京津魯瓊專用2025版高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題一閱讀理解第二部分第三講理解主旨要義-主旨大意題教案

PAGE1-第三講理解主旨要義——主旨大意題主旨大意題是閱讀理解中難度較大的一類題目，是拉開分?jǐn)?shù)差距的一個(gè)重要考查點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樵擃愒囶}不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)悟大意的實(shí)力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括實(shí)力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，須要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。高考全國(guó)卷主旨大意題題量統(tǒng)計(jì)考綱解讀年份卷別202420242024(1)主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。(2)它既考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解實(shí)力，又考查深層次的推理、概括實(shí)力，難度較大。(3)有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落，甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義；有時(shí)，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。全國(guó)卷Ⅰ2(段落大意、最佳標(biāo)題)2(最佳標(biāo)題、文章大意)1(最佳標(biāo)題)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ2(文章大意、最佳標(biāo)題)2(文章大意、最佳標(biāo)題)2(段落大意、最佳標(biāo)題)全國(guó)卷Ⅲ1(最佳標(biāo)題)2(文章大意、最佳標(biāo)題)2(文章大意、最佳標(biāo)題)【考查特點(diǎn)】Ⅰ.把握主旨大意題常見的命題方式：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis________．(3)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison________．(4)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(5)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(6)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?(7)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson________．Ⅱ.駕馭主旨大意題的考查角度：(1)標(biāo)題類，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題。(2)主題類(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。eq\a\vs4\al([考向1])標(biāo)題歸納題——概括凝練選標(biāo)題該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。留意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)(不變更原文的意義和感情色調(diào))；覆蓋性強(qiáng)(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆Thebesttitleofthepassageis________．◆Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?◆Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?◆Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis________．[典例](2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ·B)ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative.“It’snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(來源)ofinspirationfordesigners，”saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA＋ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(時(shí)尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美學(xué))onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook，”saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”O(jiān)fcourse,notonlyaretoday’stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales，”addsHill.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion.“ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers，”shesays.“Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina—itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways.”7．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB．AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC．DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD．ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrendseq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括文意文章以國(guó)外視角報(bào)道中國(guó)文化及中國(guó)美學(xué)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚的影響，呈現(xiàn)了中國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展的引領(lǐng)作用。其次步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌推斷A向世界推銷幻想的年輕模特與文章內(nèi)容不符無中生有，曲解文意B在紐約舉辦的一次中國(guó)藝術(shù)展本文提到了在紐約舉辦的一次中國(guó)藝術(shù)展，但這不是文章主要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容以偏概全，主次不分C東西方美學(xué)的差異本文主要講解并描述的是中國(guó)引領(lǐng)國(guó)際時(shí)尚和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展，C項(xiàng)范圍過大主題過大，范圍太廣D中國(guó)美學(xué)影響國(guó)際時(shí)尚的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)此標(biāo)題全面、精練地概括了文章內(nèi)容涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：Deq\a\vs4\al()理解標(biāo)題的三大特點(diǎn)，巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：1．概括——精確而又簡(jiǎn)短。2．針對(duì)性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符。3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。因此有必要駕馭以下三大方法：1．