翻譯學(xué)之定語(yǔ)從句翻譯(朱云漢).ppt

1、定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯,朱云漢 2011-03,英漢定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn) 英語(yǔ) 右開(kāi)放結(jié)構(gòu) 漢語(yǔ) 在封閉結(jié)構(gòu),定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句由于對(duì)主句起著限制作用，并影響著主句的完整性，所以在翻譯時(shí)只要讀起來(lái)上口而又不引起誤解，都可以前置。 但實(shí)踐中，漢語(yǔ)短句的使用比英語(yǔ)更普遍，所以常將限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成與主句并列的句子，而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般譯為并列句或者獨(dú)立句。,一 、前置法（挪移法）,當(dāng)一個(gè)限定性定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義較為簡(jiǎn)單，或是較為簡(jiǎn)短時(shí)，我們把英語(yǔ)原文的定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成帶“的”的定語(yǔ)詞組, 放置于被修飾的詞之前, 將英語(yǔ)原文的復(fù)合句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。,Those who sacrifice

2、 themselves for the peoples cause are the real heroes of history.為了人民事業(yè)犧牲自己的人是歷史上真正的英雄。 A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school. 附近沒(méi)有同齡伙伴和自己玩的兒童，上托兒所可以得到很多的益處。,Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which

3、they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而使所有其它形態(tài)的生命服從人類自己獨(dú)特的想法和想像。,But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that ex

4、isted 15 billion years ago. 但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀察到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。,For example， one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves， and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold. 友誼的一個(gè)作用似乎是支持我們?cè)谧约盒哪恐械男蜗螅?并使我們持有的價(jià)值觀念更加堅(jiān)定。,二、后 置 法（倒裝乾坤、一分為二

5、） 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí)， 如果翻譯成前置的定語(yǔ)， 就會(huì)不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣， 在這種情況下， 往往把該定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成并列的分句， 放置于原來(lái)它所修詞的后面。 一般遵循的原則是： 保留先行詞， 則在第二個(gè)分句中加以重復(fù)， 若省略， 則兩個(gè)并列分句中均不再保留。當(dāng)然， 在實(shí)際的翻譯過(guò)程中也有例外。,They killed four men and injured the fifth who later died of his wounds. 他們打死四人，并打傷了后來(lái)傷重死去的第五人。 他們打死四人，打傷一人，傷者后來(lái)因傷勢(shì)過(guò)重而死去。,They are striving for the ideal

6、 which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which， in the past， many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力， 這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛(ài)的， 在過(guò)去，許多中國(guó)人曾為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。,This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashi

7、on that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的， 因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方法繼續(xù)下去了， 而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。,The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this， which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. 食品的供應(yīng)

8、將趕不上人口的增長(zhǎng)， 這就意味著我們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)銷方面正陷入危機(jī)。,Tylor defined culture as . that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.“ 泰勒把文化定義為“一個(gè)復(fù)合體”，它包括人作為社會(huì)成員所獲得的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其它能力和習(xí)慣。,The Greeks assumed that the structu

9、re of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 希臘人認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過(guò)程有著某種關(guān)系，這種觀點(diǎn)在人們認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別之前就在歐洲扎了根。,三、單獨(dú)成句 當(dāng)一個(gè)限定性定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，意義較為繁雜的時(shí)候，如果把它翻譯在其修飾的先行詞的后面的話，會(huì)顯得定語(yǔ)太過(guò)于臃腫和復(fù)雜，同時(shí)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)候，往往也要單獨(dú)成句。,

10、World War II was more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, recourses and territories. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)是帝國(guó)主義列強(qiáng)之間爭(zhēng)奪市場(chǎng)、資源和領(lǐng)土的沖突，因而第二次世界大戰(zhàn)比第一次更復(fù)雜。,四、融合法 把主句和定語(yǔ)從句融合成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，定語(yǔ)從句譯成謂語(yǔ)。 這種方法一般用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句，尤其是“there be”句型中。,His father, who is in Hongkong,

