專業(yè)英語八級(jí)（閱讀）模擬試卷22（共192題）

專業(yè)英語八級(jí)(閱讀)模擬試卷22(共

9套)

(共192題)

專業(yè)英語八級(jí)(閱讀)模擬試卷第1套

一、選擇題(本題共14題，每題1.0分，共分。)

PassageOne(1)There'sthisgreatrecurringSaturdayNightLiveskitfromseveralyears

backwherePhilHartmanplaysanunfrozencavemanwhogoestolawschool.He

pontificates(發(fā)表jK斷的意見)ontheAmericanjudicialsystemwhilemarvelingat

moderntechnologylikeTheTinyPeopleinTheMagicBox(aTV).Itfitsacommon

stereotype:Humanancestorswere,well,cavemen,andnotassmartaswearetoday.A

newhypothesisfromaStanfordgeneticisttriestoturnthisstereotypeupsidedown.(2)

Humanintelligencemayhaveactuallypeakedbeforeourancientpredecessorseverleft

Africa,GeraldCrabtreewritesintwonewjournalarticles.Geneticmutationsduringthe

pastseveralmillenniaarecausingadeclineinoverallhumanintellectualandemotional

fitness,hesays.Evolutionarypressurenolongerfavorsintellect,sotheproblemisgetting

worse.Heiscarefultosaythatthisistakingquitealongtime,soit'snotlikeyour

grandparentsaremodelsofbrilliancewhileyourchildrenwillbecavemenrivaling

Hartman'sSNLcharacter.ButhedoesmaintainthatanancientAthenian,pluckedfrom

1000BC,wouldbe"amongthebrightestandmostintellectuallyaliveofourcolleagues

andcompanions."(3)Hiscentralthesisisthateachgenerationproducesdeleterious(有

害的)mulalions,sodownthelineofhumanhistory,ourintelligenceisevermore

impairedcomparedtothatofourpredecessors.(4)Notsurprisingly,thehypothesis,

publishedinthejournalTrendsinGenetics,hasseveralgeneticistsscratchingtheirheads.

(5)"Ittakesthousandsofgenestobuildahumanbrain,andmutationsinanyoneofthose

canimpairthatprocess,that'sabsolutelytrue.It'salsotruethatwitheachnewgeneration,

newmutationsarise...butCrabtreeignorestheothersideoftheequation,whichis

selection,"saidKevinMitchell,associateprofessorattheSmurfitInstituteofGeneticsat

TrinityCollegeDublin."Naturalselectionisincrediblypowerful,anditdefinitelyhas

theabilitytoweedoutnewmutationsthatsignificantlyimpairintellectualability.There

arevariousaspectsinthesepapersthatIthinkarereallyjustthinkingaboutthingsina

wrongway."(6)Crabtreesaidhewantedtoexaminethecumulativeeffectofgeneration-

to-generationmutationonintelligence,whichisthoughttobecontrolledbymanygenes.

UsingindexesthatmeasureX-chromosome-relatedmentalretardation,hecomesupwith

between2,000and5,000genesrelatedtohumanintellectualability.Usinganotherindex

measuringaveragemutationsthatariseineachgenerationofchildren,hecalculatesthat

within3,000years,"wehaveallsustainedtwoormoremutationsharmfultoour

intellectualoremotionalstability.H(7)"Thereisageneralfeelingthatevolution

constantlyimprovesus,butitonlydoesthatifthereisselectionapplied/'Crabtreesaidin

aninterview."Inthiscase,itisquestionableabouthowmuchselectionisoccurringnow

comparedtotheprocessofoptimizingthosegenes,whichoccurredinthejunglesof

Africa500,000yearsago."(8)There'salreadyevidenceforthisinotherareas,heargues:

Takeoursenseofsmell.Humanshavefarfewerolfactoryreceptorsthanotheranimals,

hesaid—we'reguidedbyourintellectnow,notbysmell.Wccanthinkaboutwherea

pieceoffoodcamefrom,howitwasprocessed,whichplantit'sfrom,whohasbeen

aroundit,andsoon.Aclog,ontheotherhand,simplysniffssomethingandeithereatsit

ordoesn't.(9)Similarly,hebelievesevolutionnowselectsforothertraits—namely,the

mosthealthyandthemostimmune,notthemostintelligent.(10)Butgeneticiststook

issuewithhisclaims,nottomentionhiscitationsandmethods.Mitchelltookissuewith

Crabtree'scharacterizationofgenes—hedescribesthemaslinksinachain,with

incredibleoveralldisruptivepower.They'relikeabulbonastringofChristmastree

lightsthatsuddenlyfailstowork,takingouttheentirestrandwithit:"Itcanbe

concludedthatgenesrela:edtointelligencedonotoperateasarobustnetwork,butrather

aslinksinachain,failureofanyoneofwhichleadstointellectualdisability,1'hewrites.

