意識去讀文章。通讀抓論點：首次通讀，定位文章開頭段，多數(shù)議論文在此點明主題、拋出論點；同時留意各段首句，它們常起承上啟下、引出分論點的作用，梳理出全文論述脈絡。定位找論據(jù)：碰上細節(jié)、詞義類題目，依據(jù)題目關鍵詞，精準回文定位，在定位段落中細讀上下文，借助因果、對比、舉例等邏輯關系鎖定答案，比如出現(xiàn)“forexample”后的內(nèi)容大概率是在解釋前面論點，對理解詞義、補充細節(jié)很關鍵。推理重邏輯：面對推理題，緊扣文章已知觀點、事實，杜絕過度臆想，分析作者用詞褒貶、論證走向來判斷態(tài)度傾向；梳理段落、句子間的邏輯鏈條，像因果推導、讓步轉(zhuǎn)折后的語義走向，讓推理有理有據(jù)。核查避陷阱：選完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看選項是否契合全文主旨、對應細節(jié)是否無誤，警惕偷換概念、無中生有、以偏概全這類常見陷阱選項。題型01主旨大意題（23-24高三上·江蘇揚州·期末）“Womanreadingbook,underanightsky,dreamyatmosphere,”ItypeintoDeepDreamGenerator’sText2Dreamfeature.Inlessthanaminute,animageisreturnedtomeshowingwhatI’vedescribed.WelcometotheworldofAIimagegeneration,whereyoucancreatewhatonthesurfacelooksliketop-rankartworkusingjustafewtextprompts(提示).Butcloserexaminationshowsoddities.Thefaceofthewomaninmyimagehasveryoddfeatures,andappearstobeholdingmultiplebooks.And,whilethere’saninitialthrillatseeinganimageappear,there’snocreativesatisfaction.AIimagegenerationcouldinfluenceeverythingfromfilmtographicnovelsandmore.Children’sillustratorswerequicktoraiseconcernsaboutthetechnology.TheysayAI-generatedartistheexactoppositeofwhatartisbelievedtobe.Fundamentally,artisallabouttranslatingsomethingthatyoufeelinternallyintosomethingthatexistsexternally.Whateverformittakes,trueartisaboutthecreativeprocessmuchmorethanit’saboutthefinalpiece.Andsimplypressingabuttontogenerateanimageisnotacreativeprocess.Beyondcreativity,therearedeeperissues.Tocreateimagesfromprompts,AIgeneratorsrelyondatabasesofalreadyexistingartandtext.Thiscouldleadtothecreationofimagesthatareintentionallymeanttoimitatethestyleofotherartists,withouttheiragreement.ThereisanargumentthatAIgeneratorsworknodifferentlytohumanswhenitcomestobeinginfluencedbyothers’work.However,ahumanartistisalsoaddingemotionandnuance(細微差別)intothemix.AIdoesn’tdothesame—itcanonlycopy.TheincreasinguseofAIwillalsoleadtoadevaluing(貶低)oftheworkofartists.There’salreadyanegativeprejudicetowardsthecreativeindustry.Peoplewillbegintothinkthattheir“work”isasexcellentasthatcreatedbysomeonewhohasspentacareermakingart.It’snonsense,ofcourse.Youcanuseyourmobilephonetotakeanicepictureofyourdaughter,butyouarenomatchforprofessionals.7．WhatisParagraph4ofthetextmainlyabout?A．ThestylesofhumanartworksandAIones.B．Humanartists’influenceonAIgenerators.C．DifferentmeansusedinhumanandAIartcreation.D．Thedrawbacksofdrawingfromexistingartandtext.8．Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthelastparagraph?A．Artisthemirroroflife. B．Romeisnotbuiltinaday.C．Nomancandotwothingsatonce. D．Don’tjudgeabookbyitscover.【答案】7．C8．B【導語】這是一篇議論文。作者認為人工智能圖像生成雖然便捷，但也有不少弊端，在文中從幾個方面進行了闡述。7．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段第二句到第四句“Tocreateimagesfromprompts,AIgeneratorsrelyondatabasesofalreadyexistingartandtext.Thiscouldleadtothecreationofimagesthatareintentionallymeanttoimitatethestyleofotherartists,withouttheiragreement.ThereisanargumentthatAIgeneratorsworknodifferentlytohumanswhenitcomestobeinginfluencedbyothers’work.(為了根據(jù)提示創(chuàng)建圖像，人工智能生成器依賴于已經(jīng)存在的藝術(shù)和文本數(shù)據(jù)庫。這可能會導致在未經(jīng)其他藝術(shù)家同意的情況下，故意模仿其他藝術(shù)家的風格。有一種觀點認為，人工智能生成器在受他人工作影響方面與人類沒有什么不同。)”和最后兩句“However,ahumanartistisalsoaddingemotionandnuance(細微差別)intothemix.AIdoesn’tdothesame—itcanonlycopy.(然而，人類藝術(shù)家也在混合中添加情感和細微差別。人工智能不會做同樣的事情——它只能復制。)”可知，第四段主要是講在人類和AI藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中使用的不同手段。故選C。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“TheincreasinguseofAIwillalsoleadtoadevaluing(貶低)oftheworkofartists.(越來越多地使用人工智能也將導致藝術(shù)家的作品貶值。)”可知，“冰凍三尺非一日之寒”最能總結(jié)最后一段。故選B。