《小學(xué)生思維能力表現(xiàn)標準與分析研..29.ppt

1、1,EECS 150 - Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Lec 02 CMOS Technology9-2-04,David Culler Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley /culler /cs150,2,Outline,Summary of last time Overvie

2、w of Physical Implementations CMOS devices Announcements/Break CMOS transistor circuits basic logic gates tri-state buffers flip-flops flip-flop timing basics example use circuits,3,We will learn in CS 150 ,Language of logic design Logic optimization, state, timing, CAD tools Concept of state in dig

3、ital systems Analogous to variables and program counters in software systems Hardware system building Datapath + control = digital systems Hardware system design methodology Hardware description languages: Verilog Tools to simulate design behavior: output = function (inputs) Logic compilers synthesi

4、ze hardware blocks of our designs Mapping onto programmable hardware (code generation) Contrast with software design Both map specifications to physical devices Both must be flawlessthe price we pay for using discrete math,4,What is logic design?,What is design? Given problem spec, solve it with ava

5、ilable components While meeting criteria for size, cost, power, beauty, elegance, etc. What is logic design? Choose digital logic components to perform specified control, data manipulation, or communication function and their interconnection Which logic components to choose?Many implementation techn

6、ologies (fixed-function components, programmable devices, individual transistors on a chip, etc.) Design optimized/transformed to meet design constraints,5,Source: Microsoft Encarta,sense,sense,drive,AND,What is digital hardware?,Devices that sense/control wires carrying digital values (physical qua

7、ntity interpreted as “0” or “1”) Digital logic: voltage 2.0v is “1” Pair of wires where “0”/“1” distinguished by which has higher voltage (differential) Magnetic orientation signifies “0” or “1” Primitive digital hardware devices Logic computation devices (sense and drive) two wires both “1” - make

8、another be “1” (AND) at least one of two wires “1” - make another be “1” (OR) a wire “1” - then make another be “0” (NOT) Memory devices (store) store a value recall a value previously stored,6,Overview of Physical Implementations,Integrated Circuits (ICs) Combinational logic circuits, memory elemen

9、ts, analog interfaces. Printed Circuits (PC) boards substrate for ICs and interconnection, distribution of CLK, Vdd, and GND signals, heat dissipation. Power Supplies Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels. Chassis (rack, card case, .) holds boards, power supply, provides physic

10、al interface to user or other systems. Connectors and Cables.,The stuff out of which we make systems.,7,Integrated Circuits,Primarily Crystalline Silicon 1mm - 25mm on a side 100 - 200M transistors (25 - 50M “l(fā)ogic gates) 3 - 10 conductive layers 2002 - feature size 0.13um = 0.13 x 10-6 m “CMOS” mos

11、t common - complementary metal oxide semiconductor,Package provides: spreading of chip-level signal paths to board-level heat dissipation. Ceramic or plastic with gold wires.,Chip in Package,8,Printed Circuit Boards,fiberglass or ceramic 1-20 conductive layers 1-20in on a side IC packages are solder

12、ed down.,9,Integrated Circuits,Moores Law has fueled innovation for the last 3 decades. “Number of transistors on a die doubles every 18 months.” What are the side effects of Moores law?,10,Integrated Circuits,Uses for digital IC technology today: standard microprocessors used in desktop PCs, and em

13、bedded applications simple system design (mostly software development) memory chips (DRAM, SRAM) application specific ICs (ASICs) custom designed to match particular application can be optimized for low-power, low-cost, high-performance high-design cost / relatively low manufacturing cost field prog

14、rammable logic devices (FPGAs, CPLDs) customized to particular application after fabrication short time to market relatively high part cost standardized low-density components still manufactured for compatibility with older system designs,11,close switch (if A is “1” or asserted)and turn on light bu

15、lb (Z),A,Z,open switch (if A is “0” or unasserted)and turn off light bulb (Z),Switches: basic element of physical implementations,Implementing a simple circuit (arrow shows action if wire changes to “1”):,Z A,A,Z,12,CMOS Devices,Cross Section,The gate acts like a capacitor. A high voltage on the gat

16、e attracts charge into the channel. If a voltage exists between the source and drain a current will flow. In its simplest approximation the device acts like a switch.,Top View,MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor).,nFET,pFET,13,What Complementary about CMOS?,Complementary device

17、s work in pairs,n-channelopen when voltage at G is lowcloses when: voltage(G) voltage (S) + ,p-channelclosed when voltage at G is lowopens when: voltage(G) voltage (S) ,G,S,D,G,S,D,14,Transistor-level Logic Circuits (inv),Inverter (NOT gate):,Vdd,Gnd,Vdd,Gnd,0 volts,in,out,3 volts,what is the relati