Mitchellcounteredthatthisignoresothergenesthatdon'tcauseintellectualdisability.

(11)"Biologicalsystemsarerobusttodegradationofseveraldifferentcomponents,"

Mitchellsaid."Evolutionhasgonetoalotoftroubletocraftyourgenomesoitsfinely

honedtodoitsjob,anditdoesn'tmakesensethatyouwouldhaveallthisrandom

mutationinyourbraincells.Also,youwouldhaveaveryhighrateofbraincancer.*'

1Accordingtothepassage,SaturdayNightLiveskitis.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段的描述可知，《周六夜現(xiàn)場(chǎng)》是一檔具有調(diào)

侃風(fēng)格、以輕松搞笑為目的，并結(jié)合現(xiàn)今社會(huì)話題的滑稽短劇，類似于情景喜劇，

故A為答案。

2、WhichofthefollowingwouldGeraldCrabtreemostlikelyDISAGREEwith?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B-

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第二段可知，克拉布特認(rèn)為基因變異在人類智力的

衰退過程中起著重要作用，進(jìn)化過程如今已不再選擇更優(yōu)的智力，因此人們不再像

先祖那樣在智力發(fā)展方面存在壓力，與智力相關(guān)的基因已不再那么活躍。綜上所

述，A和C都是克拉布特認(rèn)同的觀點(diǎn)，故均排除；根據(jù)第三段可知，B”有害的變

異不易變化，且易于清除''與其觀點(diǎn)相悖，故選B；根據(jù)第七段可知，克拉布特認(rèn)

為只有自然選擇發(fā)揮作用時(shí)人類才會(huì)得到改進(jìn)，比起五十萬年前人類先祖迫于生存

而使基因最優(yōu)化的過程，完競(jìng)有多大程度的自然選擇正在發(fā)生作用還不確定，因此

D“進(jìn)化過程中，自然選擇僅在一些場(chǎng)合下起作用”符合其觀點(diǎn)，故也排除。

3、KevinMitchellraisesdoubtsaboutGeraldCrabtree'shypothesisinallofthe

followingaspectsEXCEPT

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第十段第一、二句可知，米切爾除了質(zhì)疑克拉布特

采用的研究方法和參考文獻(xiàn)外，就其對(duì)基因特性的描述也提出了異議；另外，根據(jù)

第五段可知，米切爾認(rèn)為克拉布特在提出進(jìn)化壓力不再對(duì)智力有利、與智力有關(guān)的

基因正在產(chǎn)生更多有害的變異時(shí)，并未考慮到進(jìn)化過程中自然選擇的強(qiáng)大作用，其

觀點(diǎn)比較片面。綜上所述，B、C和D都是米切爾對(duì)克拉布特的假說提出質(zhì)疑的具

體方面，故都排除；A“此假說自相矛盾的本質(zhì)”原文未提及，故為答案。

4、WhichofthefollowingwouldbetheBESTtitleforthepassage?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：主旨大意題。作者以一部滑稽短劇開場(chǎng)，借古論今，指出劇中反映了

現(xiàn)代人比人類祖先更聰明這一普遍觀點(diǎn)，隨后筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，介紹了遺傳學(xué)家克拉布特

提出的新假說，即現(xiàn)代人不一定比他們的祖先聰明，甚至在過去的幾千年間人類的

智力在逐漸衰退。作者凄著介紹了克拉布特的主要觀點(diǎn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容和方法，同時(shí)陳