正面確定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能精確概括主旨。2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文比照，一一解除不符選項(xiàng)。3．研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變更、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。eq\a\vs4\al([考向2])文章大意題——明確中心定選項(xiàng)主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?◆Thepassageismainlyabout________．◆Whatisthetextmainlyabout?◆Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________．[典例](2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ·B)Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野)．Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30，000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20，000peoplewhodugforgold,4，000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Theriseandfallofacity.B．ThegoldrushinCanada.C．Journeysintothewilderness.D．TourisminDawson.eq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括文意本文主要介紹了加拿大道森的歷史、發(fā)展與現(xiàn)狀。其次步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌推斷A一個(gè)城市的興衰本文主要以道森為例，講解并描述了城市的興衰涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文B加拿大淘金熱本文只在其次段提到了淘金熱以偏概全，主次不分C荒野之旅本文沒提到荒野之旅無中生有，曲解文意D道森的旅游業(yè)范圍太小，不能涵蓋道森的過去以偏概全，主次不分第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()在找尋和歸納一篇文章的主題句時(shí)，應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn)：1．關(guān)注文章的首段和符合主題句特點(diǎn)的句子，留意下文是否對(duì)其有說明和支撐作用；2．快速通讀文章主體部分的每一段，結(jié)合每一段的主題句，推斷各個(gè)段落是否與文章開頭和結(jié)尾的主題句形成呼應(yīng)關(guān)系；3．留意文章的末尾，看此處出現(xiàn)的主題句和文章開頭的主題句是否呼應(yīng)。假如文章的首句語言精練，且在中間被從多角度來說明或論證，又與尾段的句子相呼應(yīng)，則這個(gè)句子是全文的主題句。此處，假如文章中出現(xiàn)了兩種及以上的不同觀點(diǎn)，則文章最終作者的觀點(diǎn)為文章的主要觀點(diǎn)。此時(shí)要留意表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義的詞語如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等，因?yàn)檫@些詞語之后的內(nèi)容往往是作者的觀點(diǎn)，也是文章的主旨大意。此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地解除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。eq\a\vs4\al([考向3])段落大意題——分析結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)揣摩每一個(gè)文段都要圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題依據(jù)確定的邏輯依次綻開，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有確定的規(guī)律性。一般有如下四種結(jié)構(gòu)：1．總分式。作者在段落開頭概括主題，然后再依據(jù)確定的邏輯依次綻開段落；有時(shí)候，作者也會(huì)在開頭先用一個(gè)引子導(dǎo)入主題，從而使主題句出現(xiàn)在其次句，但從整體上看，段落仍舊是總分式結(jié)構(gòu)。2．分總式。除了總分式外，還有很多段落在開頭通過舉例子或論述層層推動(dòng)，直到最終才得出段落的主題句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫分總式。分總式也是很常見的一種段落結(jié)構(gòu)。3．分總分式。一個(gè)段落也可以采納分總分的模式，往往在開頭講解并描述一個(gè)詳細(xì)的事例，通過事例得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，也就是這個(gè)段落的主題句，然后接著例證或拓展這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)所包含的內(nèi)容。4．無主題句式。英語中也有少量的段落并沒有主題句，如同漢語中的散文一樣，講究用一個(gè)主題將表面互不相連的一些事例或者表述連接起來。段落雖然沒有主題句，但讀完整個(gè)段落，你仍能發(fā)覺，這些表面不相連的內(nèi)容卻都指向了同一個(gè)主題，這些不明顯的主題通過一些關(guān)鍵詞或者相像結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出來。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆Whatdoestheauthortellusinparagraph...?◆Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．◆Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________．◆Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizepara.1?[典例](2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationofthepopular.B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.eq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括段意本段介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜愛的人和追求地位的人。其次步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌推斷A受歡迎人的分類A項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精練總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文B青少年的特征本文沒有涉及青少年的特征，純屬無中生有無中生有，曲解文意C交際技能的重要性涉及交際技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分D不光彩行為的緣由涉及不光彩行為，但沒有介紹其緣由，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()方法1：概括段落大意要精確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分依次組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；假如按分總依次組織，主題句就在段尾；假如按分總分的依次組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；假如對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時(shí)，作者可能不干脆寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法示意給讀者，這就須要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與推斷力，揣摩段落大意。