11、 will return to Taipei next week. 他在香港的爸爸下星期要回臺(tái)北。(他還有別的爸爸） 他爸爸現(xiàn)在在香港，下星期回臺(tái)北。,There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you. 樓下有人要見(jiàn)你。 Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the pass on foot. 盡管新建了隧道，有些旅行者還是企圖步行穿過(guò)山口。 There was another man who seemed to have a

12、nswers, and that was Robert McNamara.另一個(gè)人似乎胸有成竹，那就是麥克納馬拉。 There has never been a man around me who wrote so many articles. 我周圍從來(lái)沒(méi)有人寫(xiě)過(guò)這么多文章。,五、狀譯法 英語(yǔ)中有些定語(yǔ)從句, 不僅僅起到一個(gè)定語(yǔ)修飾的作用，而且在邏輯上(即意義上)與主句有狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系, 表示原因、讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折等等關(guān)系。在翻譯的時(shí)候，應(yīng)盡量從英語(yǔ)句子的意義上發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關(guān)系, 然后翻譯成漢語(yǔ)中相對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)。,They tried to stamp out the revolt, which

13、 spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 他們企圖撲滅反抗，結(jié)果反抗越來(lái)越猛，遍及全國(guó)。(表示結(jié)果） In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. 當(dāng)兩國(guó)發(fā)生爭(zhēng)端時(shí)，如與兩國(guó)都友好，則力避卷入。（表示條件）,The trend towards globalization began in the early 1970s when the system of fixed exchange rates, se

14、t up after World War II, was dismantled. 國(guó)際化的趨勢(shì)開(kāi)始于20世紀(jì)70年代，當(dāng)時(shí)二戰(zhàn)后建立起來(lái)的固定匯率制瓦解了。（表示時(shí)間） Copper, which offers very little resistance, is used so widely for carrying electricity. 銅的電阻很小，所以廣泛用來(lái)輸電。（表示原因）,He, who has been in this school for five years, is quite familiar with the campus. 因?yàn)樵趯W(xué)校已經(jīng)待了五年，所以他對(duì)校園很熟

15、悉。 Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot do creative work and replace human. 盡管電腦有很多優(yōu)勢(shì)，但還是不能做創(chuàng)造性的工作，不能代替人。,Practice,My dormitory is a large, spacious and comfortable room with four beds.,6. As you walk into the room, you are faced with a large window on the southern side of the ro

16、om.,5. Below the window is a large desk on which there is a clock, a telephone and a computer.,2. Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on during out study.,7. The four bed are located in the four corners of the room.,3. Between the two beds on the ease side of the room is a large wardrobe f

17、or hanging clothes and storing bedding.,4. Opposite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged book.,My dormitory is a large, spacious and comfortable room with four beds. As you walk into the room, you are faced with a large window on the southern side of the room. Below the window is a large d

18、esk on which there is a clock, a telephone and a computer. Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on during out study. The four bed are located in the four corners of the room. Between the two beds on the ease side of the room is a large wardrobe for hanging clothes and storing bedding. Oppos

19、ite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged book.,1. He poured into his writing all the pain of his life and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the people became the masters of their fate.,他在作品里傾訴了自己一生的痛苦和這種痛苦給他帶來(lái)的一種信念，認(rèn)為如果人民成為自己命運(yùn)的主

20、人，世界就會(huì)變得美好。,2. And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.,他出生在這一類人中間，他出生在這種地方，他有這樣的母親；這些要是讓她知道了的話，他知道該多么丟人。,3. The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups and teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories.,為了檢驗(yàn)新的假設(shè)和發(fā)展新技術(shù)與新工藝，需要進(jìn)行一些實(shí)驗(yàn)，由于實(shí)驗(yàn)的規(guī)模和范圍越來(lái)越大，就產(chǎn)生了這樣一些研究小組和集體，他