述了另一位遺傳學(xué)家凱文?米切爾對(duì)克拉布特假說的反駁。綜上所述，C“人類智力

已經(jīng)走下坡路了嗎?”最能概括全文大意，故為答案，

PassageTwo(1)SocialmobilityintheU.K.couldbereversedunlessthegovernment

anduniversitiesmakechangestoencourageandpayformorestudentsfrom

disadvantagedbackgroundstotakedegrees,accordingtothegovernment'sindependent

adviserontheissue.AlanMilburnsaidinareportthatsocialmobilitywasnow

"flatliningatbest"aftergainsintheearlypartofthelastdecade.(2)"Giventhe

headwindsthatuniversitiesandhighereducationinstitutionsarefacing—tuitionfees,

studentcaps,publicfundingconstraints—there'sarealdangerthingswillgobackwards,

ratherthanforwards,MMilburntoldTheGuardian."Astheeconomychanges,whogets

intouniversitydoesbecomeaveryimportantdriverofsocialmobility.M(3)Thereport

recommendschangesacrossgovernmentpolicyandthewayuniversitiesselect,fundand

encouragestudentsfrommoredisadvantagedareas,whoheargueshavebeenshownto

dobetteratuniversitythanpupilsfromprivateschoolswiththesamegrades.Suggestions

includeofferingallstudentsfrompoorerbackgroundsaninterviewandconsidering

offeringplacestothosewithlowergrades.Acknowledgingpressureonpublicspending

duringtherecession,Milburncallsonallpartiestocommittogovernmentfundingfor

highereducationrisingfrom1.2%currentlyto1.5%,theaveragefortheOECDgroupof

advancedeconomies.(4)TheformerLabourMPandcabinetmember,whowasthefirst

personinhisfamilytogotouniversity,saidsocialmobilitycreated"fallenaswellas

risers,"echoingcandidcommentsbytheLiberalDemocratbusinesssecretary,Vince

Cable,whotoldanaudienceonWednesdaythatsocialmobilitywasoften"atwo-way

street*'and"azero-sumgame.""Wewanteveryonetomoveupandnoonetomove

down,"saidCable."Butintherealworldnoteveryonecanbeastar.Socialmobilityis

oftenembodiedinthecomprehensiveschoolpupilwhoreachesOxbridge,butwhatabout

theschooldropoutwhofinishedupinalowlymenialjob?Thatisalsosocialmobility.

Butthisissurelywhatmeritocracyisallabout-successthroughhardwork,notthrough

birth."(5)Milburn'sreportsaysuniversitiesspendmorethan￡400mtosoftenthe

impactofhighertuitionfeesonstudentsfrompoorerbackgrounds,butsaysthereislittle

evidencethatitiswellspent,andcallsfordeepchanges.Itadvocatesthatmoneyisspent

notjustonreducingfeesbuthelpingtofundpoorerstudents,andcallsforanewversion

ofthescrappedEducationalMaintenanceAllowance,intendedtohelppoorerpupils

remaininschooltodoA-lcvcls.Universitiesarcaskedtoagreetouse^contextualdata"

whenassessingapplicationstogivepupilsfromworseschoolsabetterchance,evenif

theyhavelowergrades.Becausesomeuniversities-especiallyfromtheRussellGroup

ofhigherrankedinstitutions-haveobjectedtosuchamoveinthepast,Milburnoffers

themalternatives,includingrunningnewprogrammestoassessandprepareschool-

leavers,suchassummerschools,andguaranteeinginterviewstopupilsfromschoolsin

disadvantagedareas.(6)Ministersareurgedtoscrapacaponstudentnumbers,which

Milburncallsanartificiallimitonaspiration,andtobelterexplainthetuitionfeespolicy,

underwhichstudentsstartrepayingtheirloanswhentheirearningsriseaboveacertain

threshold.Oneoptionwouldbetorenamethepolicyagraduatetax,whichitis"inall

butname,"saysMilburn,thoughhesaysitmightbetoolateforthat.Healsocallsfor

morefundingforpost-graduates,probablythroughupfrontloans,sayingtheissueis"in

dangerofbecomingasocialmobilitytimebomb."(7)Theproposaltore-introducethe

EMAwaswidelywelcomedbysocialandeducationorganizations,includingthe

children'scharityBarnados,whichsaidithadevidencethatchildrenwerehavingto

choosebetweenthecostofbreakfastandtheirbusfaretoschool.TheIcft-of-ccntrcIPPR

thinktankwelcomedthereport'ssuggestionthat"weshouldlookatapplyingthelessons

ofthepupilpremiuminschoolstotheuniversitysector,withmorefundingbeing

providedtoinstitutionsiftheyrecruitfromdisadvantagedbackgrounds.'*

5、AccordingloAlanMilbumSreport,whichuftheIblluwingistheuuncutsilualiunuf

socialmobility?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一?段末尾艾倫.米爾本在報(bào)告中提到，如今的社會(huì)流