(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·D)Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclass-roomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解決方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影響)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文介紹了美國(guó)一所中學(xué)與NASA合作的聯(lián)合科研項(xiàng)目，激勵(lì)學(xué)生開發(fā)創(chuàng)新思維，培育實(shí)際生活技能。32．WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A．Theyarehardtogetridof.B．Theyleadtoairpollution.C．Theyappearindifferentforms.D．Theydamagetheinstruments.A解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段其次句“Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，細(xì)菌很難被清除掉。故選A。33．WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A．Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B．Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C．Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D．Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.D解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段第一句“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.”可知，HUNCH項(xiàng)目的目的是把太空技術(shù)和學(xué)校教化結(jié)合起來。故選D。34．WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A．Checktheirproduct.B．Guideprojectdesigns.C．Adjustworkschedules.D．Gradetheirhomework.A解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段中的“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview...It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA的工程師們會(huì)檢查學(xué)生們的作品。故選A。35．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．NASA:TheHomeofAstronautsB．Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontierC．Nature:AnOutdoorClassroomD．HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReformB解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。本文講解并描述的是美國(guó)一所中學(xué)與NASA合作的聯(lián)合科研項(xiàng)目，讓學(xué)生完成與太空技術(shù)有關(guān)的任務(wù)。B項(xiàng)與此內(nèi)容親密相關(guān)。故選B。eq\a\vs4\al()找主題句的五個(gè)小竅門1．段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等)時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答很可能就是主題句。3．作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4．首段出現(xiàn)詳細(xì)例子或假設(shè)時(shí)，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容可能是主題句。5．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的詞語常有therefore,inshort等。A(2024·貴陽高三適應(yīng)性考試)Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.Whenthey’relittle,theyneedourhelpwitheverything.Overtime,kidsusuallytaketheleadonthingslikefeedinganddressingthemselves,butitcanbedifficulttoknowwhenit’stimeforthemtostartdoingsomebasicthings,suchaspackingtheirownlunchesforschoolorsolvingproblemswithteacherswithoutaparent’shelp.BloggerAmyCarneyrecentlysharedapostaboutthethingsparentsshouldstopdoingfortheirteens.Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.BarbHarvey,achildhoodbehaviorexpert,gavemeheranswer：Theageatwhichchildrenlearntomastercertainskillswillbedifferentdependinguponthematurity(成熟)andinterestlevelofthechild.Iaskedthesamequestionamongmyfriends.Theygaveallkindsofanswers,whichcanexplainHarvey’sopinion.Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.Ifyourkidsaren’treadytopacktheirownlunches—don’tsweatit.Helpthemlearntheskillsthey’rereadytodealwithandkeepworkingtowardstheendgoalofraisingresponsibleandableadults.Becauseifthere’sonethingthatwecanallagreeonasparents,it’sthattimemovesquicklywhenyou’reraisingkids.Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了父母和孩子成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。1．WhatisAmyCarney’sexpectationwhenherchildrenare13?A．Tobeaskillfulcook.B．TofollowHarvey’sopinion.C．Tobeanexpert.D．Tohavebasicskills.D解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段其次句“Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.”可知，AmyCarney期望自己的孩子們?cè)?3歲時(shí)可以駕馭一些基本技能。故選D。2．Whocandecidewhenthechildrenwilllearntocareforthemselves?A．AmyCarney. B．BarbHarvey.C．Thechildren. D．Theparents.D解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段第一句“Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.”可知，孩子們什么時(shí)候可以照看自己取決于父母。故選D。3．Whywillparentsfeelupsetwhentheirchildrengrowup?A．Theirkidscandonothing.B．Theyfeellessimportant.C．Theirchildrenbecomeableadults.D．Theirkidsdisagreeonanything.B解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段最終一句“Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.”