18、onship between in and out?,15,Logical Values,Threshold Logical 1 (true) : V Vdd V th Logical 0 (false) : V Vth Noise margin?,V,+3,0,Logic 1,Logic 0,Vout,+3,0,Logic 0Input Voltage,Logic 1Input Voltage,Vin,+5,not( out, in),16,Big idea: Self-restoring logic,CMOS logic gates are self-restoring Even if t

19、he inputs are imperfect, switching time is fast and outputs go rail to rail Doesnt matter how many you cascade Although propagation delay increases Manage fan-out to ensure sharp and complete transition,17,Element of Time,Logical change is not instantaneous Broader digital design methodology has to

20、make it appears as such Clocking, delay estimation, glitch avoidance,Vout,+3,0,Vin,+5,Propagation delay,18,Announcements,If you are on the wait list and would like to get into the class you must: Turn in an appeal for on third floor Soda Attend lectures and do the homework, the first two weeks. In t

21、he second week of classes, go to the lab section in which you wish to enroll. Give the TA your name and student ID. Later, we will process the waitlist based on these requests, and lab section openings.,19,Announcements,Reading assignment for this week. Katz and Boriello, Chap 1 Chap 4 pp. 157-170 H

22、omework 1 is posted - due week from friday,20,AND,OR,Z A and B,Z A or B,A,B,A,B,Computing with Switches,Compose switches into more complex (Boolean) functions:,Two fundamental structures: series (AND) and parallel (OR),21,Transistor-level Logic Circuits - NAND,Inverter (NOT gate):,NAND gate Logic Fu

23、nction: out = 0 iff both a AND b = 1 therefore out = (ab) pFET network and nFET network are duals of one another.,How about AND gate?,nand (out, a, b),22,Transistor-level Logic Circuits,nFET is used only to pass logic zero. pFet is used only to pass logic one. For example, NAND gate:,Simple rule for

24、 wiring up MOSFETs:,Note: This rule is sometimes violated by expert designers under special conditions.,23,Transistor-level Logic Circuits - NOR,NAND gate,NOR gate Function: out = 0 iff both a OR b = 1 therefore out = (a+b) Again pFET network and nFET network are duals of one another. Other more com

25、plex functions are possible. Ex: out = (a+bc),nor (out, a, b),24,Transistor-level Logic Circuits,Transistor circuit for inverting tri-state buffer:,“high impedance” (output disconnected),Variations,Tri-state Buffer,“transmission gate”,Inverting buffer,Inverted enable,Tri-state buffers are used when

26、multiple circuits all connect to a common bus. Only one circuit at a time is allowed to drive the bus. All others “disconnect”.,25,Transmission Gate,Transmission gates are the way to build “switches” in CMOS. Both transistor types are needed: nFET to pass zeros. pFET to pass ones. The transmission g

27、ate is bi-directional (unlike logic gates and tri-state buffers). Functionally it is similar to the tri-state buffer, but does not connect to Vdd and GND, so must be combined with logic gates or buffers.,Is it self restoring?,26,Transistor-level Logic Circuits - MUX,Multiplexor If s=1 then c=a else

28、c=b,Transistor Circuit for inverting multiplexor:,27,Interactive Quiz,mux (c, s, a, b),Generate truth table for MUX Boolean expression? Can you build an inverter out of a MUX? How about AND?,c,universality,28,inputs,outputs,system,Combinational vs. sequential digital circuits,Simple model of a digit

29、al system is a unit with inputs and outputs: Combinational means memory-less digital circuit is combinational if its output valuesonly depend on its inputs,29,easy to implementwith CMOS transistors(the switches we haveavailable and use most),Combinational logic symbols,Common combinational logic sys

30、tems have standard symbols called logic gates Buffer, NOT AND, NAND OR, NOR,Z,A,B,Z,Z,A,A,B,30,Sequential logic,Sequential systems Exhibit behaviors (output values) that depend on current as well as previous inputs All real circuits are sequential Outputs do not change instantaneously after an input

31、 change Why not, and why is it then sequential? Fundamental abstraction of digital design is to reason (mostly) about steady-state behaviors Examine outputs only after sufficient time has elapsed for the system to make its required changes and settle down,31,Synchronous sequential digital systems,Co

32、mbinational circuit outputs depend only on current inputs After sufficient time has elapsed Sequential circuits have memory Even after waiting for transient activity to finish Steady-state abstraction: most designers use it when constructing sequential circuits: Memory of system is its state Changes

33、 in system state only allowed at specific times controlled by an external periodic signal (the clock) Clock period is elapsed time between state changessufficiently long so that system reaches steady-state before next state change at end of period,32,Recall: What makes Digital Systems tick?,Combinat

34、ional Logic,time,clk,33,D-type edge-triggered flip-flop,The edge of the clock is used to sample the D input & send it to Q” (positive edge triggering). At all other times the output Q is independent of the input D (just stores previously sampled value). The input must be stable for a short time before the clock edge.,34,Parallel to Serial Converter Example,4-bit version:,Operation: cycle 1: load x, output x0 cycle i: output xi,if L