動(dòng)性是flatliningatbest。flatline意為“停滯不前”，由此可以推知，如今的社會(huì)流動(dòng)

性不大，故選B。

6、WhatdocstheformerLabourMPmeanbysaying'socialmobilitycreated'fallersas

wellasrisersinPara.4?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。第四段后半部分引用文斯.凱布的評(píng)論對(duì)前工黨議員和

內(nèi)閣成員所說的話做了深入解釋，不是每個(gè)人都能成為生活中的明星，最后總結(jié)成

功的秘訣并非來自天生而是來自不懈的努力。由此推斷，D是對(duì)前工黨議員和內(nèi)閣

成員所述的最好詮釋。由第四段第一句后半部分可知，文斯.凱布回應(yīng)了前工黨議

員和內(nèi)閣成員的觀點(diǎn)，文斯?凱布是贊同他的觀點(diǎn)的，故排除A；通過該段可知，

綜合性中學(xué)的學(xué)生通過努力能考上牛津和劍橋大學(xué)，但這只是社會(huì)流動(dòng)性的一個(gè)例

證，B的說法過于絕對(duì)，故排除；同樣通過該段可知，輟學(xué)的學(xué)生也有從事卑微工

作度過一生的，這是社會(huì)流動(dòng)性的另一個(gè)例證，C的說法過于絕對(duì)，故排除。

7、WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaccordingtoMilburn'srepon?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B--

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段第二句可知，B敘述的是報(bào)告所提倡的改革

方向，不是當(dāng)前的事實(shí)，故為答案。

8、Whatisthispassagemainlyconcerned?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第六段和第七段第一句可知，米爾本對(duì)政策改革的

呼吁得到多個(gè)社會(huì)和教育組織的廣泛接納。孩子們?cè)谠绮秃蛙囐M(fèi)間做艱難選擇的事

實(shí)更加說明了第六段中提到的改革的必要性，故選B。

PassageThree(1)Cambridgehastakenthetopspotinthisyear'sGuardianUniversity

Guideleaguetable,breakingitsarchrivalOxford'ssix-yearstintastheU.K.'sleading

institution.OxfordhascomesecondandStAndrewsthird,whiletheLondonSchoolof

Economicshasclimbedfourplacesfromlastyeartotakefourthplace.University

CollegeLondon,Warwick,Lancaster,Durham,LoughboroughandImperialCollege

makeupthetop10.(2)Ouranalysisshowsthatuniversitieswithlowrankingsarealmost

aslikelytobeplanningtochargemaximumtuitionfeesof￡9,000inautumn2012as

thosewithhighrankings.LondonMetropolitanUniversity,whichcomesbottomofThe

Guardiantables,intendstochargebetween￡4,500and￡9,000foritsdegrees.Salford,

LiverpoolJohnMoores,ManchesterMetropolitanandtheUniversityofEastLondon一

allofwhichrankinthebottom20-wanttocharge￡9,000foratleastsomeoftheir

courses.(3)Thegovernment'saccesswatchdog,theOfficeforFairAccess,islookingat

thefeeseachuniversityinEnglandwantstochargeandwillannounceinJulywhetherit

approves.AlltheEnglishuniversitiesinourtop20intendtocharge￡9,000fees,apart

fromLondonSchoolofEconomics,whichhasnotyetdecided.Thefirstuniversitythat

proposestochargelessthan￡9,000fbrallofitscoursesisSunderland,whichisranked

48th.Thereareatotalof120institutionsinthetables;38inthetophalfintendtocharge

￡9,00()foratleastsomeoftheircourses,while18inthebottomhalfproposetodothe

same.(4)Universitiesarerankedaccordingtohowmuchtheyspendperstudent;their

student/staffratio;thecareerprospectsoftheirgraduates;whatgradesapplicantsneed;a

value-addedscorethatcomparestheacademicachievementsoffirst-yearsandtheirfinal

degreeresults;andhowcontentfinal-yearstudentsarewiththeircourses,basedonthe

annualNationalStudentSurvey.BirminghamCityUniversityhasfallenmostsincelast

year—24places,from66thto90th—whileMiddlesexisthebiggestclimber,reaching

75thplacethisyearcomparedwith112thlastyear.Durhamhasrisenfrom17thplaceto

eighth.Whiletheoldestuniversitiesdominatethetoppositionsinthetables,thenewest

haveimprovedtheirrankingssincelastyear.Winchesterhasleaptfrom96thplaceto

69th.(5)Thetables,compiledbyanindependentconsultancyfirm,IntelligentMetrix,are

weightedinfavouroftheNationalStudentSurvey.Aspartofthesurvey,final-year

studentsareaskedtoscoretheiruniversitiesfbroverallsatisfaction,feedbackandcontact