題型02細節(jié)理解題（23-24高三上·湖南婁底·期末）Recently,Iwaswalkingwithsomeparentswhenwecameacrossafive-poundnotelyingontheground.Westoodarounditforamoment,abitawkwardly,untilsomeonesuggestedputtingitonanearbybench.Thenoneoftheparentsremarkedthatwe’dprobablyhavebehaveddifferently—thatis,wewouldhavejusttakenthemoney—hadwebeenalone.Thisrelatestoaclassicquestioninstudiesofhumangenerosity:dowebehavemoreselfishlywhenwearen’tbeingobserved?Thedebategoesonacrossthepsychologicalandbiologicalsciences,aswellasinpopularculture,aboutwhetherkindnesscanexistinacompetitiveworld.YomKippurisaJewish(猶太人的)religiousholidaywhenJewishpeoplefastandaskforforgivenessforthewrongsthey’vecommitted.OneofthepointsofYomKippuristobehavebetterregardlessofwhoiswatching.There’sanevolutionarybeautytotheteachingsofYomKippur,whicharetheproductsofthousandsofyearsofculturalchangesandevolution.TheMaasaipeopleofKenyapracticeosotua:relationshipsbetweenpeoplethatoperatebasedonneed.Whensomeoneformsanosotuarelationshipwithanother,theyenterintoanunwrittencontracttohelptheirpartnerintimesofneed.Andhunter-gatherergroups,whichcanrepresentthecircumstancesourspeciesevolvedin,havemanysimilarexamples.Culturalevolutionhelpstoexplaintheexistenceandcomplexityofthesesystems.Culturalchangesarefarfasterthanbiologicalevolution,allowingintelligentspecieslikehumanstodevelopbehavioraladaptationsformanagingcomplexsocialenvironments.Osotua,oranyotherpracticethathelpstomaintaingoodtreatmentofothersinsociety,istheresultoftensofthousandsofyearsofculturaltrialanderror.Thecustomspasseddownovertimearethosethathelpustodevelopasculturalgroups.Thestudyofthosechangeshashelpedustounderstandhowwesuccessfullyspreadaroundtheworldascooperativegroups.Biologicalevolutionhashelpedhumansbemorecooperative,butculturalchangeshaveacceleratedthisprocess.Culturalevolutionhelpsustoovercomeourselfishnatures.Trytounderstandrulesbeforeyouignorethem—andnexttimeyoufindafiverontheground,youmightthinkabouttheawkwardsituationyourdiscoveryrepresents.13．Whatmadetheparentsfeelabitawkward?A．Thedifficultysharingthemoney.B．Thedifficultyfindingtheownerofthemoney.C．Thethoughtofputtingthemoneyonthebench.D．Thethoughtofkeepingthemoneyforthemselves.15．Howisbiologicalevolutiondifferentfromculturalevolution?A．Itevolvesmuchslower. B．Ittakesmuchlesstime.C．Itisamorecomplexprocess. D．Itmakeshumansmorecooperative.【答案】13．D15．A【導語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了在這個充滿競爭的世界里善行是存在的，不同的社會中存在不同的善行的事例，而善行的存在是千百年來的文化進化所致，它幫助我們克服自私的本性。13．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Westoodarounditforamoment,abitawkwardly,untilsomeonesuggestedputtingitonanearbybench.Thenoneoftheparentsremarkedthatwe’dprobablyhavebehaveddifferently—thatis,wewouldhavejusttakenthemoney—hadwebeenalone.(我們圍著它有點尷尬地站了一會兒，直到有人建議把它放在附近的長凳上。然后，其中一位家長說，如果我們單獨在那里，我們的行為可能會有所不同——也就是說，我們會直接拿走錢)”可知，當看到地上的錢時，這些父母們實際上產(chǎn)生了自私的想法：將錢占為己有，這種想法使人感到有點尷尬。故選D項。15．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中“Culturalchangesarefarfasterthanbiologicalevolution,allowingintelligentspecieslikehumanstodevelopbehavioraladaptationsformanagingcomplexsocialenvironments.(文化的變化比生物進化要快得多，這使得像人類這樣有智力的物種能夠發(fā)展出適應復雜社會環(huán)境的行為)”可知，生物進化與文化進化的不同之處在于它進行地慢得多。故選A項。題型03推理判斷題（23-24高三上·河北石家莊·期末）WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman?Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeter-minestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes,andthebookwasDonQuixote(《堂吉訶德》).Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?We’veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife’shalfwaymark.I’mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan’tallgetthere.I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus——anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我),whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate(視……等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellencewhethertheyaredrivingatruck,orrunningastore———maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They’velearnedlife’smostvaluablelesson.1．ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat________.A．lossoffreedomstimulatesone’screativityB．a(chǎn)geisnotabarriertoachievingone’sgoalC．miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfateD．disabilitycannotstopaman′spursuitofsuccess2．WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B．Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C．Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D．Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.3．WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5?A．Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.B．Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity.C．Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D．Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.4．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A．Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B．Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C．Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D．Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.【答案】1．B2．C3．D4．A【導語】本文是一篇議論文。文章以名著《堂吉訶德》的作者Cervantes的事跡為例，講述了想要成功，就要不斷地學習，這樣人生才有意義。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeter-minestowriteabook.(他今年53歲。他成年后的大部分時間都在與債務和不幸作著失敗的斗爭。一次戰(zhàn)爭受傷使他的左手失去了功能，他經(jīng)常被關進監(jiān)獄。不知出于什么動機，他決定寫一本書。)”可知，Cervantes已經(jīng)53歲，不再年輕，前半生一直生活在不幸中，但即便這樣，他還是決定寫一本書；根據(jù)第二段“Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.(事實證明，這本書350多年來一直受到全世界的歡迎。)”可知，他最終實現(xiàn)了目標，并取得了巨大成功。由此推知，文章用Cervantes的故事作為開始，是為了告訴讀者年齡不是實現(xiàn)目標的障礙。故選B。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.(沒什么讓我們驚訝的。我們失去了驚奇感。但是，如果我們愿意學習，機會無處不在。)”可知，從第4段可以推斷出機會垂青于有好奇心的人。故選C。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“Welearntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus——anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.(我們學會忍受我們無法改變的事情。我們學會避免自憐。我們知道，無論我們多么努力地取悅別人，有些人永遠不會愛我們——這個想法一開始會讓人煩惱，但最終會讓人放松。)”可推知，作者是想告訴我們，要學會用恰當?shù)姆绞絹韺Υ?。故選D。4．推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第六段“Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我),whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.(有了高度的動力和熱情，我們就能繼續(xù)學習。然后我們就會知道在我們的生活中有意義是多么重要。然而，只有當我們對比我們的小我更重要的事情做出承諾時，我們才能獲得意義，無論是對所愛的人，對人類同胞，對工作，還是對某些道德觀念。)”可知，作者的目的是為了給人們指導人們?nèi)绾芜^上有意義的成年生活。故選A。題型04詞義猜測題（23-24高三上·廣東東莞·期末）Themushroomingvideoscreensinbuses,taxisandapartmenthallsincitieslikeShanghaiaretakingawayouralreadyrareresource:aplaceforamomentofpeace.Takinganaporreadingabookonbusesislesspleasantnow,astheLCDscreensbroadcastnews,entertainmentandadvertisementsatunbearablevolumes.Youpaythebusfaresimplytogetaride—undisturbed—butnowyouareexposedtothis“addedvalue”,whetheryoulikeitornot.Ifit’sacrowdedbus,thenoiseisevenmoreexasperating.MoreandmoreChinesecitieshavejoinedShanghai,regardedasthefirsttoputvideoscreensonbuses,disturbingmillionsofpassengers.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exasperating”inParagraph2mean?A．Entertaining.B．Encouraging.C．Disappointing.D．Annoying.【答案】29．D【導語】本文是一篇議論文，主要討論了在公交車、出租車、公寓大廳里用視頻屏幕播放內(nèi)容這一現(xiàn)象，這奪走了人們尋找片刻安寧的機會。29．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前句“Youpaythebusfaresimplytogetaride—undisturbed—butnowyouareexposedtothis‘a(chǎn)ddedvalue’,whetheryoulikeitornot.(你支付公交車費用只是為了乘車——不受干擾——但現(xiàn)在你暴露在這種‘附加值’中，無論你喜歡與否。)”可知，乘客乘坐公交車是為了不受干擾地乘車，但視頻屏幕播放內(nèi)容會打擾乘客享受安寧，再結(jié)合畫線詞所在句中的“acrowdedbus”和“thenoise”可推知，在擁擠的公交車中，播放視頻的噪音會更加讓人生氣。exasperating意為“惹人生氣的”，與annoying意思最接近。故選D。