和對(duì)第一段的整體理解可推知，當(dāng)孩子們長(zhǎng)大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情時(shí)，父母會(huì)覺得失落是因?yàn)楦改赣X得孩子們不再須要自己了，自己對(duì)他們來講沒有那么重要了。故選B。4．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Walkingafineline.B．BloggerAmyCarney.C．Parentsandtheirchildren’sgrowth.D．Achildhoodbehaviorexpert.C解析：主旨大意題。依據(jù)第一段第一句“Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.”點(diǎn)題，并結(jié)合對(duì)全文的整體理解可知，本文主要講解并描述的是父母和孩子成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。故選C。[長(zhǎng)難句分析]Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.(其次段其次句)分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。句中thatsheexpectsherkidstomaster是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞thebasicskills。譯文：在這篇文章里，Carney共享了一些她期望她的孩子們到他們13歲時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)駕馭的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒來，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作業(yè)。B(2024·河北衡水中學(xué)高三調(diào)研考試)Irecentlyspentadayclearingoutmylatemother’swardrobe.Ithasbeentwoyearssinceshediedsoitwastimetomoveon.Therewerefourwardrobesandtwochestsofdrawers—10blackbagsfullofclothesforcharity,andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch.WhatstruckmeasIsortedthroughtherailswasfirst,whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack,lotsoflayers—andsecond,howsheneverthrewanythingaway.Shedidn’tbuyclothesexcessively,ratheraccumulatedthemoveralifetime.Andeverypieceshebought,whetheritwasfromStMichael(aluxurybrand),H&MorHelmutLang(fast-fashionbrands),shetreatedasequals.Avintagekimono,acoatshemadeinthe80sfromaKenzoVoguedressmakingpattern,thesmartblackjacketorderedfromAsos(anonlineshop),orthe40-year-oldoversizedT-shirtfromMissSelfridgewasallperfectlykept,carefullyhunguporfolded,buttonsallinonepiece,notastitchoutofplace.Shedidnotdifferentiatebetweenhigh-streetbargainsandSundaybest.Shecherishedallherclothes,whateverthepricetag.So,whenDr.MarkSumner,alecturerinfashionandsustainabilityattheUniversityofLeeds,toldMPsattheenvironmentalauditcommittee’sinvestigationintothesustainabilityofthefact-fashionindustrythathigh-streetclothescanbemoredurablethanfast-fashionones,itrangtruetome.“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.Somefastfashionischeapandnastyandwillfallapartafterafewwashes.Thesamecanbetrueofdesignerclothing.Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation).Asmymother’swardrobetestifies,ifyouhaveagoodeyeforclothesthatarestylishratherthanfashionable,choosecarefully:lookforthebest-qualityfabricsyoucanafford,andtreattheclothesyoubuywiththeutmostrespect,careandlove.Yourclothes—whateverthepricetag—willrepayyouwithyearsofservice.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者在整理已故母親的衣服時(shí)，發(fā)覺母親的衣服保存得特別好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時(shí)尚的衣服，后來作者想要通過Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟告知大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthewriter’slatemother?A．Shewasonlyfondofdesignerclothes.B．Shelikedcollectingfashionableclothes.C．Shehadpreferenceforblack.D．Sheoftenboughtclothesonline.C解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段第一句中的“whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack”可知，作者的母親喜愛黑色。故選C。6．Howwillthewritertreatherlatemother’sclothes?A．Shewilldonatethemalltoacharity.B．Shewillkeepsomeforherownuse.C．Shewillsellthemtofundresearch.D．Shewillgivethemalltoherfriends.B解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段中的“andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch”可知，作者會(huì)留一些自己穿。故選B。7．Whatdoestheauthorintendtoproveinthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Expensiveclothesdon’tmeanlong-lastingclothes.B．Expensiveclothesaren’teasilyworn-outclothes.C．Expensiveclothesdon’tinvolvelaborexploitation.D．Expensiveclothesmeanagoodeyeforfashion.A解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終兩段內(nèi)容尤其是最終一段第三句“Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation)．”可推知，作者想要證明的是昂貴的衣服不確定耐穿。故選A。8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．CanCheapClothesBeStylish?B．CanPriceTagIndicateFashion?C．CanFastFashionBeSustainable?D．