hours.Otherleaguetablesconcentratemoreonresearchratings.TheGuardianpublishes

anoverallrankingtable,separatetablestoshowwhichuniversitiesarcbest—and

worst—foreachsubjectandanothertableforspecialistinstitutions.Themorea

universityspendsoneachstudent,themorelikelyitistohaveahighrankingandthe

moresatisfieditsstudentsseem.However,ourjudgestookintoaccountthatsome

universitiesdonotteachexpensivecourses,suchasengineering,andsotheirspendingis

lower.(6)ThetablesshowthatCambridgehasovertakenOxfordinphilosophy,law,

politics,theology,maths,classics,anthropologyandmodernlanguages.However,

OxfordovertookCambridgeinpsychologyandalsocametopinchemistry,businessand

management,andartanddesign.Loughboroughisbestforsportsscience,whileKing's

CollegeLondonistopfordentistry.UniversityCollegeLondontoppedthetablefor

English,whileTrinityLabanConservatoireexcelledfordramaanddance.Northumbria

hasshotupthetableformodernlanguages,from48thlastyeartothirdthisyear.

Universitieswithhighrankingstendtohavefewerdropouts,andfewerstudentsper

academic.Thetop20institutionshaveadrop-outrateafterthefirstyearofjust4%,

comparedwithalmost12%forthebottom20.(7)ProfessorDavidTidmarsh,vice-

chancellorofBirminghamCityUniversity,saysheexpectshisuniversity'sfallinposition

tobetemporary:"Itiscausedbystudentnumbergrowth,whichhasnowbeencurbed,

andstudentsatisfactionscores,whichwcexpecttoimprovesignificantlyasa

consequencebothofincreasedinvestmentandofthewayinwhichweareengaging

studentsaspartnersintheirlearningexperience.'*Hesaystheuniversityisinvesting

￡180minnewbuildings,facilitiesandequipment.SwanseaMetropolitan,

WolverhamptonandLiverpoolHopedidnotallowTheGuardiantousetheirdata.(8)

Meanwhile,thegovernmenthascutthenumberofplacesuniversitiescanofferonteacher

trainingcourses.CambridgeUniversity,whichcomestopofourtableforeducation

courses,willhave49fewerplacesonitsteachertrainingcoursethisSeptember,an11%

cut.Altogether,almost4,000fewerplaceswillbeavailableonteachertraining

programmes.AspokesmanfromtheDepartmentforEducationsayspupilnumbersare

fallingsharplyinsecondaryschoolsandsotheneedfornewteachershasgonedown.

9、WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaboutuniversities,tuitionfees?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段第二、三句指出，英國(guó)倫敦都市大學(xué)打算向其所

有學(xué)生收取4500?9000英鎊不等的學(xué)費(fèi)，而包括薩爾福大學(xué)在內(nèi)的其他大學(xué)則打

算向部分專業(yè)課程收取9000英鎊的學(xué)費(fèi)。B不符合原文，故為答案。

10、WhichofthefollowingBESTexplainsthefeatureoftheuniversityrankingtable?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。第四段第一句羅列了許多大學(xué)排名依據(jù)的要素；由第五

段第一句可知，這項(xiàng)調(diào)查由其他公司操作，保證了作為第三方的公正性：第五段第

二句又指出，學(xué)生的反饋信息也作為調(diào)查的參考因素，保證了調(diào)查的廣泛性。由此

推斷，這項(xiàng)排名的參照指標(biāo)比較豐富，相對(duì)來說是公平合理的，故選A。

11、AccordingtoProfessorDavidTidmarsh,hisuniversity'sfallinpositionis

temporarybecause.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第七段第一句中大衛(wèi).迪瑪士教授指出，他所在大學(xué)的

排名下降只是暫時(shí)的，原因主要有兩點(diǎn)：學(xué)生人數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)和學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校的滿意度評(píng)

分較低。學(xué)生人數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)目前已經(jīng)得到有效控制，學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校的滿意度評(píng)分預(yù)期可