（23-24高三上·廣東深圳·期末）First-yearcollegestudentsoftenareexpectedorrequiredtoliveindormitories.Intherestyears,it’susuallyuptothosestudentstodecidewhethertoliveonoroffcampus.Atfirstglance,off-campushousingcanappearlessexpensive.Buttheadditionalexpensesoutsideofrent—likeutilities,groceries,Internetaccess,cableandfurniture—areoftenoverlooked.Toreduceoff-campuscosts,somestudentschoosetooverpackhousesorapartments,sometimeswithfourorfivepeopleinatwo-bedroomhouse.Unlikeoff-campushousing,thetotalcostoflivingoncampusistypicallyall-inclusive,covetingrent,utilities,furniture,Wi-Fiandamealplan.19．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“overpack”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Overlook. B．Overconsume. C．Overestimate. D．Overload.【答案】19．D【導語】本文是一篇議論文。主要介紹的是大學生選擇校內(nèi)外住宿的優(yōu)劣，并提供了選擇建議，分析了校內(nèi)住宿對學習的益處和校外住宿的獨立生活技能需求。19．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞前的“Toreduceoff-campuscosts(為了減少校外居住的成本)”以及劃線單詞后的“sometimeswithfourorfivepeopleinatwo-bedroomhouse(有時四五個人住在一套兩居室的房子里。)”可知，為了降低成本，有些學生選擇在兩室的臥房里住進四五個人，說明房子里住的人太多，由此可推斷，劃線單詞overpack的意思應與“塞滿或者擠滿”意思相近。故選D項。(2024年新課標高考英語I卷C篇)Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften“no”.Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心態(tài))andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper’sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey’vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假說)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?A.Seemunlikelytolast. B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse. D.Becomeeasytonotice.29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly. B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstand.C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly. D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedia.30.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention. B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills. D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.【答案】28.D29.A30.A31.C【解析】【導語】本文是議論文。主要討論了紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀、音頻和視頻學習方式的差異和效果?！?8題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)前文“Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.(當閱讀幾百字或更多的文本時，在紙上學習通常比在屏幕上學習更成功。大量的研究證實了這一發(fā)現(xiàn))”可知，在紙上學習更有成效，以及后文“whenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.(當實驗人員從提出簡單的任務(如識別閱讀文章的主旨)轉(zhuǎn)移到需要思維抽象的任務(如從文本中推斷)時)”推知，此處應是表達“當實驗者從簡單的任務轉(zhuǎn)向需要精神抽象的任務時，紙質(zhì)閱讀的益處就變得顯而易見”之意，所以shinethrough應是“顯而易見”之意，和D項意思相近。故選D項?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled“shallowinghypothesis(假說)”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.(但同樣重要的是精神層面。閱讀研究人員提出了一個名為“shallowinghypothesis”的理論。根據(jù)這一理論，人們以適合社交媒體的心態(tài)接觸數(shù)字文本，這些文本通常不那么嚴肅，與閱讀印刷品時相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowinghypothesis假設讀者在閱讀數(shù)字文本時會持有一種輕松的心態(tài)，不會像閱讀紙質(zhì)書籍那樣投入太多的心理努力。故選A項?！?0題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies—say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.(音頻和視頻可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大學教師越來越多地轉(zhuǎn)向這些技術(shù)，例如分配在線講座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音頻和視頻比文本更能吸引學生的注意力，所以大學教師越來越多地使用這些技術(shù)。故選A項?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn’tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.(數(shù)字文本、音頻和視頻都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中無法獲得的資源時。然而，為了在需要精神集中和反思的情況下最大限度地學習，教育工作者不應假定所有媒體都是相同的，即使它們包含相同的單詞)”可知，盡管數(shù)字文本、音頻和視頻在教育中有一定作用，但當需要精神集中和反思以最大化學習時，教育者不應假定所有媒體都是相同的，即使它們包含相同的單詞。這表明作者認為紙質(zhì)文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示紙質(zhì)文本在教育中的重要性。故選C項。(2024年新課標高考英語甲卷D篇)“Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedifferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedforthecharactersandendingsthatwererightforthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheydidn’thaveatraditionallypositiveoutcome.Ofcourse,IwouldhavepreferredadifferentendingforTomandMaggieTulliver,buttheendingtheygotdidmakethemostsenseforthem.Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(懸疑小說).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat'sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.Thisissuewon’ttellyouwhatyourendingshouldbe—that’suptoyouandthestoryyou’retelling—buitmightprovidewhatyouneedtogetthere.12.WhydidtheauthorgotoProf.Gracie?A.Todiscussanovel. B.Tosubmitabookreport.C.Toargueforawriter. D.Toaskforareadinglist.13.WhatdidtheauthorrealizeafterseeingGracie?A.Writingisamatterofpersonalpreferences.B.Readersareoftencarriedawaybycharacter.C.Eachtypeofliteraturehasitsuniqueend.D.Astorywhichbeginswellwillendwell.14.Whatisexpectedofagoodending?AItsatisfiesreaders’taste. B.Itfitswiththestorydevelopment.C.Itisusuallypositive. D.Itisopenforimagination.15.WhydoestheauthormentionPeterMountfordandElizabethSims?A.Togiveexamplesofgreatnovelists. B.Tostressthethemeofthisissue.C.Toencouragewritingforthemagazine. D.Torecommendtheirnewbooks.【答案】12.A13.C14.B15.B【解析】【導語】本文是一篇議論文。文章首先通過作者與教授關于小說結(jié)局的討論引發(fā)了對結(jié)局的思考，接著闡述了不同類型的文學作品結(jié)局的特點，最后提出了寫作好的結(jié)局的重要性并介紹了《Writer’sDigest》雜志如何幫助作家寫出更好的結(jié)尾。【12題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段““Ididn’tliketheending,”Isaidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,andIwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossbyGeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutitbeyondwhetherIlikeditornot.(“我不喜歡這個結(jié)局，”我對我最喜歡的大學教授說。那是我大三的時候，我正在做一項關于維多利亞文學的獨立研究。我剛剛讀完喬治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，讀到結(jié)尾我很傷心。格雷西教授耐心地讓我考慮一下，不要只看我喜不喜歡)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是為了討論小說。故選A項?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thiswasanahamomentforme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifIwantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I’dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn’tguess,I’dpickupamystery(懸疑小說).OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.(這對我來說是一個頓悟的時刻，我再也沒有想過同樣的結(jié)局。從那時起，如果我想讀一個保證幸福的結(jié)局，我就會選一部愛情小說。如果我想要一個我猜不到的結(jié)局，我會選一本神秘小說。一種是我知道會發(fā)生什么，歷史小說。選擇讀什么變得更容易了)”可知，見過格雷西教授后，作者意識到了每種類型的文學都有其獨特的結(jié)局。故選C項。【14題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Butwritingtheend—that’shard.It’shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.Youhavetobalancecreatinganendingthat’sunpredictable,butdoesn’tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfitswhat’srightforthecharacters.(但是寫出結(jié)局——那很難。對作家來說很難，因為結(jié)局對讀者來說意義重大。你必須平衡創(chuàng)造一個不可預測的結(jié)局，但這個結(jié)局又不能顯得憑空而來，要適合角色的設定)”可知，人們對一個好結(jié)局的期望是結(jié)局又不能顯得憑空而來，要適合角色的設定，也就是符合故事的發(fā)展。故選B項?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“That’swhythisissue(期)ofWriter’sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingforwhateverkindofwritingyou’redoing.Ifit’sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantrytoseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstoseewhatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemforyourwork.(這就是為什么這期《Writer’sDigest》旨在幫助你找出如何為你正在寫的任何類型的作品寫出最好的結(jié)局。如果是短篇小說，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六種技巧，你可以嘗試看看哪一種能幫助你完美著陸。伊麗莎白·西姆斯分析了五部偉大小說的最后幾章，看看它們包含了哪些關鍵點，以及你如何將它們應用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊麗莎白·西姆斯是為了強調(diào)這期《Writer’sDigest》的主題，即幫助讀者寫出更好的結(jié)尾。故選B項。(2024年北京卷英語真題)Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse’svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation—aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.Modernscienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive(認知的)functionsinthebrain.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical(實證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors(隱喻)thatarefamiliartous.InNe