CanDesignerClothingSellMore?C解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，作者在整理已故母親的衣服時(shí)，發(fā)覺母親的衣服保存得特別好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時(shí)尚的衣服，然后作者通過Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟想要告知大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故選C。[長(zhǎng)難句分析]“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.(第三段最終一句)分析：本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是therebe句型，動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語；that引導(dǎo)賓語從句；which引導(dǎo)賓語從句。譯文：他說：“這并不是說價(jià)格會(huì)告知你哪種產(chǎn)品會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單磨損。”主旨大意題——標(biāo)題歸納題(建議用時(shí)：25分鐘)A(2024·青島質(zhì)量檢測(cè))RecentlywheneverIturnedonmycomputerormymobilephone,newsaboutthegreateffectofHurricaneHarveyonthousandsofpeoplecaughtmyeye.Isawmanyunfortunateevents.However,therewasalsothebrightnewsthatconfirmedthegoodnessofmankind.Asajournalist,Iwrotemanyhuman-intereststoriesduringmycareer.That’swhythestoryabouttheguysinthebakerycaughtmyeye.WhenthestaffataMexicanbakerychaininHoustonweretrappedinsidethebuildingfortwodays,theydidn’tsittherefeelingsorryforthemselves.TheyusedtheirtimewiselyafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey.WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.Thefloodwaterroseinthestreetoutside.Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.Theyusedmorethan4，200poundsofflourtocreatehundredsofloavesandsheetsofsweetbread.Althoughthewaterkeptrising,theycontinuedbakingtohelpmorepeople.Bythetimetheownermanagedtogettothem,theyhadmadesomuchbreadthattheytooktheloavestoloadsofemergencycentersacrossthecityforpeopleaffectedbythefloods.Thestoremanager,BrianAlvarado,toldTheIndependent,“Wheneveradisasteroccurs,nobodyshouldjustfeelforlorn.Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。一家連鎖面包店的員工們?cè)诿鎸?duì)哈維颶風(fēng)帶來的洪水、斷電時(shí)，在等待救援的同時(shí)實(shí)行主動(dòng)的行動(dòng)，利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包去幫助社區(qū)受洪水影響的居民。1．WhatdidthebakerystoreworkersdoafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey?A．Theyvolunteeredtomakebreadfortheircommunity.B．Theymanagedtolivebysellingmorebreadinthestore.C．Theyfeltsorrythattheycouldn’tescapefromthestore.D．Theyatenothingbuttowaitfortheircommunitytorescuethem.A解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段最終一句“WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.”可知，當(dāng)這家面包房的員工們?cè)诘却芤簧衔绲淖罱K救援時(shí)，四人確定為他們的社區(qū)烤盡可能多的面包。故選A項(xiàng)。2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“forlorn”underlinedinthelastparagraph?A．Fortunate. B．Hopeful.C．Shallow. D．Desperate.D解析：詞義揣測(cè)題。依據(jù)最終一段中的“Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.”可知，相反，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)實(shí)行主動(dòng)的行動(dòng)來挽救自己和幫助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思與positive相反，故forlorn與desperate(無望的)意思相近。故選D項(xiàng)。3．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Alvaradoorganizedhisworkerstobakemuchbread.B．HurricaneHarveycausedapowerfailureinHouston.C．Thestaffinthebakerysentenoughflourtoemergencycenters.D．Theauthorpreferredtowritestoriesaboutpeoplefacingdisasters.B解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段中的“Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.”可知，他們利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包。由此可推知，哈維颶風(fēng)造成休斯敦停電。故選B項(xiàng)。4．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．APopularMexicanBakeryChaininHoustonB．WaitfortheEventualRescueinaBigDisasterC．AllKindsofDisastersCausedbyHurricaneHarveyinHoustonD．BakeBreadtoMakeaDifferenceintheFaceofHurricaneHarveyD解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。依據(jù)其次三段的內(nèi)容和最終一段中的“Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”可知，D項(xiàng)(在面對(duì)哈維颶風(fēng)時(shí)，烤面包起了很大作用)作為標(biāo)題最能概括全文內(nèi)容。故選D項(xiàng)。B(2024·河南高考適應(yīng)性測(cè)試)EveryyearbetweenMayandSeptember,all54employeesofBasecamp,aChicago-basedwebapplicationcompany,haveashortworkweek:justfourdays—atotalof32hours.Also,theyusuallyworkfivedaysaweekfortherestoftheyear.“That’splentyoftimetogetgreatworkdone.Thisisallweexpectandallwewantfrompeople，”saysJasonFried,aco-founder.