以通過兩種方式加以改善，所以B”學(xué)生人數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)和學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校的滿意度測(cè)評(píng)是

可以調(diào)整的''符合原文，故為答案。

PassageFour(1)Thegenderpaygapforfull-timeworkershasfallenbelow10%forthe

firsttimein15yearssincecomparablerecordsbegan.Thedifferencebetweenmen'sand

women'smedianhourlyfull-timepayfellfrom10.5%in2011to9.6%in2012,

accordingtotheannualsurveyofhoursandearningsfromtheOfficeforNational

Statistics(ONS).Women'saveragehourlyearningsgrewby2%to￡12overthe12

monthstoApril,whilemen'searningsgrewby1.1%to￡13.27,promptingone

employmentexperttoclaim"womenaresteadilychippingawayattheglassceiling.*'(2)

Thefiguresshowwomennowearnanaveragegrossfull-timesalaryof￡23,100—

￡5,600lessthantheirmalecounterpartsand￡200lessthanthegapof￡5,800seenin

2011.Butatthecurrentrateofchangewomen'sfull-timepaywillnotequalmen'suntil

2040.(3)Economistssaidthenarrowinggapcaninpartbeexplainedbymen'sfull-time

earningsrisingslowerthanwomen's.Otherssuggestedavarietyofreasonsincludinga

culturalshift,moreprogressiveattitudesdisplayedbybosses,andhigheraspirations

amongwomen.Whilewomenarebetterpaidthanmenwhenitcomestopart-timework,

theONSsaidthefactmorewomenworkpart-timejobs,whichtendtohavelowerrales

ofpay,meanstheoverallpaygapremainshighat19.7%comparedto20.2%in2011.

(4)TheTradesUnionCongress(TUC)saidthelackofhighqualitypart-timeworkis

illustratedbythefivehighestpaidoccupations—aircraftpilots;chiefexecutivesand

directorsofadvertisingandPR;marketingandsales;andtelecommunicationsfirms—

beingdominatedbymenandhaving"anegligiblenumber"ofpart-timepositions.In

contrast,fourofthefiveworstpaidoccupations-waitersandwaitresses,barstaff,

cateringassistantsandlaunderers—aredominatedbywomenandhavemorepart-time

jobsthanfull-timeones.(5)FrancesO'Grady,generalsecretarydesignateattheTUC,

said:"Nohealthymoderneconomyshouldhaveanenduringgenderpaygapandgrowing

in-workpoverty.Unfortunately,commonsensesolutionssuchasseniorleveljobshares

andflexibleworkingarerarelyavailableintheprivatesector,andarcnowunderattackin

thepublicsector.nUnlesswechangethewayweworkwewillnevereliminatethepay

gaportacklepoverty.(6)Wagesforfull-timeemployeesintheU.K.increasedbyjust

halftherateofinflation,thestudyshowed,withthemediansalaryrisingby1.4%to

￡26,500in2012againstinflationof3%一meaninghouseholdsareexperiencingpay

cutsinrealterms.(7)XeniosThrasyvoulou,founderoftheonlinefreelancemarketplace

PcoplcPcrHour,said:"Womenarcsteadilychippingawayattheglassceiling.Theymay

bestartingtowinthebattleofthesexes,buttheworkforceasawholeislosingthebattle

withinflation."(8)Thegapbetweenthehighestandlowestpaidemployeesalso

narrowed,withthehourlyearnings(excludingovertime)offulltimersinthetop1%of

earnersfallingby0.2%,comparedtoariseof2.3%forthoseinthebottom1%.(9)The

numberofpeopleearningbelowthenationalminimumwagefellduringthepast12

months,theONSsaid,from299,000in2011to287,000thisyear.ButtheONSadmitted

thefigureswerenotexactduetotheimpossibilityofidentifyingpeoplesuchas

apprenticesandtraineesexemptfromtheminimumwagerateoronlyentitledtolower

rates.(10)Publicsectorworkersearnedmorethanthoseintheprivatesectoracross

almostallmeasuresusedbytheONS.Themediangrossweeklypayoffull-time

employeesinthepublicsectorwas￡565in2012,up1.6%from￡556in2011,

comparedto￡479intheprivatesector,up1.5%from￡472in2011.(11)ButtheONS

pointedoutthatmanylow-paidoccupationssuchashairdressers,barandrestaurantstaff

andjuniorsalesrolesdonotexistinthepublicsector.

12、Whatdoestheauthormeanby"womenaresteadilychippingawayattheglass

ceiling"inPara.1?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：語義理解題。第一段第一句指出，從有可比較的記錄算起，15年來

英國(guó)男女全職員工的工資差距第一次回落到10%以內(nèi)。該段第三句指出，女性的

工資在上漲后達(dá)到每小時(shí)12英鎊，而男性的時(shí)薪在上漲后達(dá)到每小時(shí)13.27英

鎊。工資差距因女性員工工資不斷上漲而縮小，由此可推測(cè)D符合原文，故為答

案。

13、Whichof（hefollowingstatementsisINCORRECTaboutgenderpaygap?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句可知，雖然兼職工作多由女性承

擔(dān)，但男女工資差距仍保持在19.7%的高位，導(dǎo)致該現(xiàn)狀的真正原因是她們的計(jì)

時(shí)工資相對(duì)較低，D與原文不符，故為答案。

14、TheONSclaimedallofthefollowingEXCEPTthat________.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A-

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由第八段可知，最高和最低薪酬員工的薪金差距在縮

小，但并未指出數(shù)據(jù)來自國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，A與原文不符，故為答案°

二、簡(jiǎn)答題（本題共8題，每題7.0分，共8分。）

15、PassageOneWhatdoesKevinMitchellimplyattheendofthepassage?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Humangenesarewellqualifiedfortheirjob.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段可知，米切爾首先指出克拉布特關(guān)于基因的描述具有

片面性，認(rèn)為“基因的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)就像一個(gè)鏈條，鏈條上的任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出故障都會(huì)引起

整體性的破壞”這一論點(diǎn)忽視了其他并未引發(fā)智力隙礙的基因；接著在最后一段指

出生物系統(tǒng)是?個(gè)堅(jiān)固的整體，些組成成分的退化不會(huì)影響到整體；進(jìn)化過程歷

經(jīng)考驗(yàn)，并打造了人類的基因整體，因此它完全能夠勝任自己的工作，即使某些基

因發(fā)生有害的變異，也不是隨機(jī)或偶然發(fā)生的，故答案為“Humangenesarcwell

qualifiedfortheirjob.

16、PassageTwoWhatcanbeinferredfromMilbum'scommenton“tuitionfeespolicy”

inPara.6?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Studentsneedn'trepaytheloanuntiltheyearnenough.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：第六段第一句后半部分提到，米爾本對(duì)部長(zhǎng)們進(jìn)行了呼吁，要求取消

對(duì)學(xué)生人數(shù)的限制，并更好地解釋現(xiàn)行的學(xué)費(fèi)政策。該政策要求，當(dāng)學(xué)生們的收入

達(dá)到某個(gè)臨界值時(shí)，他們就要開始償還貸款。由此可以推斷，在收入沒有達(dá)到一定

數(shù)額之前，學(xué)生們不必還貸款，故答案為“Studentsneedn^repaytheloanuntilthey

earnenough.

PassageThree

17、Whichuniversityimprovesthemostintheoverallrankingtable?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：MiddlesexUniversity.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：第一段第二句指出，倫敦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院的排名與去年相比連升四位，攀升

至第四名；第四段第二句指出，密德薩斯大學(xué)排名上升最多，從去年的112位上升

到今年的75位，故答案為“MiddlesexUniversity.

18>Whichuniversityisthefirstonethatproposestochargelessthan￡9,000forallof

itscourses?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：SunderlandUniversity.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞[hefirsione和less[han￡9,000定位到笫三段。該

段提到，桑德蘭大學(xué)是第一所建議向所有課程收取不高于9000英鎊學(xué)費(fèi)的大學(xué)，

其排名在第48位。故答案為“SunderlandUniversity.”。

19、Whatdoesthesentence"thegovernmenthascut...trainingcourses"inthelast

paragraphimply?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Pupilnumbersarefalling.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到最后一段。該段末句引用教育部發(fā)言人的講

話，指出當(dāng)前的教育形勢(shì)很嚴(yán)峻，學(xué)生人數(shù)正急劇下降，對(duì)于新教師的需求也在回

落，因此導(dǎo)致了政府對(duì)大學(xué)主辦的教師培訓(xùn)課程培訓(xùn)點(diǎn)的削減。由此可推斷答案為

“Pupilnumbersarefailing.