“Working50-，60-，or70-plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50-，60-，or70-plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”Thecompany’ssummerworkloadmustfitreducedhours,Mr.Friedinsists,otherwisethebenefitsofashorterweek—torecoverfromwork,enjoytimewithfamilyandpursue(追求)outsideinterests—wouldbeundone.Hisnewresearchfindsthatitisnotjustlonghoursthatareharmfultoemployees’physicalandmentalhealth.Itisalsotheintensity(強(qiáng)度)ofwork.Moreover,itsuggeststhatintenseworkharmscareerprospects.Thatisbecauseunbearablehoursandintensityareintheoppositedirection,reducingthequalityofthework.Theresearchconcludesthatthelevelofintensityweapplytotheworkwedoisgenerally“astrongerpredictorofunfavorableoutcomesthanovertimework”．Theresearchcomparedpeopleofsimilarjobsandeducationlevels,andfoundtheyweremorelikelytosufferpoorerhappinessandworsecareerprospects,includingsatisfaction,securityandpromotion,whentheyworkedatanintenselevelforlongperiods.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp的54名員工將近半年時(shí)間每周只工作4天，共32小時(shí)的狀況為例說明白較短的工作周有益于人們的身心健康，并以一項(xiàng)探討來證明。5．WhatdoweknowaboutBasecamp’sfour-dayworkweek?A．Itlastsnearlyhalfayear.B．Theworkpressureistoohigh.C．Therearesomemanagementproblems.D．Employeesworkmorethan8hoursaday.A解析：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段可知，一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp的54名員工在每年5月到9月期間每周的工作時(shí)間都很短：只有四天，共32小時(shí)，持續(xù)5個(gè)月，也許半年時(shí)間。故選A項(xiàng)。6．WhatdoesMr.Friedintendtosayinparagraph2?A．Givenplentyoftime,peoplecandomore.B．Togetworkdonewellneedsplentyoftime.C．Peoplecandoajobverywellinashortworkweek.D．Alongworkweekisappropriateforreducedworkload.C解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段中的“Working50-，60-，or70-plushoursisunnecessary.Infact,ifyouhavetowork50-，60-，or70-plushoursaweek,there’samanagementproblem.”可知，弗里德先生認(rèn)為一周工作五六十個(gè)小時(shí)，甚至七十幾個(gè)小時(shí)是沒有必要的。假如真這么做了，反而會(huì)出現(xiàn)管理上的問題，由此推知，弗里德先生認(rèn)為人們可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)把工作做好，故選C項(xiàng)。7．Whatdoestheresearchmentionedinthetextwanttotellus?A．Gettingmuchmorerest.B．Improvingworkquality.C．Refusingafive-dayworkweek.D．Avoidingworkingtoointensely.D解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干中的theresearch可定位到第四至六段。通讀這幾段，尤其是第四段可知，這個(gè)新探討發(fā)覺長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作不只對(duì)員工的身心健康有害，工作的強(qiáng)度也會(huì)影響員工的職業(yè)前景。這是因犯難以忍受的工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)和工作強(qiáng)度會(huì)降低工作質(zhì)量。第五六段進(jìn)一步說明白長(zhǎng)時(shí)間高強(qiáng)度工作的壞處。由此可以推知，該探討是建議人們要避開高強(qiáng)度工作，故選D項(xiàng)。8．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．MoreWork,MoreProfitsB．LessWork,LessBenefitsC．ShorterWeek,BetterRewardD．LongerHours,HigherIntensityC解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp為例，說明白較短的工作周的好處。除此之外，還介紹了一項(xiàng)有關(guān)工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)和工作強(qiáng)度對(duì)人的影響的探討，由此更進(jìn)一步印證了較短工作周對(duì)人身心方面的好處。因此C項(xiàng)最能概括全文內(nèi)容。C(2024·邯鄲一模)It’scommonknowledgethatsomecountrieshavehigherlifeexpectanciesthanothers,butthecityyouliveincanalsoaffectyourhealth.Somecitiesarehardontheirresidents.Inplaceswithpoorcityplanning,forexampleLagos,whichwascalledoutrecentlybytheEconomistIntelligenceUnit,publicspacesarefew,makingoutdooractivitieshard.Lackofinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)blocksthestreetswithcarsandtheairwithpollutants,andresidentsworklonghoursforlittlemoney.ThesearejustsomeofthefactorsaddedupbySpotahome,arentalagency.They’veanalyzeddatafromarangeofsources,includingtheWorldHealthOrganization,TripAdvisorandtheCIAWorldFactbooktoscoreeachcityonhealth,gymavailabilityandquality,lifeexpectancies,obesity,greenspaceandotherelementstomakealisttoworkoutwhicharetheworld’shealthiestcities.ThelistiscertainlyEurocentricandsunshineisseenasapositivefactor.Itdoesgosomewaytowardsuggestingwhichcitiesaregettingitrightinprovidingagoodlifefortheirresidents.ItmaynotbesurprisingtolearnthatmostofthehealthiestcitiesareinnorthernEurope,knownforitspeople-firstapproachtocityplanning.ThecitiesofAustraliaandCanadaalsodowell.However,thefirstAmericancityisonlyin34thplace.TheU．K.doesn’tfaretoowelleither—itsonlycityinthetop50listisLondon,in40th.Wheth