PassageFour

20、Whyisthegenderpaygapnarrowingdownaccordingtoeconomists?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Becausemen'sfiill-timeearningsarerisingslowerthanwomen's.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞economists定位到第三段。該段首句提到，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家

指出，薪資差距的縮小部分原因在于男性員工的薪資增長(zhǎng)比女性慢。因此答案為

“Becausemen'sfiill-timeearningsarerisingslowerthanwomen's.

21AccordingtoFrancesO'Grady,whatshouldahealthymoderneconomybelike?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Noenduringgenderpaygapandgrowingin-workpoverty.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Frances(TGrady定位至第五段。該段第一、二句指

出，健康的現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)持久的性別收入差距以及不斷擴(kuò)大的在職貧困局

面，常規(guī)的解決方案在私營(yíng)部門和公共部門間都很難開展。由此可知答案應(yīng)為“N。

enduringgenderpaygapandgrowingin-workpoverty.

22>WhatdoesthedescriptionofthecurrentU.K.inflationimply?

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Comparedwithinflation,thepaygapproblemisnotserious.

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：從第六段可知，相較于高達(dá)3%的通貨膨脹率，1.4%的加薪比率實(shí)

屬杯水車薪。由此推斷，與高通貨膨脹率相比，男女工資差異顯得微不足道，故答

案為"Comparedwithinflation,thepaygapproblemisnotserious.

專業(yè)英語八級(jí)(閱讀)模擬試卷第2套

一、選擇題(本題共74題，每題1.0分，共74分。)

PassageOne(l)Imagincyourselflyinginbed,yourmindinturmoil.Youtossandturn,

butsleepwon'tcome.Maybeabedtimesnackwouldhelp.Whatshouldyouchoose?If

youthinkfirstoftoasterwafflesorpopcorn,someexpertswouldsayyou'reontheright

track.Foodshighincomplexcarbohydrates—suchascereals,potatoes,pasta,crackers,

orricecakes—makemanypeoplerelaxedanddrowsy.(2)Missedthatone?Tryagain.

Supposetheweather'srotten,youforgotyourhomework,andyourbestfriend'smadat

you.What'sgoodmedicinewhenyou'refeelinglow?Asugarycolaorcandymaygive

youaquicklift,butyou'llcrashjustasquickly.BetterchoicesmaybeBrazilnuts(for

selenium),skimmilk(forcalcium),oraspinachsalad(forfolicacid).Inresearchstudies,

allthreeofthosenutrientshavebeenshowntoliftspiritsandbattletheblues.(3)Tryone

more.Youhaveamathtestcomingupintheafternoon.Youwanttobesharp,butyou

usuallyfeelsleepyafterlunch.Isyourbestchoiceanenergyfixoffriesandashakeora

broiledchickenbreastandlow-fatyogurt?Ifyoupickthehigh-fatfriesandshake,you

mayfeelsluggishandblowthattest.Theprotein-richchickenandyogurtarebetter

choices.Proteinfoodsenergize,someexpertssay.(4)Howdoesfoodaffectmoodand

mind?Theanswermaylieinthechemistryofthebrainandnervoussystem.Molecules

calledneurotransmittersarechemicalmessengers.Theycarryanerveimpulseacrossthe

gapbetweennervecells.Thereleaseofneurotransmittermoleculesfromoneneuronand

theirattachmenttorecep-torsitesonanotherkeepanerveimpulsemoving.(5)Nerve

impulsescarrymessagesfromtheenvironmenttothebrain,forexample,thepainyou

feelwhenyoustubyourtoe.Theyalsocarrymessagesintheotherdirection,fromthe

braintothemuscles.That'swhyyoubackawayfromtheobstaclethatinitiatedthepain

signalandexclaim,"Ouch!"(6)"Manyneurotransmittersarebuiltfromthefoodswe

cat,"saysneuroscientistEricChudlcroftheUniversityofWashington.Toolittleortoo

muchofaparticularnutrientinthedietcanaffecttheirproduction,Chudlersays.For

example,tryptophanfromfoodssuchasyogurt,milk,bananas,andeggsisrequiredfor

theproductionoftheneurotransmitterserotonin.Phenylalaninefrombeets,almonds,

eggs,meat,andgrainsgoesintomakingtheneurotransmitterdopamine.(7)Dozensof

neurotransmittersareknown;hundredsmayexist.Theireffectsdependontheiramounts

andwheretheyworkinthebrain.Theneurotransmit